02. Biotechnology: including genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering and fermentation engineering, refers to the activities carried out for the development of biotechnology itself, on the relevant principles, techniques, special processes, tests and instruments, as well as the activities carried out for the provision of new biotechnology products for the agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, medicine and health, chemical, food and light industry sectors by utilizing biotechnology. Research on life sciences without specific objectives or with specific objectives but not for the promotion of biotechnology is not included in this classification.
03. New materials: refers to newly developed or under development materials with excellent performance or specific functions, such as new inorganic non-metallic materials, new organic synthetic materials, new metal and alloy materials. Including the development of new materials for the development of relevant principles, technologies, new products, special processes, testing and activities.
04. Energy technology: including the general theory of energy issues, regional energy development and utilization, oil, natural gas, coal, renewable energy development and utilization, new energy (solar energy, bio-energy, nuclear energy, ocean energy, etc.) research and development and utilization, energy-saving technology, energy conversion and storage of new technologies and other activities.
05. Laser technology: the development of lasers and laser modulation technology, and activities for the application of lasers in industry, agriculture, medicine, defense and other fields.
06. Automation technology: activities in the field of control systems, applications of automation technology, automation components, instruments and devices, artificial intelligence automation, robotics and so on.
07. Aerospace Technology: Activities carried out in the field of research related to launch vehicles and artificial satellites proper and research related to ground equipment used for tracking and communication. Excluding astronomy and meteorological observation.
08. Marine technology: including activities related to the maintenance of maritime rights and interests and public welfare services technology research, the development and utilization of marine biological resources and industrialization, marine oil and gas exploration and development technology, marine environmental factors monitoring technology.
09. Other technical fields: belong to the technical field, but can not be categorized into the above eight categories of other technical activities.
The classification and code of the type of subject matter activities
1. Basic research: original research for the acquisition of new knowledge. It aims at revealing the basic principles and laws of observed phenomena and facts without any particular practical application.
2. Applied research: original research for the acquisition of new scientific and technological knowledge. It is mainly aimed at a particular practical application purposes. Applied research is usually to determine the possible use of basic research results or knowledge, or to identify new methods (principle) or ways to achieve a specific, intended practical purposes.
*The main mark of distinction between basic and applied research: research with a specific practical applied purpose belongs to the latter.
3. Experimental development: the systematic work of utilizing knowledge gained from research or practical experience for the purpose of producing
producing new materials, products, and devices, establishing new processes and systems, and making substantial improvements in those already produced or established.
*The main distinction between scientific research (basic and applied) and experimental development: the former is primarily aimed at increasing scientific and technological knowledge, while the latter is aimed at opening up new applications (e.g., new materials or technologies).
*The main mark of distinction between scientific research and experimental development (i.e. R&D) and other related activities: activities with an innovative component are categorized as the former.
4. Application of research and experimental development results: in order to solve the stage of research and experimental development activities resulting in new products, new devices, new processes, new technologies, new methods, new systems and services can be put into production or in the practical application of the technical problems that exist in the systematic activities. It does not have an innovative component. This type of activity includes the finalized design and trial production for the purpose of production as well as the adaptation test for the purpose of expanding the scale of production of the new product and the field of application of the new method, new technology, new process, etc.
*The boundaries between research and experimental development, application of the results of research and experimental development and industrial production activities are roughly divided as follows:
1) Development of new products
Substantial new products, i.e., completely new new products or major improvements in the performance of existing products, design, manufacture and testing, are research and development activities. The process of introducing (or purchasing) ready-made technological achievements (such as patents, know-how, drawings and prototypes, etc.) to be copied or directly applied to form a new product is not a research and experimental development activity, but an application activity of the results of research and experimental development.
② new processes, new methods of development
The development of new processes, new methods or existing processes, production processes for the substantive improvement of technology, research and experimental development. Adoption of existing domestic production processes or production processes, but no substantial improvement in technology, but only on the adoption of production processes or production processes for the adaptability of the test, is not research and experimental development, but the application of the results of research and experimental development activities.
3 intermediate test
New products, new technologies, new production processes directly used in production, to live in the intermediate test to solve a series of technical problems, the situation is more complex, whether it is research and experimental development should be determined on a case-by-case basis.
