The main difference between pig iron, cooked iron and steel is the carbon content, the carbon content of more than 2% of the iron, called pig iron; carbon content of less than 0.05% of the iron, called cooked iron; carbon content of 0.05% -2% of the iron, called steel. Ancient China's earliest steelmaking process is: the first use of charcoal as fuel, in the furnace will be smelted iron ore into a spongy solid block, to be removed after the furnace is cold, called the block of iron. Block iron low carbon content, soft texture, more impurities, is the early human refined cooked iron. Then use the block of iron as raw materials, in the carbon fire heating carbon absorption, improve the carbon content, and then after forging, remove impurities and seepage into the carbon, so as to get steel. This steel, called block iron carburized steel.
Question 2: China's earliest steel is when it was produced China's ancient steelmaking technology was invented in the late Spring and Autumn period at the latest. Today in the archaeological excavations in China's earliest steel artifacts is the 1976 Changsha Yangjiashan unearthed in the late Spring and Autumn period steel sword, sword length 38.4 cm, body length 30.6 cm. After analysis, the carbon content is about the same as medium carbon steel, the organization is uniform and dense.
Question 3: Who invented steel Nikolai? Ostrovsky
Question 4: When was steel and iron invented The question should be what happened to the invention of steel making and iron making (technology), right?
Ironmaking appeared at least in 1900 BC, and the official widespread use in China is probably in 500 BC (Western Zhou);
Steelmaking is probably seen in our country in the period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, about 600 years after the production of iron. Steel making just requires higher temperatures (de-carbonization) than iron making,
Question 5: When did steel originate? Western Zhou period
Iron smelting was invented in China around the Western Zhou period, later than in Europe, but once it was invented, pig iron appeared soon after, and the later made China the first country in the world to invent and use pig iron.
In 1964, Jiangsu Liuhe Chengqiao Town unearthed a piece of late Spring and Autumn period iron, identified as white mouth pig iron. This is until now China's earliest unearthed and scientifically analyzed pig iron objects. In the middle and late Warring States period, iron in China's agricultural and handicraft production occupied a dominant position. According to incomplete statistics, the current unearthed iron production tools of the Warring States about sixteen or so, most of which are pig iron and its softening treatment parts, block iron in a supporting position. This shows that at this time China's pig iron production has had a relatively large development.
China's pig iron technology invented earlier for a variety of reasons, we think that the technology should include at least the following points: First, China's copper smelting technology is very early in the use of a relatively strong wind device. Secondly, the raw materials for smelting were selected and processed very early. Thirdly, the taller smelting shaft furnace was invented very early. It is generally believed that the invention and development of China's pig iron technology and bronze technology has a close relationship.
Speaking of metallurgy, people who have studied chemistry can say no one knows no one knows. Metallurgy is smelting metal, ancient metallurgy is the use of roasting, smelting method, the ore in the metal extraction. For example, ironmaking is the mixing of iron-containing ores (iron ore) with charcoal or coke to reduce iron oxide to iron at high temperatures. It is clear that metallurgy is essentially a chemical reaction. Although the ancients did not quite understand the essence of this change, they had already initially mastered it in practice, and they were actually operating a chemical reaction in the metallurgical process. In this sense, those who engaged in metallurgy in ancient times were chemical craftsmen, or rather chemical craftsmen, while metallurgy itself was a primitive chemical process.
What were the weapons of the metallurgist? We already know that metallurgy requires high temperatures, which requires metallurgical furnaces capable of reaching very high temperatures, and to obtain high temperatures it is necessary to have blast equipment. That is to say, the metallurgist's main weapon is the metallurgical blast furnace.
In our country, in the 6th century BC, there is a record of iron smelting, to the Han Dynasty iron smelting has been a great development. Melting iron requires high temperatures, from which it is presumed that there may have been iron smelting blast furnace. Blast furnace, the important thing is the blast equipment. Initially, the blower equipment is a special large leather jewels, hard pressure leather jewels, air from the pressure, through the bamboo tube blown to the iron furnace.
