Editor's Note How to change the old development mode of over-consumption of resources and destruction of the ecological environment; how to change the old development concept, scientific allocation of resources, the establishment of an effective policy system for the protection of the ecological environment, and the realization of the strategy of coordinated development of the economy, society and ecology are the urgent problems to be solved at present. In this context, follow the law of coordinated development of man and land, the rational use of mineral resources, mining activities are limited to the carrying capacity of resources and ecological and environmental capacity of the permitted limits, especially the protection and management of restoration of mining ecological environment, has become an important topic of the current mining management work.
Not long ago, commissioned by the Ministry of Environmental Protection Science and Technology Standards Department, the Ministry of Land and Resources Consulting and Research Center undertook the "on the establishment of the establishment of China's protection of ecological environment policy recommendations" project. The project team has gone to Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces to focus on Jiangxi Province, Dexing copper mine and Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan City, Qingfeng quarry mine ecological environment protection and governance of field research, guided by the scientific concept of development, through a comprehensive analysis of China's resource development and ecological environment protection of the main problems that exist in the effort from the system, mechanism, laws, regulations, management and supervision, etc., to provide the basis of policy, put forward some The report focuses on providing policy basis from the aspects of system, mechanism, laws, regulations, management and supervision, and puts forward a number of policy suggestions in line with the objective reality and operability. Now, we are going to publish a selection of the best parts of the research report for readers' study and exchange.
I, the status quo: the double effect of China's mineral resources development
Mining development for China's economic and social development provides a large number of material resources, economic and social development has played a huge role in promoting the huge economic benefits, but also on the ecological environment caused by different degrees of negative impacts, the development of mineral resources to produce a double effect: one is the development of mineral resources for China's economic First, mineral resources development has played a positive role in China's economic growth, accumulation of wealth and expansion of employment, and has made great contributions to the prosperity and stability of the national economy and society. Secondly, the development of mineral resources also causes ecological and environmental problems, often bringing adverse effects in terms of polluting the environment, destroying the ecology and inducing geological disasters.
(I) mineral resources development brings economic and social prosperity and stability
Mineral resources as a means of production, is the productive forces of the constituent elements, is the important material basis for the development of productive forces. The development of mineral resources plays an important role in promoting economic and social development, promoting the accumulation of wealth and increasing employment.
Entering the 21st century, due to the domestic demand and the global mining market, the double pull, China's mining industry to obtain sustained high-speed development. 2005 to 2007, China's mining output value in the national industrial added value, industrial output value and the overall GDP accounted for 1/10, mining has become an important pillar of China's national economy. Today, with the globalization of resources, the possession, development and competition for resources have become important elements in international relations. At present, the global economic crisis has seriously impacted the mining market, and the price of mineral products has fallen sharply. But China's industrialization, urbanization stage, economic and social development of mineral resources on the long-term dependence of the situation will not change, "crisis" in the "opportunity" is to adjust the structure, consolidate the foundation, rationalize the relationship, ready to go.
(2) the adverse effects of mineral resources development on the ecological environment
The negative effects of mineral resources development is mainly to trigger ecological problems, concentrated in the pollution of the environment, damage to the ecological and induced geologic disasters and other aspects.
First of all, the mines and their selection, metallurgy sector directly emits exhaust gas, dust and waste residue to make the atmosphere polluted and produce acid rain, of which the sulfide industry and coal industry is the most serious, the pollutants are mostly soot, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and radioactive substances, as well as mercury, arsenic, cadmium and other harmful substances. Secondly, the wastewater generated from mining activities in China mainly includes pit water, ore dressing, smelting wastewater and tailing pond water. Numerous wastewaters are discharged randomly without standard treatment, and even directly discharged into surface water bodies, so that the soil or surface water bodies are contaminated, of which the wastewater from coal mines, metal and non-metallic mines is mainly acidic and contains a large number of heavy metals and copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, mercury, cyanide, and other toxic and hazardous elements and suspended substances. Secondly, mine tailings, especially flotation tailings, residual mineral processing chemicals are chloride, cyanide, sulfide, pine oil, organic flocculants, surfactants, etc., by sunlight, rain, air and its interaction, it will produce harmful gases, liquids, or acidic water, exacerbate the loss of heavy metals, and seriously contaminate groundwater and soil. In addition, the stockpiling of waste rock and slag from mines also occupies a large amount of land resources. According to relevant information, China's mining and related industries solid waste stockpiles are quite serious, accounting for more than 85% of the total solid waste.