If the direct purpose of the intermediate test is to further improve the product from the technical, technological or production process or for this purpose of the test to gain experience and collect data, is the research and experimental development; if it is to carry out the finalization of the design of the product, to obtain the main production of the technical parameters required, it is not research and experimental development, but the results of the research and experimental development of the application of activities.
4 trial production
Trial production is in the completion of the pre-production of various technical preparations, in the formal production before the production of "experimental" production, trial production is not the direct purpose of the product or the production process in the technical aspects of the further improvement, but in order to make the production can be carried out smoothly, and therefore neither belongs to the research and experimental development, and also does not belong to the application of the results of research and experimental development activities.
⑤Quality Control and Inspection and Testing
Quality control of the production process and routine inspection and testing of materials, equipment and products are neither research and experimental development nor application of research and experimental development results. Prototype inspection and testing and inspection and testing in non-commercial pilot plants (pilot workshops) are research and experimental development.
3 market research
Neither research and experimental development, nor research and experimental development results application activities.
5. scientific and technological services: related to scientific research and experimental development and contribute to the generation, dissemination and application of scientific and technological knowledge of the activities, including: for the expansion of scientific and technological achievements of the use of the paradigm for the demonstration of the promotion of the work; for the user to provide scientific and technological information and documentation services for the systematic work; for the user to provide feasibility reports, technical programs, proposals and technical proof of technical consulting and other technical work; Routine observation and monitoring of natural and biological phenomena, expedition and exploration of resources; collection of general information on social, humanistic and economic phenomena, such as statistics and market surveys, as well as routine analysis and collation of such information; and testing, standardization, metrology, computation, quality control and patenting services for the society and the public, excluding the above activities carried out by industrial and commercial enterprises for the purpose of carrying out normal production.
6. Primary production activities: non-routine production in small quantities due to the availability of special conditions of process equipment, or the possession of certain technical expertise or know-how.
National Hi-Tech Product Catalog
1 Electronics and Information
101 Computer: super minicomputers, mainframe computers, jumbo computers, high-grade microcomputers (PCs), workstations, servers, portable computers, laptop computers, and multimedia computers, emulators, industrial controllers, network computers (NC)
102 computer peripherals: new storage devices, new display terminals, new printing terminals, automatic plotters, coordinate digitizers, computer boards, intelligent power supply, automatic scanning input devices, other new computer peripherals
103 information processing equipment: office automation equipment and systems, automatic typesetting equipment and systems, laser phototypesetting equipment and systems, graphics, Image processing equipment, text, voice, image processing equipment, text, voice, image recognition equipment, photoelectric information processing equipment, seal, text and image identification system, other pro-type information processing equipment
104 computer network products: network servers, network terminal equipment, network interface adapters, multi-protocol communication adapters, network testing equipment, other network systems, special equipment
105
Computer software products: system software, support software (Chinese platform software, software development tools, tools, database management system software, etc.), multimedia software (text, data, graphics, image processing software, etc.), business management software (MIS systems, financial, commercial, financial, tax, industrial and commercial, office automation, education management, etc.), auxiliary software (CAD, data, graphic, image processing software, etc.), and so on. ), auxiliary software (CAD, CAM, etc.), simulation software and control software, intelligent software (expert systems, machine translation systems, etc.), network applications (INTERNET, INTRANET, etc.), security and confidentiality software, systems integration software, other applications
106 microelectronics, electronics
Components: Hybrid integrated circuits, Large-scale integrated circuits, new electro-vacuum devices, new semiconductor devices, new power electronic devices, chip electronic components, sensitive components and sensors
