If one can put the micron technology
the theory that established the research and development of nanotechnology. Because this allows mechanical movement of objects at the molecular level
That said, as long as
changing the order and structure of atoms, and then changing the order and structure of molecules
Changing the molecules and thus changing the material
Technology established by
estimates not just change the scrap of paper dollars"
5 Nanobots to your home dust into bread maybe
BR /> Please have faith in science in the next 2 to 3 years, the advent of nanotechnology
Road one year inflatable car tires.
Road artificial DNA-based self-assembly of small electronic components.
Road new artificial protein-based semiconductors.
Road to error-proof pregnancy tests.
Road to build a complete medical diagnostic laboratory on a chip on a computer.
Road to produce drinking water from an airborne condenser.
In the next 5 to 10 years, the emergence of nanotechnology:
Road to be able to program books, magazines, and newspapers multiple times using carbon paper.
The road can carry or fold a high-powered computer in your pocket.
Lu nano-bionic shell bulletproof armor.
Road light efficient ceramic car engine.
Road ear regenerating, intelligent hearing aids with speaker sound recognition.
Road in a self-stabilizing smart building for earthquakes or explosions.
Lu special medical treatment according to their individual needs.
The emergence of nanotechnology in the next 10 to 15 years
Road realistic artificial intelligence complex, you do not recognize that you are talking about a person or a machine.
Road computer and entertainment video displays on the screen like a painting comes to life.
Road 20 to 100 miles of satellite launch platforms, stand up direct communication systems from the bottom of the sea
Road instantaneous automatic heating, cooling of the classification of a single molecule of semi-intelligent mobile devices, which can not be energy-intensive materials screening workers
/> incision surgery will be eliminated from the inside out of the body, the body will be able to monitor and repair.
Nanotechnology developed on the basis of information technology, microelectronics and computer technology as the main body of high-tech, it is to learn the characteristics of the interaction in the nanomaterials, and how to use these functions of science and technology, it is the goal to atomic, molecular and nanoscale materials manufacturing products with special features, a revolutionary leap in the means of production. Currently, this technology is highly valued by people and has developed very rapidly in recent years.
Overview
Nano (1 nm = 10-9) technology, at the scale of 0.1 - 100 nm, high-tech nano
Nanotechnology is the key technology to manipulate the phenomena of atoms and molecules by scanning tunneling microscope directly moving atoms, and its structural information, nanotechnology's ultimate goal is to move directly into the atom, molecules fabricated with a specific function of the nanoscale Research and Applications. and molecules. At present, this technology has made a major breakthrough, with the development of nanotechnology, people have been able to directly utilize the production of atoms, molecules, the preparation of nanoparticles containing only a few dozen to tens of thousands of atoms, and use them as the appropriate basic units arranged in a three-dimensional nanosolid.
Emergence and development, with the rapid development of microelectronics technology, the scientific community to carry out the study of matter (atoms and nanotechnology
Using molecules) at the nanoscale (0.1 nanometers, 100 nanometers), the interaction of these features and interactive features, and has made great achievements, has given rise to the emergence of nanotechnology
2.1 Nanotechnology, the development of nanotechnology history The so-called body chemistry was established as early as 1861, when they began to study the nano-limb. The real nano independent research and development, in 1959, this year, the famous American physicist, the Nobel Prize winner of the Feynman in the United States Physics annual meeting made a report, in his report, he believes that the ability to use the macro-machine to make a smaller machine than the small size of the machine, but also to make smaller machines such as a step to reach the molecular level. Feynman fantasized about manipulating and controlling matter at the atomic and molecular level.
In his report, he envisioned including the following: first, the miniaturization of computers, and second, the rearrangement of atoms. He reminded humans of what the world would be like one day when atoms were arranged according to their subjective will. The third is the microscopic world of atoms. At the atomic level, there will be a novel of the nature of the new interaction forces that work wonders. Physicists, atom by atom to build matter is not contrary to the laws of physics. Four, how the contents of the Encyclopedia Britannica recorded to the head of a foot so small.
Scientists inspired to begin the field of scientific exploration and technological research at the nanoscale, scientists have discovered and explored a variety of novel phenomena at the nanoscale properties of matter, the nature of the wonders, specifically, it is a new world of technology.