The destruction of water resources by mining development is mainly manifested in the depletion of underground water sources or reduced flow. The discharge of drainage and waste water and waste residue leads to an imbalance in the surface water and groundwater systems, resulting in large-scale drainage funnels, dry springs, depletion of water resources, river cut-offs, surface subsidence, and groundwater landing funnels and ground subsidence, affecting the ecological environment of the mining area. Large-scale mining activities often cause large changes in the terrain, destroying the original geomorphology. While occupying land, mining also damages arable land, forests and grasslands. According to incomplete statistics, China's mining occupied land area of about 5.86 million hectares, the destruction of land 1.57 million hectares, and by 40,000 hectares per year rate of increase, the destruction of forested land area of 1.66 million hectares, the destruction of grassland area of 263,000 hectares, the rate of reclamation of industrial and mining waste land less than 12%.
In addition, the improper development of mineral resources will also be induced by the roof slice gangs, surface subsidence and cracks, landslides and mudslides and other geological disasters. Rising roof piece gang is underground mining space roof and side gang rock fall, collapse, is the most direct geological disaster of mining. According to statistics, the number of deaths caused by underground mining of non-ferrous metal mines in China accounts for 18% of the total number of deaths in mining accidents. Mining activities cause large surface collapse, in the collapse at the same time, the surface of the ground appeared height, depth varying cracks. In the last decade or so, surface collapse in metal mines has been on a sharp upward trend. Landslides caused by the influence of mining occur in many mines across the country, and mudslides may be induced by waste rock piles and tailing ponds. According to a survey, there are more than 9,000 tailings ponds across the country, more than half of which do not have safety licenses, and most of which are diseased, dangerous and risky.
Two, review: China's mine ecological environment protection and governance history
From the 1970s, China's mine ecological environment protection and governance has experienced three stages of development.
The incipient period of mine ecological environmental protection and governance system (1972-1984). During this period, China, due to the growing prominence of environmental problems and the outbreak of major environmental problems, began to correct the behavior of the harm caused to the environment in the process of resource development, and began to manage the major mining ecological and environmental problems. With the revision and improvement of the Constitution of China, China's ecological environmental protection work began to step into the stage of lawful and orderly development. At the same time, the corresponding environmental protection management organization began to establish and take shape, to ensure the effective implementation of the environmental protection and governance system.
In 1982, China's government has issued a series of regulations on environmental protection and governance, emphasizing the importance of ecological environmental protection. However, for the mining ecological environment institutions and legal construction has not yet attracted the attention of society as a whole, mining ecological environmental protection and governance is still in a state of disorder. Although some large state-owned mines on the mine environment began to protect and manage, but most of the mines did not take effective measures to protect and manage the mine environment. 20 century 60's and 70's, some of the mines began to reclaim the land, but the reclamation rate is very low, in the 70's in China's non-ferrous metal mines reclamation rate of only 12%.
Mine ecological environment management trough period (1985 ~ 1989). China's earliest practice of mining ecological environment management began in 1983, when the Yunnan Kunyang phosphate mine as a pilot, the levy of 0.3 yuan per ton of ore, for the mining area of vegetation and other ecological damage to the restoration costs, achieved good results. However, since 1985, by the "big mines open, small mines let go, there is water flow, the state, collective, individual together" thought, relax the townships of collective mining enterprises and artisanal mining control and management, the formation of a rush, blossomed everywhere in a chaotic situation. Some places indiscriminate mining and digging, do not take with the appropriate measures to protect the ecological environment of the mines, mining technology is backward, the development and utilization of low efficiency, resulting in China's mining ecological environment has been seriously damaged, ecological environment restoration and governance has stagnated, and struggling to make progress. Statistics show that in the 20th century 80's China's mine exhaust gas treatment rate of only 12.24%, non-ferrous metal mine industrial wastewater reuse rate of 58%, land reclamation rate stagnation. Some small and medium-sized mines are particularly serious damage to the ecological environment.