107 optoelectronic components and products: new lasers, laser modulators, laser holographic systems and optical memory, new photoelectric light-emitting tubes, photodetectors, integrated optics, flat-panel displays, large screen and High-definition color CRTs, micro-optical, infrared and thermal imaging devices
108
Broadcasting and television equipment: high-definition digital color television, flat-panel televisions and new projection television devices, new cable television system equipment, high-performance satellite television receiving equipment, graphic television system equipment, film and television program production equipment, all-solid-state digital television transmission equipment, digital audio equipment, video and audio recording equipment, video and audio recording equipment, video and audio recording equipment. Audio equipment, camcorders, digital receivers, recording equipment, CD-ROMs and CD-ROM machines, large-screen color display systems
109
Communication equipment: high-performance digital program-controlled switches, computer communications and data transmission equipment, digital mobile communication equipment, digital satellite communication equipment, digital microwave communication equipment, high subgroups of fiber-optic communication equipment, communications radar equipment, high-performance Fax machine, no strong telephone, electronic mail, multimedia communication terminals, wireless and wired hybrid network communication equipment, integrated business digital network communication equipment, network system interconnection and integration technology products, network data security technology products, network management technology products
2 Biological, pharmaceutical technology
201
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries: the application of genetic engineering, cell engineering and other high-tech cultivation of excellent agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry products. High-tech cultivation of excellent new varieties of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries, new veterinary vaccines, new agricultural genetic engineering products, new agricultural testing, diagnostic reagents, new crop growth and pest control products, new veterinary, aquatic products with growth and pest control products, new and highly efficient bio-feeds and additives
202
Pharmaceuticals and health care: genetically engineered drugs, genetically engineered vaccines and new vaccines, monoclonal antibody coupling drugs, medical monoclonal antibody diagnostic reagents and kits, enzyme diagnostic reagents and enzyme kits, DNA probes and gene diagnostic reagents, active proteins and peptides, medical enzymes, microbial secondary metabolites (amino acids, antibiotics, etc.), medicinal plant and animal cellular engineering products, various types of new small molecules, new chemical synthesis, semi-synthetic drugs, the use of modern pharmaceutical technology to produce new Chinese medicine and preparations. Modern pharmaceutical technology to produce new types of traditional Chinese medicine and preparations, new bio-health care products, drugs and useful substances produced by marine organisms
203 Light industry and food: new, highly efficient industrial enzyme preparations, the production of amino acids by fermentation, new organic acids, microbial polysaccharides and sugar esters, natural pigments and high-grade flavors and fragrances, new high-grade food additives, new types of active microorganisms and products, starch and its derivatives
204 Other pharmaceutical enzymes (microbial metabolites), antibiotics, etc. p>
204 Other biotechnology products: new biochemical products, environmental control with biotechnology and products, high-efficiency separation and purification medium, biotechnology research with new reagents, biotechnology extraction of rare minerals, standard laboratory animals, new biological and pharmaceutical culture, preparation equipment
3 new materials
301 metal materials: high-purity metal materials, ultrafine metal materials, new metal foils and profiles, amorphous, microcrystalline alloys, shape memory alloys, large-diameter semiconductors, new
electronic materials, superconducting materials, energy storage materials, magnetic materials, rare metals and rare earth materials, high-performance special alloys, metal fibers and microporous materials, catalytic materials, surface-modified metal materials, metal materials for biomedical use, precious metal materials, special powder and powder metallurgy products
3 New materials and powder metallurgy products
302
Inorganic non-metallic materials: high-purity ultra-fine ceramic powder materials, inorganic electronic materials, high-performance functional ceramics, structural ceramics, high-performance ceramic fibers, glass fibers, inorganic non-metallic materials for biomedical use, diamond film, superhard materials, artificial crystals, special glass, optical fibers, special graphite products, special seals, friction materials, new building materials, special coatings, special materials, and special materials. materials, new building materials, special coatings, fillers, high-efficiency filtration materials, high-performance insulation, heat-insulating materials
303