Because the iron furnace needs to be constantly blown into a large amount of air, and manpower drumming is too laborious. Around the early years of AD, Nanyang Taishou Du Shi, the field summarized the experience of iron workers, invented the "water row", that is, water-powered blower equipment. In later times, many agricultural books summarizing the experience of agricultural production talked about the "water row". The principle of the water row, simply put, is the use of water to promote a large wheel equipped with a leaf plate, the water force into mechanical rotation, this large wheel rotation through a series of mechanical devices to drive the wheel above the rotation, which in turn promote the wind blower equipment wind. China's famous agronomist Xu Guangqi's "agricultural policy book" book, there is a "water row" of graphics, see the figure below:
Pi jewels is a very primitive wind blower equipment. With the development of practice, wind blower equipment continues to progress, from the skin jewels for the development of "wooden fan", this "Muk Chuan" is already a simple wind box, it is through the opening and closing of the wooden box cover plate wind blower (see figure above). Wooden devices were easier to obtain than leather. A further development was the bellows. The invention of the wind box age can not be known exactly. 1637, in Song Yingxing's famous book "Tian Gong Kai Wu" book, has drawn the wind box diagram, as seen in the figure, the wind box and the modern handicraft workers with the same form of hand wind box. See the figure below for details.
The diagram indicates that the bellows is connected to the metallurgical furnace, the bellows blow air into the furnace to raise the temperature, and the molten metal flows into the earth tank.
The manufacturing principle of the wind box is very simple (see figure below): make a rectangular wooden box, the box can be installed in a push-pull of the large piston, the pull handle exposed outside the box to facilitate the push-pull; box at both ends of the vents, each mounted on the door can only be opened and closed inward, (Figure 2, 3), in the box of the lower part or the side of the installation of a ventilator, ventilator on the side of the mouth of the wind blowing a ventilator at each end of each can only be opened and closed down or up the valve (Figure 2, 3), in the lower part or side of the box to install a ventilation pipe, the ventilator side of the mouth of the blowing a ventilator can only down or upward opening and closing flaps (4 and 5 in the figure). Piston pushed forward, the air behind the piston becomes thin, the air outside the box pushed open the valve 2 into the box, at the same time, the air in front of the piston is compressed, pushed open the valve 4 into the vent pipe by the blowing port. The piston is pulled back, the air presses open the valve 3 into the box, and the air inside the box pushes ...... >>
Question 6: Stainless steel was invented time, country, and who is the inventor? It is a special material, in the modern industrial construction, chemical equipment, medical, national defense and even spacecraft and cutting-edge technology and other areas are widely used. So, how did the miraculous metal material stainless steel come into being? One of the greatest discoveries of the 19th century was how to make steel. This metal is a mixture of iron and a controlled amount of carbon. It is easy to produce and very hard. Engineers used steel extensively in many of the new machines produced in the 19th century. But steel had one big problem: it rusted easily. Tools that were subjected to constant hammering and exposure to moisture would quickly corrode. Over time, scientists tried to find a solution to this problem by fusing other metals with steel to form various rust-resistant alloys. On the eve of World War I, the choking smell of war gunpowder has permeated the continental land, the British *** for the needs of the actual war, decided to develop a wear-resistant, high-temperature-resistant gun chamber steel to improve weapons. So, they will smelt steel task to the metallurgist Henry. Brearley (Harry Brearley), a metallurgist. We know that smelting steel need to add a certain chemical element, based on the proportion of its content, in order to obtain the people need a variety of hardness, strength, toughness, plasticity and wear-resistant, heat-resistant, acid-resistant and other mechanical properties, physical properties and chemical properties of the metal material. Brier led assistants, smelting tests for a variety of formulas, but the steel produced by the test test failed to meet the requirements of the provisions of the manufacture of gun barrel materials. Brier was not discouraged, re-examined and amended the ratio of added chemical elements, and continued to manufacture the steel smelting for the gun barrel. Brier's smelting experiments did not go well, failing again and again, and they threw the non-compliant steel into the open corner of the test site. With the passage of time, the pile of scrap steel is higher and higher, into a small mountain of scrap steel through the sun and rain, become rusty. One day, the test personnel decided to clean up this batch of abandoned test pieces. In the handling, people found in this pile of corroded steel pieces but there are a few pieces of scrap steel shining. Why these pieces of steel did not appear rust? Brier check up after repeated observation and inspection, but also feel surprised and puzzled. In order to unravel the mystery of this strange incident, he decided to study these pieces of strange steel. Briere carefully recalled, and repeatedly access to the steelmaking test records, but the number of tests is too much to trace the exact smelting time and formula of these pieces of steel. In order to find out its chemical element composition content, Brier decided to carry out laboratory tests on it. After testing and analyzing the results of this is a piece of iron-chromium alloy, which contains carbon 0.24%, chromium 12.8%. Brier was overjoyed, he continued to study, water, acid, alkali and other corrosive tests. The results proved that he had produced in the smelting tests in the iron-chromium alloy, but with any time are not easy to rust the characteristics of stainless steel was discovered in 1912. Scientific exploration is full of hard and tedious work, but also full of fun and serendipity. People say that stainless steel is a metallurgist Briere crooked invention, is the development of rifled steel metal materials and get out of the by-products. 