Mine ecological environmental protection and governance in an orderly manner (1990 to the present). At this time, China's corresponding mine ecological environmental governance institutions gradually established, the state and relevant government departments to develop and introduce a series of environmental protection laws, regulations, standards and related policies and measures, so that mine ecological environmental protection and governance gradually into the legal track, was the development of the situation in an orderly manner. The former Ministry of Geology and Minerals has set up the Department of Geological Environment, which is specifically responsible for the governmental functions of mine ecological environment protection and management. Localities have also set up geological environment departments and geological environment monitoring centers (stations), gradually improving the organization and institution of mine ecological environment protection and management.
From 2002 to 2005, the Ministry of Land and Resources organized and completed the National Survey and Evaluation of Mining Geological Environment and issued the Circular on the Preparation of Provincial-level Mining Environmental Protection and Governance Planning. In addition to this, the Ministry of Land and Resources and various industrial departments have formulated a series of systems, policies and measures for mine ecological environment protection and governance, and some local regulations also deal with mine ecological environment protection. In practice, the Ministry of Land and Resources has strictly limited the development of mineral resources that have a greater impact on the ecological environment, prohibited the mining of minerals in nature reserves, important scenic spots and important geological relics protection zones and geologic disaster hazard zones, strictly prohibited the clay method of coking, sulfur refining and iron smelting, etc., and strengthened the supervision and investigation on the governance of the "three wastes" in mines. Strengthening the supervision and investigation of the management of the "three wastes" in mines. This has largely corrected the unhealthy trend of mining destroying resources and the environment, and maintained the normal order of mine production.
In 2009, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the "Mine Geological Environmental Protection Regulations", which is a major initiative in the construction of mine ecological environmental protection and governance regulations, and will play an important role in safeguarding and promoting mine ecological environmental protection and governance.
Three cases: typical analysis of mine ecological environmental protection and governance
The project team chose to carry out field investigation and analysis of mine ecological environmental protection and governance of Dexing Copper Mine in Jiangxi Province and Qingfeng Quarry in Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province. First, research Dexing copper mine typical mine ecological environmental protection and governance situation and problems, analysis of Dexing copper mine resource development on the ecological environment around the mine, summarize the Dexing Copper Mining Group to create a green ecological mine of successful experience. Second, the research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, not only in promoting China's comprehensive construction of a moderately prosperous society plays a leading role, at the same time in the mine ecological environmental protection and governance also played a positive role in leading the role of the model. Through continuous innovation governance model, the development of effective policies and measures, mine ecological environmental protection and governance has achieved good governance results. Zhoushan City, Qingfeng quarry after several years of ecological environment management, has achieved a fundamental improvement in the mine ecological environment and land conservation and intensive utilization of double harvest.
(A) Jiangxi Province, Dexing copper mine mine ecological environment protection and governance
Jiangxi Province, Dexing copper mine is one of the world's five porphyry copper mines, Asia's first large copper mine, China's largest open-pit mining site, is the national non-ferrous metal industry is an important production base. Dexing copper mine in the large-scale mining of mineral resources at the same time, attaches great importance to the protection and management of the ecological environment, the effect is remarkable, outstanding achievements, known as the national famous green mine, at the same time was identified as one of the pilot units of ecological environment monitoring in Jiangxi Province.
Dexing Copper Mine large-scale development of mineral resources on the mine and the surrounding ecological environment caused by a greater impact, mainly in: First, acidic wastewater on the Dawu River water and the land on both sides of the river caused serious pollution, the water quality is brown, fish and shrimp extinct, species of plants to reduce production. Secondly, the solid waste of the quarry occupies a large amount of land resources, the forest vegetation is reduced, the formation of a number of exposed areas of waste rock, changing the geomorphology of these areas, the water system and microclimate characteristics, resulting in the heat island effect, breaking the original ecological environment pattern of the mine.