Organic polymer materials and products: new engineering plastics and plastic alloys, functional polymers, organosilicone and fluorine materials, special synthetic fibers, special rubbers and sealing damping materials, liquid crystal materials, dyeing and finishing, paper, leather, petrochemicals, fine chemicals, organic paints and fine chemicals for daily use. Fine chemicals, organic coatings and adhesives, pharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs, pesticide intermediates and products, organic separation membranes, biomedical polymer materials, organic optoelectronic materials, modified polymer materials
304 Composite materials: metal-based composites and products, resin-based composites and products, ceramic composites and products, composites and reinforcing agents
4 Opto-electromechanical Integration
401
Advanced manufacturing technology and equipment: industrial robotics products, flexible manufacturing cell (FMC), flexible manufacturing system (FMS), computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) application development products, frequency control devices, servo control systems and medium and high-grade CNC systems, new digital display devices, high-performance CNC machine tools, Machining centers, precision molding and processing technology products, high-performance materials surface treatment and modification equipment, new laser processing equipment
402
Mechatronics machinery and equipment: mechatronics of textiles, plastics, printing, packaging, tobacco, food and other light machinery and equipment, mechatronics of engineering, mining, metallurgy and other machinery and equipment, the new power, oil, Chemical equipment, special transport vehicles, new ships and other advanced transportation equipment, high-grade home appliances, high-performance automotive electronics and automotive key components, advanced scanning imaging systems
403 electromechanical components: high-performance mechanical components, new low-voltage, high-voltage electrical appliances, the new high-power power supply, precision molds and new gauges, cutting edge, new special pumps, valves
404 Instrumentation: new industrial automation instrumentation, high-performance analytical instruments and signal recording instruments, new measurement, metrology instruments, new testing machines and analog instruments, new high-precision sensors, advanced photographic equipment and microfilming systems
405 monitoring equipment and control systems: high-grade programmable controllers, centralized control systems, distributed control systems, industrial production process automated Control system, power dispatching and management automation systems, fire, explosion-proof alarm detectors and control systems, anti-theft alarm detectors and control systems, transportation automation monitoring and management systems, new television monitoring systems, other intelligent controllers
406 Medical devices
: ray, ultrasound, infrared, thermal imaging, magnetic **** vibration and other imaging diagnostic equipment, medical Biochemical detection and analysis instruments, bioelectric signal detection and clinical monitoring equipment, ray, ultrasound, laser, electromagnetic waves and other therapeutic devices, new traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic and therapeutic instruments, other high-tech medical devices
5 New Energy, Energy Efficient
501 New Energy: solar energy efficient collectors and power generation equipment, solar cells and application systems, large and medium-sized wind turbines, Liquefied gas storage devices, new hydrogen production and storage devices, new high-energy batteries, geothermal, ocean energy applications, other new high-efficiency power generation equipment
502
Efficient energy saving: high-efficiency centralized heat supply and cogeneration of large and medium-capacity industrial boilers, a new type of fluidized-bed industrial boilers, new types of industrial kilns combustion devices, new types of waste heat recovery devices, high-efficiency steam pipeline network equipment, new energy-saving fans Steam pipe network equipment, new energy-saving fans, water pumps, oil pumps, new high-efficiency compressors, energy-saving air separation equipment, energy-saving air conditioners, freezers, high-efficiency chillers, new high-efficiency motor speed control devices, inverter-type welding machines, new high-precision controllable atmosphere furnaces, high-power and ultra-high-power large-tonnage arc furnaces, low-loss power transformers, energy-saving products for lighting electronics, new energy-efficient combustion engines, new water-saving equipment, energy-saving measuring instruments and meters, and new water-saving equipment. Equipment, energy-saving measuring instruments and automatic control devices
6 Environmental Protection
601 Air Pollution Prevention and Control Equipment: high-efficiency, multi-functional (dust removal, desulfurization, denitrogenation, explosion-proof) dust collector, high-efficiency flue gas desulfurization and sulfur dioxide treatment and recycling devices, new industrial exhaust purification and recycling devices, automotive exhaust purification devices
602 Water Pollution Prevention and Control Equipment: Municipal wastewater treatment equipment, industrial waste treatment, purification and recycling equipment
603 solid waste treatment equipment: solid waste separation, sorting and treatment equipment, safe treatment of hazardous waste equipment, transportation and treatment of municipal garbage equipment