In the late 1970s, the U.S. MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) WRCannon, who invented the laser rage to synthesize dozens of nanoscale silicon-based ceramic powders, in the early 1980s, the German physicist gas H. Gleiter with the condensate to clean the surfaces of nanoparticles, and in ultra-high vacuum conditions, inhibit polycrystalline nanosolid in situ. Now it seems that all these studies are only preliminary to explore nanomaterials.
2.2 Nanotechnology development
In 1977, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Drexel: Departure from the artificial simulation of living cells of biomolecules analogs can be assembled and arranged atoms, called nanotechnology - nanotechnology.
In the 1980s, the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope greatly contributed to the development of nanotechnology, which became a real tool for the arrangement of atoms, and by 1990, nanotechnology officially had its own name - Nanoscience and Technology, which was marked by the first NST conference in Baltimore and two specialized international journals "Nanotechnology" and "Nanotechnology". and "Nanobiology" were published. Since then, countries around the world have developed NST development programs, known as nano-new terms, new concepts and new emerging disciplines, forming a contemporary cluster of emerging nanotechnology disciplines.
Since the 20th century to the 1980s, nanotechnology research has been highly emphasized in the world, and some of the technologies have practical applications. Nanotechnology in computing, information processing, communications, manufacturing, biological, medical, ground and space development, especially in defense has great prospects for development. Nanotechnology has penetrated into some traditional industries such as dyes, paints, and food.
Many countries are engaged in the field of nanotechnology in the fierce competition. The United States relies on its well-developed basic science to work from micro to macro; Japan has made great achievements in developing technology from macro to micro. In nanotechnology research in recent years, China has made great strides in demonstrating robust atomic manipulation at room temperature and transplantation. In 1992, using a scanning tunneling microscope, the scientific and technical staff of the Institute of Chemistry developed their own, computer-controlled graphite etching of surfaces with characters and patterns with line widths of 10 nm. Currently, some foreign laboratories just use the method of moving emotional gas atoms to "write" Chinese scientists are most widely used in the microelectronics industry to extract and process atoms from silicon surfaces.
In the field of nanotechnology, has reached the international technological frontier. The German Foreign Office analyzed in 1995, the relative level of Chinese nanotechnology in the field of nanotechnology in the leading countries, with the French fifth grade, first to fourth grade, such as Japan, Germany, the United States, Britain and Scandinavia.
Scope of nanotechnology research
The emergence and development of nanotechnology, nanotechnology, fills the lack of connectivity between the macro-micro-regions of mankind's fine areas of consciousness. For this reason, it has developed very rapidly in recent years and has been in a wide range. Nanotechnology research and applications in the following areas:
3.1 Nanoelectronics
Nanotechnology in nanoelectronics leadership or dominant role, because it is the next generation of microelectronics development. Nanoelectronics from the electronics industry, the development of nanotechnology is an important driving force. Nanoelectronics based on the latest physical theories and the most advanced technological means, in accordance with the construction of new concepts of electronic systems, and the development of matter potential storage and processing of information, to achieve a revolutionary breakthrough in the collection and processing of information Nanoelectronics will become the core of the information age in the 21st century.
The goal of the development of nanoelectronics is: integrated circuits into one out of the unimaginable levels of functional density and data transmission rates currently encountered in the development of the limits beyond. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to carry out innovative concepts of electronic devices that overcome the constraints of interconnection, and it is necessary to develop new methods of production of said circuit blocks. In electronics at the nanoscale, the traditional transistors follow the laws of physics no longer apply, there will be a new physical effect. Currently, nanotechnology studies how to make memory chips with a capacity of 64 megabytes. How to use new quantum nanoelectronics devices, such as resonant tunneling diodes, the development of quantum lasers and quantum interference devices, and so on. Time, perhaps, for mankind to enter the quantum kingdom.
Nanoelectronics and other research directions; molecular electronics and biomolecular devices, which is completely abandoned the development of molecular binding electronic components based on silicon semiconductor-based. If the development is successful, this scale of electronic components, electronic components, drive the rapid development of social productivity made a qualitative leap. /> 3.2 Nanomaterials /> The microstructure of nanomaterials refers to the realization of nanoscale materials, the raw materials used - powder must first be nanoscale level of grains and grain boundaries. The progress from micron to nanoscale is not only a qualitative leap in the preparation process, but also promotes the theory of the development of materials science.