In recent years, Dexing has stepped up its efforts to restore and manage the ecological environment of mines from land reclamation and ecological restoration, and treating acidic wastewater. From the early 1980s, Jiang Copper Group began to carry out experimental research on ecological reclamation, after more than 20 years of efforts, now Dexing Copper Mine No. 1 tailings pond nearly 90 hectares of sandy land are all covered by vegetation, the dam body established nursery bases, purification of pools to develop the aquaculture industry, basically to achieve the goal of ecological restoration. Since the 1990s, Dexing Copper Mine has carried out ecological restoration experiments in the slopes of open-pit mining sites, waste rock sites and other places, and set up demonstration bases for ecological restoration of vegetation. Up to now, Dexing Copper Mine has completed the ecological reclamation project of Shui Long Shan waste rock field, the greening project of the engineering machinery section of the copper plant mining field, the greening project of the Nanshan heap leaching plant, the greening project of the original ore section of the Dashan plant, the greening project of the Fujiawu mining field, the greening project of the Fujiawu liaison road, and so on. Dexing copper mine mine after 20 years of hard work, the green area of 11,108,300 square meters, greening rate of 96.80%, green coverage rate of 30.28%, per capita occupancy of green space area of 897 square meters.
The Dawu River, which is soaked by acidic wastewater, has always been the focus of Jiangcong Group's treatment. 2001, through the international Internet bidding, the introduction of HDS advanced technology from Canada to treat acidic wastewater. The acidic wastewater is divided into three, 1/3 for the waste quarry spray leaching of copper, recovering 1500 tons of copper metal per year; 1/3 discharged into the tailings pond and the alkaline water in the pond and returned to the plant as production water; 1/3 introduced into the wastewater treatment station to meet the standards and then discharged into the Dawu River, the discharge of the water quality has been basically up to the standards of the ground water, which has greatly improved the environment of the Dawu River water.
Dexing copper mine mine ecological environment restoration and governance experience are: change of concepts, unity of understanding, grasp **** management, I take the lead, do not wait and do not rely on; adhere to the "Environmental Impact Assessment" system and the "three simultaneous" system, "Mine ecological environmental protection and reclamation performance bond" system to ensure that the mine construction projects and environmental protection projects synchronized design, construction, completion; at the same time, the establishment of a complete set of mine ecological environmental protection and governance mechanisms, take the road of intensive scale production, through the merger of mining enterprises and shareholding restructuring, listing and financing the expansion of The scale of operation, growing economic strength, so that the company has the ability to gradually increase the investment in environmental protection, but also fundamentally put an end to indiscriminate mining, mining theft, and damage to the environment. In addition, Dexing also consciously accepts the supervision of the central and local governments, proactively coordinates the relationship with the residents of the mining area, and *** with the participation in the construction of green home activities.
(II) Zhejiang Province, Qingfeng quarry ecological environment management and re-greening project
Zhejiang Province is the eastern part of China's more economically developed areas, in promoting the construction of a moderately prosperous society in our country in a comprehensive manner plays a leading role, while Zhejiang Province vigorously implement the "1,000 mines to rectify the 100 mines to demonstrate the" project and the side of the mining side of the governance program In 2008, Zhejiang Province promulgated the Interim Measures for the Creation and Management of Provincial-level Green Mines in Zhejiang Province, which implements the management mode of hierarchical management and level-by-level declaration, and utilizes economic means to reduce the damage to the ecological environment and the wastage of resources, and ensures that the ecological environment of mines meets the requirements for the creation of green mines. The ecological environment meets the requirements for the creation of green mines, and the development of mineral resources has gradually embarked on the scientific development path of resource utilization intensification, scientific mining technology, environmental protection of production technology, standardization of enterprise management, and ecology of closed pit mining area. The management of abandoned mines in line with the "soil and ocean combined, soil-based" management ideas, respectively, to take steps, board trough type, backfill planting type, building holes and mixed spraying type, artificial promotion of natural re-greening type, leveling the comprehensive utilization type, the four sides of the greening type, vine plants climbing type, large trees to cover type, hanging net on the spraying type and other remediation and re-greening methods
Zhejiang Zhejiang Province, a good governance effect.
Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, is located in China's southeastern coast, proactively carry out the "green mines" to create the work of "ecological Zhoushan," "green Zhoushan" as a strategic goal! In addition, the implementation of mine ecological environment fine management, to realize the mine environment from the pure pursuit of quantity governance to quality governance change. Zhoushan City, "hundred mine demonstration" project - Qingfeng quarry ecological environment management re-greening project is an example. Qingfeng quarry is located in the city of Dinghai southeast of the western foot of the mountain Huolonggang, since the 1950s, mining has never been interrupted, has formed a width of more than 300 meters, the perimeter of the edge of the slope is about 700 meters, the mining surface up to more than 140 meters high artificial steep slopes. With the continuous expansion of the urban area, the quarry has been developed around the residential land and part of the military land, mining is a serious threat to the safety of the residents near the foot of the slope. At the same time, due to the large scale of the quarry, in most parts of the city can be seen in its exposed mountains, seriously affecting the city's landscape. In order to speed up the pace of construction of ecological city, in August 2001, Zhoushan City Government decided to close Qingfeng quarry, and after the closure of the quarry for the comprehensive management of the geological environment, the entire project using a sweeping stone wall + blasting slopes + stone ballast backfill + ecological regreening of the optimized design and regreening of the construction of bidding methods, in order to reduce the cost of regreening project, part of the mine regreening task "bundled In order to reduce the cost of re-greening project, some of the mine re-greening tasks are "bundled" and handed over to the development enterprise to be completed in a limited period of time, so as to solve the preliminary input of mine land development. As a result of site-specific selection of remediation re-greening construction methods, so that the quarry around the leftover collapse, landslide geological hazards are significantly reduced, the mine's natural ecology is basically repaired to improve the mine and the surrounding people's living, production environment. in May 2008, through the zhejiang province land and resources department of the mine ecological environment management re-greening project completion and acceptance. The total greening coverage of the mine after ecological environment management reached more than 95.9%, of which the coverage of woody plants reached 30%, herbaceous plants covered 70%, the total area of the mine ecological environment re-greening reached 70,655 square meters, and sorted out 39,600 square meters of buildable land, which has achieved the fundamental improvement of the mine ecological environment and the double harvest of the land saving and intensive utilization.
Four, the problem: the institutional mechanism needs to be improved, the legal and regulatory system needs to be perfected
Although China's mining environment has attracted the attention of all parties, but due to the environmental property rights system has not yet been established, the development of no-cost development, as well as the distribution of benefits and other aspects of the reasons, mine ecological environmental protection and governance lagging behind, in general, the current mine environmental protection and governance facing the main problems are. The main problems are:
(1) lack of awareness, heavy development, light environmental protection. Only pay attention to economic development and ignore the concept of environmental protection has not fundamentally changed, rather than sacrifice the environment, but also to protect GDP growth.
(2) environmental property rights system has not been established. In practice, often due to a variety of complex relationships so that the ecological environment belongs to the fuzzy, unclear property rights; some enterprises have not assumed the rights and obligations of environmental protection. At this stage, how to reasonably define the environmental property rights, explore the effective protection, development and utilization of resources, resources and environmental property rights structure and management system is an urgent problem.
(3) No environmental cost development, resource price mechanism has not been rationalized. The current value of resources does not reflect the scarcity of resources, and does not include environmental and ecological costs, the resource price formation mechanism has not been rationalized. The lack of mineral development costs is one of the reasons why mining enterprises, especially private mines, inflated profits, and even the formation of profiteering, but also the main reason why the mining ecological environment can not be fundamentally managed.
(4) unreasonable distribution of benefits. Due to the missing part of the environmental cost of minerals are crowded into the mining profits, which will inevitably lead to the various factors of production and the distribution of interests is unreasonable. The government and mining enterprises to benefit from the local people but can not benefit, but because of the destruction of the ecological environment has become the victim of the main body. Benefit and damage subject in time and space asymmetry.
(5) Unreasonable mode of resource development. At present, there are three main development modes: only mining mineral resources, not governance environment; first mining, after governance; mining and governance. The first two resource development mode is not desirable. The coordinated development of the mining economy and environmental protection is the only correct path for the sustainable development of mines.
(6) The technical standards of mine ecological environment restoration and evaluation have not been fully established. Existing evaluation standards have been far from meeting the mine evaluation requirements, and because of the standard is not uniform across the region, or there is no implementation of the standard, to some enterprises to govern the environment is ineffective to leave a lot of space.