1915, Briere's stainless steel discovery results in the United States patented; 1916 the results of the British patent. At this time, Brier and Mosler partnership founded a production of stainless steel tableware factory, the scientific and technological achievements into productivity. Because of the novel stainless steel tableware popular with people and popular in Europe, and later spread around the world. As a result, Brier also won a very high reputation, he is honored as the father of stainless steel. However, Brier is not the first discoverer of stainless steel. early 20th century, France, Gueye and Porouz two engineers have found that iron mixed with chromium after the metal has a bright and corrosion resistant, because at that time, do not know what the use of this alloy, it will be recklessly thrown away. 1912, the United States of America, Hermes also came up with a stainless steel. The same period of German metallurgical experts Schuttler and Mauer also found in the smelting of chromium, nickel can be made into steel will not rust. Their discovery is almost the same starting line with the British Brill, but the observation of the strange phenomenon, they did not ask a why? But in the step into the scientific door to continue the research stopped in front of the footsteps, and thus with the first discovery of stainless steel honor laurels and to develop and utilize to obtain huge economic benefits rub shoulders. In metal materials science, stainless steel is a special performance steel, it is mainly used as a product in a special environment components or work parts. So, where is the mystery of stainless steel? The original has special physical and chemical properties of stainless steel, in the smelting to add alloying elements, such as which have molybdenum, titanium, copper, drilling, nickel, niobium, manganese and carbon and other elements ...... >>
Question 7: Who invented steel Nikolai? Alexeevich? Ostrovsky (1904-1936), is a famous Soviet proletarian writer, Bolshevik fighters. September 22, 1904 was born into a working family. Because of his poor family, he began to work as a child laborer at the age of 11, went to the battlefield at the age of 15, and was seriously injured at the age of 16 in the battle, lost his eyesight at the age of 23, and was paralyzed at the age of 25, and died at the age of 32 on December 22, 1936, after three years of overcoming unimaginable odds. After three years, overcoming unimaginable difficulties, created "how steel is made" this immortal masterpiece, realized the ideal of returning to combat. The end of the novel says that Paul, in near-desperate anticipation, finally welcomed a telegram from the state committee, "The novel is highly appreciated and is about to be published, congratulations on the success." The real-life N? Ostrovsky was not so lucky, but went through more trials and tribulations. After the novel was sent to the publisher, the beginning ate a closed door - returned. Later, after the efforts of friends, it was carefully accepted by a magazine. The main character of the novel, Paul Kochakin, is in his hometown at the tomb of the martyrs. Kochakin's monologue in front of the martyrs' graves in his hometown has become a motto for millions of young people: "The most precious thing is life, and life comes to everyone only once. A man's life should be spent in such a way that when he looks back, he will not regret his wasted years, nor will he be ashamed of his inactivity; so that when he dies he will be able to say: 'My whole life and all my energies were devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world - the struggle for the liberation of mankind. '"
Question 8: When was reinforced concrete invented? In the modern city of Y, a skyscraper rises from the ground, in which the role of reinforced concrete can not be credited. Reinforced concrete was probably one of the first composite materials developed and utilized by mankind.
In 1865, the French gardener Joseph? Monier in the observation of plant roots, found that the plant root system in the loose soil P root wrong joints, cross each other into a mesh structure, so that the soil wrapped into a mass, he thus associated with the structure of the flower pool, in the flower pool to join the mesh steel wire, the result is made of the flower pool is no longer as easy to break. 1875, he used this invention to create a reinforced concrete bridge. Since then, reinforced concrete as a new building material is widely used.
Steel than the major, can withstand both pressure, but also can withstand tension; concrete specific gravity is small, but can withstand pressure, can not withstand tension. If all the steel building, not only expensive, poor thermal performance, and the ground can not withstand such a huge pressure; if all the concrete building, although the price is cheaper, but not strong. But by adding steel reinforcement to concrete, the advantages of both are utilized.