Nanomaterials due to their unique structure, as well as small size effect, interface effect and quantum tunneling effect, the unique properties of nanomaterials, unlike traditional materials a series of new effects. Their electrical, magnetic, thermal and optical properties are further optimized. It will play an important role as a new material in the future. For example, broadband strong absorption stealth materials and high sensitivity, high pass response, high activity catalyst materials, high coercivity magnetic recording materials, high-performance electret conversion energy materials and multifunctional complex phase ceramic materials materials.
China has successfully developed a variety of nano-semiconductor composites and carbon nanotubes. Solid Chinese Academy of Social Sciences science, is one of the earliest to carry out nanomaterials in China, a unit of the ability of nanomaterials and multi-species preparations laboratory, can prepare a variety of nano-oxides, aluminum powder, has entered the mass production stage, powder indicators have reached the international advanced level. Used for stealth aircraft in the international nanomaterials, light conversion. It is predicted that residential nanomaterials nanoplastics tomorrow, will significantly improve the ability to cope with intelligent nanoplastics home furnishings function and flexibility.
Modern international nanomaterials trends in basic research and development applications, and promote each other, and go hand in hand. The business community, the corporate world works closely with the scientific and technological community in an attempt to translate laboratory results into commercial products, the promotion and application of nanomaterials in certain industries. With continuous research and other nanomaterials will find more and more new materials with newer properties.
3.3 Nanofabrication Technology
Scientific and technological advances are bringing devices and equipment of increasingly smaller sizes into the nanometer range. With suitable processing and manufacturing technology, has become an international hot spot, rapid development. Nanofabrication technology can be divided into two types of etching and assembly. Has reached the limit, due to nanoscale etching technology, assembly technology will become an important means of nanotechnology, by people's attention a lot. /> Assembly technology is the mechanical, physical, chemical or biological method by which atoms, molecules or molecular assemblies are assembled to form functional structural units. Assembly techniques, include tissue molecular assembly techniques, scanning probes for atoms, molecular removal techniques and biological assembly techniques. /> Organized molecular assemblies, which form ordered two- or three-dimensional molecular systems through physical or chemical interactions between molecules. In recent years, recent advances made in organized molecular assembly techniques and applications LB membranes and related properties. For recognizing assembled biomolecules. The assembly of high-density proteins, nucleic acids and other biologically active macromolecules requires a fixed orientation, which is very important for the development of a high-performance biosensitive membranes, biomolecular devices, the study of interactions between biomolecules are prepared. /> In addition to the above types of assemblies, ordered, bridged assemblies of long-chain polymer molecules of self-assembly technology, ordered molecular membranes, applied research and technological advances. Nanofabrication technology has also carried out significant atomic weight first-class processing, processing technology into a finer depth.
3.4 Nanomechanics
Mechanical nanoscale nanomechanical means, it includes a wide range of fields. Already manufactured nanomotors, nanogears. Nanomotors for nanoscale movement and positioning, there are two configurations that can fulfill this requirement: first, linear motors; voltage ceramic tubes creeping crawling mobile devices. High-precision locomotives developed and produced by X-ray reflectors focus on nanodevices with a divergence of less than 1 nm "nanoprecision optical storage technology and holographic technology for ultra-flat mirror grinding machines. The U.S. has developed into a micromotor, small enough to be seen with a microscope. Japan's Mitsubishi Electric Corporation to develop a micro-robot to remove the cells under the biological microscope.
3.5 Nanochemistry
Nanochemistry carries out nanotechnology to identify molecules, polymer components chemists seem to be very large nanoscale nanostructures are 103-109 aggregates with molecular weights of between 104-1010 atomic numbers, currently synthesized molecular weights in the range of, but there is a clear structural biology techniques are being developed. The main driver of the new approach to the synthesis of nanomaterials of the present invention, nanochemistry is hot today in an attempt to understand and utilize the complex processes of an amazing variety of living systems.
Nanochemistry encompasses many areas: interface and colloid science, molecular recognition, microelectronic processing, polymer science, electrochemistry, fossil and clay chemistry, scanning probe microscopy, and more. Molecular self-assembly, in particular, is suitable for the preparation of nanostructures.
Nanochemistry, a wide range of applications in the chemical industry, such as nanopowder added to a certain proportion of cosmetics, can effectively shield ultraviolet light, metal nanopowder doped erbium fiber optic products or paper can greatly reduce electrostatic interactions, the use of nanoparticles, which can be used for gas isotopes, mixing of rare gases and organic compounds such as the composition of sponges sintered body of the separation and concentration of nanoparticles can be Used not only to cause electricity in the production of coatings, printing inks, can also be used for solid lubricants.