(7) insufficient investment in environmental governance, backward technical means of governance. China has established a special fund for mining ecological environmental governance for mining environmental restoration and governance, but because of the high cost of governance, the funding gap is large, the governance rate is not yet high, coupled with relatively backward technology, the state of rough governance, mining ecological environmental restoration and governance is a long way to go.
(8) The management system is not perfect. Due to unclear responsibilities, uncoordinated division of labor, cross-cutting and dispersed duties, different standards, and the development and implementation of various standards by all relevant departments based on their respective responsibilities, failing to carry out adequate and effective coordination, it is difficult to implement mining ecological environment management projects in place.
(9) Inadequate regulatory mechanism. Has not yet established a specialized mining ecological environment regulatory and law enforcement agencies, the basic use of multi-departmental irregular joint law enforcement, the lack of regulatory responsibility for the main body, so that the mining ecological environment has become a regulatory vacuum.
(10) environmental protection laws and regulations are incomplete. China has not yet developed a specific legal basis and management norms in view of the complexity of the mining ecological environment, only some industrial sectors and local governments to develop and introduce some of the mining ecological environment protection and governance of legal documents and policy measures is not enough.
V. Suggestions: strengthen macro-control, use the leverage of economic regulation
Through theoretical analysis, research and analysis of typical cases, we put forward policy recommendations on mining environmental protection and governance from eight aspects, only for decision-making departments to make reference to in the development of mining ecological environment policy and environmental protection planning.
(A) rationalize the relationship between resource development and environmental protection
According to the requirements of the report of the 17th CPC National Congress, "adhere to the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment", "build a resource-saving and environmentally friendly society", "build a resource-saving and environmentally friendly society". "people-oriented, comprehensively coordinated and sustainable development", the implementation of the scientific concept of development, the harmonious coexistence of man and nature into the economic and social sustainable development goals. To solve the various problems of China's mining ecological environment, the key is to the development of mineral resources and mining ecological environmental protection importance of the understanding of the unity of the scientific concept of development. Strengthen the mine ecological environment protection publicity and education, enhance people's awareness of environmental protection, rationalize the relationship between resource development and environmental protection.
(2) play the fundamental role of the government's macro-control and market allocation of resources
The basic focus of the government's macro-control is to promote the balanced and coordinated development of resource development and environmental protection, both through resource development to promote economic development, but also to protect the ecological environment. Relevant government departments should establish a monitoring and early warning mechanism for resource and environmental security, monitor the operation and development status of the target at any time, and take corresponding regulatory measures based on the alert information and response system. Through market regulation to achieve the intensive scale development of mines, encourage economic strength, advanced technology and equipment of large enterprises, mergers (acquisition) of small scale, backward technology and equipment, do not have environmental conditions of small and medium-sized enterprises, the formation of large-scale operations, in order to make a reasonable allocation of resources, to put an end to indiscriminate digging and mining, destruction of the ecological environment of the chaotic phenomenon of the maintenance of the normal order of production, and to protect the ecological environment of the mines from the source.
(C) the establishment of environmental property rights system and ecological compensation mechanism
Environmental property rights are unclear and lack of property rights subject, is one of the factors affecting the ecological environment protection and governance of mines. In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of the whole society for ecological environmental protection, it is recommended that environmental resources be regarded as environmental assets and gradually included in asset-based management. The construction of the ecological environment compensation mechanism, firstly, should be based on the premise of strategic environmental assessment, the effectiveness of the ecological compensation policy, the distribution of benefits between the subject and object of ecological compensation to make an objective evaluation. Secondly, it is necessary to make clear provisions on the standards and principles of ecological compensation, the scope of compensation, the objects of compensation, the mode of compensation, the sources of compensation funds, as well as the management of compensation funds. Third, the integration and improvement of the existing fees, ecological compensation fees should be earmarked to avoid duplication of fees.