604 Noise and vibration, electromagnetic radiation and radioactive pollution prevention and control equipment
605 environmental protection Monitoring instruments: environmental atmosphere and gas pollution source monitoring instruments, environmental water quality and pollution source water quality monitoring instruments, solid waste monitoring instruments, noise and vibration, electromagnetic radiation and radiation monitoring instruments
7 Aerospace
701 Aircraft: passenger aircraft, transport aircraft, helicopters, light, ultralight aircraft, aircraft without mechanical propulsion (including gliders)
702 Aeronautical Machinery and Ground Devices: Aeronautical Engines, In-flight Navigation Equipment, In-flight Control Equipment, Ground Navigation Equipment, Ground Flight Training Devices, Aeronautical Instruments, Life Support Systems
703 Launch Vehicles: Launch Vehicle Products, Launch Vehicle Structural Systems and Products, Launch Vehicle Power Plants, Power Systems and Products, Launch Vehicle Control Systems and Products, Dynamic Launch Vehicle Energy Systems, Launch Vehicle Power Plants, Power Systems, and Products. Launch Vehicles: Launch Vehicle Structural Systems and Products, Launch Vehicle Power Plants, Power Systems and Products, Launch Vehicle Control Systems and Products, Dynamic Vehicle Energy Systems, Launch Vehicle Test Equipment and Products, Ground Measuring, Control and Receiving Equipment, Launching and Controlling Equipment Equipment, Test Equipment, Application
Application Satellite Ground Measuring, Control and Receiving Equipment, Satellite Detection System, Satellite Cloud Map Receiving Equipment, GPS Satellite Navigator, Remote Sensing Equipment, Remote Sensing Image Products 705 Detection Rockets and Their Launchers
706 Other Aerospace Products: Hot Air Balloons, Inflatable Blimps, Harbor Radar, Wind Measuring Radar
8 Earth, Space and Ocean Engineering
801 Exploration of Energy and Mineral Resources: Oil Searching and Ore Searching Equipment, Microbial Beneficiation Equipment, Precious Metals Exploration Equipment, Groundwater, Thermal, and Other Energy and Resource Exploration Equipment
802 Solid Earth Observation Equipment: Physical and Chemical Exploration of New Instrumentation, Seismic Wave, Electromagnetic Wave Stratigraphic Imaging Equipment
803 Atmospheric and Oceanic Observation Experimentation Instrumentation: Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Hydroacoustic Telemetry Instrumentation Remote sensing, hydroacoustic telemetry instruments, new ocean atmospheric sensors
804 Space environment elements detection equipment
805 large-scale engineering, undersea facilities, foundation stability exploration and monitoring equipment: engineering geophysical exploration equipment, undersea equipment corrosion equipment, slope stability monitoring equipment
9 Nuclear Application Technology
901 Nuclear Radiation Products: Radioactive sources and production devices, neutron, electron and irradiation devices, nuclear protection materials and devices, ion sources, nuclear irradiation modified products
902 isotopes and applied products: isotope products and products, isotope separation devices, isotope detection devices, isotope production devices, isotope-labeled drugs (compounds)
903 nuclear materials: uranium and its converted materials (refers to natural uranium and low enriched uranium), nuclear fuel components and assemblies, nuclear fuel production and monitoring equipment, other nuclear materials
904 Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Chemistry Laboratory Instruments and Equipment: all types of gas pedals (including high-pressure multipliers), all types of spectrometers (including multi-channel systems), transuranic element extraction equipment
905
Nuclear Electronic Products: Ion and Ray Detection, Analytical Instruments, Geological Geological survey and prospecting nuclear instruments (including logging nuclear instruments), land resources census (including groundwater detection) nuclear instruments, other nuclear instruments, nuclear detection components
906 nuclear reactors and ancillary products: heavy water test reactors and ancillary products, miniature nuclear reactors and ancillary products, pulsed reactors and ancillary products, other test reactors and ancillary products
907 nuclear energy and ancillary products: pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants and ancillary products
907 nuclear energy and Supporting products: pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants and supporting products, low-temperature power and heating reactor nuclear power plants and supporting products, high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and supporting products, block neutron breeders and supporting products, controlled fusion devices and supporting products, marine power reactors and supporting products, space nuclear reactors, nuclear batteries
Socio-economic objectives of scientific and technological activities
1. Development of agriculture, forestry and fisheries: Includes all R-D primarily devoted to the development and support of these activities; for example, it includes research on related chemicals and machinery (e.g., agrochemicals and agricultural machinery), but excludes R-D on food processing and food packaging, which should be included under the "Promotion of industry" objective below.