(4) Improve the resource and environmental tax and fee system and optimize the distribution of benefits
(1) Implement the resource tax reform and improve the distribution mechanism. Resource tax should be levied by the state on the cascading returns generated by mining right holders from the exploitation of mineral resources. This cascade yield varies with the differences in resource endowment and mining conditions, and thus the tax rate is different, which should be calculated according to different types of resources and different mining conditions. Enterprises implementing the exploitation of high-quality and scarce resources pay more taxes, and enterprises exploiting poor-quality resources pay less taxes, so as to achieve a balance of interests, establish a fair mechanism for tax regulation, and realize the optimal allocation of resources. At the same time, improve the revenue distribution mechanism, part of the resource tax revenue to the central government, strengthen the state's control of resource development, to avoid the local government for their own interests to produce short-term behavior, excessive development of mineral resources, exacerbate the damage to the ecological environment.
(2) Gradually realize the legislation on resource and environmental taxes and fees. Gradually improve the mineral resources compensation charges and ecological environment compensation charges into resources and environment taxes and fees, and clarify the various tax items in the form of law, to raise the awareness of mining enterprises of resources and ecological environment safety protection, and establish a long-term mechanism for resources and environment management.
(3) Implementation of mine ecological environmental protection preferential policies. For the implementation of mine construction and mine ecological environmental protection engineering facilities design, construction and input "three simultaneous" system of excellent enterprises and three waste resource recycling enterprises, to give financial incentives, appropriate reduction or exemption of resources and environmental tax rates, reduce the threshold for credit investment, increase funding
(e) the establishment of cross-basin ( Provinces, cities) of the balance of interests and compensation mechanism
Balance of interests and compensation mechanism is mainly benefited to the interests of the damaged party through the financial special funds transfer payment way to realize compensation. The damaged parties need to receive compensation for economic losses in areas where mining of mineral resources is prohibited or restricted, economic compensation for ecological environmental protection projects, and compensation for the export of other resources. The beneficiaries, on the other hand, distribute the above compensation funds proportionally by region, and compensate for the loss of economic development opportunities of the damaged parties in the areas where exploitation is restricted and prohibited through financial transfer payments.
Specialized agencies are needed for the evaluation and management coordination of cross-regional and cross-basin financial transfers, and it is suggested that the Ministry of Land and Resources and the Ministry of Environmental Protection should coordinate the work in a unified manner, and that pilot projects should be conducted first and then be fully promoted.
(F) the establishment of mining ecological environment quality evaluation system and standard system, ecological environment safety early warning system
mining ecological environment quality evaluation system and standard system due to the involvement of different industry sectors, as well as the sector's own limitations, the mining ecological environment quality evaluation system is actually not yet fully established. Therefore, the establishment of evaluation system standards is the key to mine ecological environment quality evaluation system. At the same time should be established to improve the ecological environment safety early warning system, strengthen the mine ecological environment pollution, geological disaster early warning forecast.
(VII) Improve the mining ecological environment regulatory system, strengthen the team construction
One should establish and improve the mining ecological environment regulatory and law enforcement system, and clarify the main body of responsibility. It is recommended to adopt the management mode of decentralized law enforcement, supplemented by joint law enforcement in supervision and law enforcement. Second, to clarify the government's responsibility for the management and protection of mining ecological environment. Improve the system of governmental duties, properly fulfill governmental functions, enhance its ability to serve the public ****, and strive to build a service-oriented government. Third, strengthen the grass-roots team building, the implementation of mine ecological environment supervision system, improve the quality and level of supervision of mine ecological environment restoration and management.
(VIII) accelerate the construction of mine ecological environmental protection regulations
Currently as soon as possible to establish and improve the mine ecological environment regulations is very necessary, there is an urgent need for the mine ecological environment of the resource and its property rights belonging to the ownership of the property rights transfer, mine environmental restoration and governance and tailings recycling, etc., to develop a unified, suitable for the various industries, sectors *** with the observance of the implementation of mine ecological environmental protection and governance legal documents. Legal documents on ecological environmental protection and governance. At the same time, the development of supporting relevant laws and regulations, so that the mine ecological environment property rights, protection objectives, restoration standards, supervision responsibilities more clearly, more detailed management of funds, environmental monitoring and early warning system is more sound.
(Originally published in China Land and Resources Newspaper on July 3, 2009, the author is the subject leader of the Suggestions on the Establishment of Sound Policies for Protecting the Ecological Environment in China, and the subject team members Zhang Guangdi and Zhang Xing)