2. Promotion of industrial development: This includes R-D programs whose primary objective is to support industrial development. The core component consists of R-D programs in manufacturing as well as in construction, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, banking, insurance and other commercial or general industrial areas, and does not include R-D implemented by industry in support of other objectives (e.g., in the areas of aerospace, defense, transportation, and communications), although there are important secondary effects on the development of the industries concerned. Funding for R-D in public *** undertakings also does not fall into this category, but should be included under the corresponding objective. For example, the development of a new type of rolling stock as part of a national railroad restructuring plan is for the development of the transportation system and should be programmed under the objective of "infrastructure development", but the development of similar rolling stock for export sales would fall under the objective of "promotion of industrial development". Similarly, R-D for tourism in support of cultural activities should be included under the objective of "social development and social services", but R-D whose primary intent is to promote the prosperity of the hotel and tourism industry should be included in the category of "promotion of industrial development".
3. Production and rational utilization of energy: Includes all R-D activities related to the supply, production, conservation and distribution of energy in all its forms, but R-D related to means of delivery and rocket propulsion shall be excluded. R-D relating to hydro and nuclear energy shall be listed separately, if necessary.
4. Infrastructure development: consists of two subcategories: transportation and communications, and urban and rural planning. Transportation and communication includes R-D for research into better and safer transportation systems (including traffic safety studies), R-D for all communication services (except satellites), and R-D for the planning and establishment of communication networks. urban and rural planning includes R-D for master planning of urban and rural areas, better housing, improvement of community environments (e.g., selection of hospitals, soundproofing), etc. The latter subcategory includes R-D for the development of infrastructure, which should be listed separately. The intent of the latter subcategory is to harmonize the various elements and create a "total environment" through integrated planning.
5. Environmental Governance and Protection: This includes R-D aimed at keeping the natural environment "undamaged", and involves the prevention and monitoring of pollution of the atmosphere, water, soil and strata, noise, solid waste disposal, and radiation: Pollution prevention involves R-D aimed at preventing the pollution that may be caused by a number of activities; Pollution monitoring and control involves the monitoring and control of pollution with regard to its causes, spread and remediation, as well as its impact on the environment and its impacts on the environment. spread and remediation, and the effects of pollution on any environment.
6. Health (excluding pollution): This category includes R-D programs undertaken to protect and improve human health. It includes: food hygiene and nutrition, medical radiotherapy, biochemical engineering, medical information. R-D in therapeutic rationalization and pharmacology (including drug testing and breeding of laboratory animals for scientific research purposes), as well as epidemiological studies, occupational disease prevention and drug addiction.
7. Social Development and Social Services: This category covers R-D related to social and cultural issues, including such things as social security, social services, social relations, culture, recreation and leisure, law and order, consumer protection, working conditions, labor relations, manpower development, public **** management, national economy, peace and other international goals.
8. Exploration and Utilization of the Earth and Atmosphere: This category includes the exploration and utilization of the Earth's crust and mantle, the near oceans, the oceans and the atmosphere. It does not include pollution studies. Soil research for agricultural purposes or fisheries research. However, it includes R-D in meteorology (except for meteorological research conducted by artificial satellites
).
9. Overall Development of Knowledge: This category includes all R-D that contributes to the overall development of knowledge, but for which no specific objectives can be identified. it has two components, namely, promotion of research and general university funding (CUF). The promotion of research refers to all grants or expenditures for R-D for which no specific objectives can be identified. A complementary categorization of this category by field of science may be useful. General university funds should include all R-D projects funded by general appropriations from the State Department of Education.
10. Civilian Space: This category includes all civilian R-D activities involving space (programs for military purposes should be included in the 11 "Defense" objectives below), including R-D activities on launch vehicles and spacecraft and their power plants and ground control facilities (launch bases, navigation, telemetry, and remote control commands), as well as satellites and interstellar probes. R-D activities in stratospheric sounding balloons, sounding rockets, etc., and the use of spacecraft for communications, meteorology, navigation, and investigation of Earth's resources, etc., shall also be categorized under this objective.
11. National Defense: This category includes R-D projects conducted primarily for national defense purposes, regardless of the content of their research or whether they have a secondary civilian purpose. The criterion for judgment is not the nature of the project or product (or who is funding it), but his goals. The goal of defense R-D is to build equipment or enhance technology for the military, including nuclear weapons and space R-D for national defense purposes; civilian R-D funded by the Department of Defense (e.g., meteorological or communications research) and civilian research projects undertaken by military agencies are excluded, and such expenditures should, to the extent possible, be included in the primary civilian objectives to which they relate.