3.6 Nanobiology of nanometers
The terminology is not new to biologists. Because a large number of biological structures, ranging from nucleic acids, proteins, viruses, organelles, and their rows 1 of course, are biological structures very small, but exceptionally complex, especially active, displaying a specific specific biological function, such as enzymes, which can break chemical bonds, causing molecules to bind molecules to molecular machines such as nanometers to 100 nanometers. DNA can be used as a storage system capable of ordering the transfer of molecular machines to ribosomes, ribosomes that can make proteins molecular nanobiology aims to open up a similar approach to molecular machine programs. , assembly machines to make matter. The assembly machines will work like tiny industrial robots as attachments through molecules, guiding and using the arrangement of chemical reactions, atoms constructed into complex structures Another important aspect of nanobiology is a great characteristic to build products with certain functions of biomolecules. Currently, nanoparticles have been successfully utilized to make breakthroughs in the induction of viruses using cell-separated nanoparticles as carriers, which are expected to serve humans soon. It is envisioned that the dream of using molecular robots created by nanotechnology to circulate in the bloodstream to various parts of the body for detection, diagnosis, and implementation of treatment will become a reality. Nanobiology is a very interesting, but mysterious field, whether it brings too much change to mankind, remains difficult to predict.
Research direction of nanotechnology
Nanoscience and technology is improving day by day, the development of science and technology, the systematic random and fragmented state of the study, has come out, and gradually become a focus on the classification mode.
4.1 Theory of nanotechnology
Theoretical study of nanotechnology systems, a systematic study of nanofunctionality, microstructure, to determine the special rules of nanotechnology, the establishment of new concepts and theories, to improve the development of the scientific system of nanotechnology; and further systematic study of nanomaterials, microstructure, and spectral properties, to establish a new theory to describe and characterize the nanomaterials. nanomaterials. At the same time, it is necessary to further explore and summarize the nanomaterials preparation technology, the theoretical research results of nanomaterials and engineering theory combined with theoretical research, to explore efficient, low-cost industrialization of the preparation technology, which is an important prerequisite for the development of nanotechnology; the theory of nanotechnology engineering research will form a climax. The development of nanotechnology, people increasingly feel the significance of systematic research and development, economic benefits significant, that is, people need not only nanomaterials science, nanoengineering.
4.2 Nanoscience and technology, realized through nanotechnology is accompanied by the booming development of electronic technology, the formation of manipulation of atoms, molecules or molecules to form atoms or groups of materials needed for technology. This emerging technology will allow mankind's ability to recognize and transform nature extends directly to molecules and atoms, and as this technology continues to be researched, developed, applied, and produced will lead to a bright future. There are two approaches to this technology:
First, the implementation and application of nanotechnology from macro to micro provides the necessary reference. From macro to micro, macro mechanical manufacturing is getting smaller and smaller, at present, from macro to micro research has made certain achievements, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, integrated more and more fine structure NTT made of optical positioning devices, the size of which is only 0.5 square millimeters. A variety of micro-robots have come out and brought hope to solve a large number of difficult cases.
Second, from micro to macro. Micro to macro, that is, the direct manipulation of atoms and molecules, different permutations and combinations, the formation of new substances, creating a machine with new functions, from micro to macro work has just begun. First, manipulate the atoms in the nickel plate spelling words, such as in April 1990, International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), two scientists using a scanning tunneling microscope to manipulate the atoms, there are 35 atoms in the nickel plate to discharge the word "IBM". Individual atoms move in predetermined positions, for example, in July 1999, IBM scientists shifted to a predetermined position. Third, the development of complex molecular features of the opening and closing. According to a British report, British scientists investigating the molecular weight of electrons in an individual or group of silicon atoms developed a complex molecule with a size of 4 nm, which has the characteristics of an "on" and "off" laser driver, and set up a switching time of only picoseconds (10-12), which is actually the result of the processing, the switching time is only picoseconds (10-12), which is actually the result of the processing. (10-12), which is actually possible with the development of optical computers,
Nanotechnology goes from the macro to the micro, and from the micro to the macro, and in fact opens up possibilities for humans to take advantage of this new technology. Computers can use nano-trillions of times per second, the development of optical chips and biochips, the development of ultra-large-scale optical computers and bio-computers laid the foundation. Genetic engineering technology can become more controllable, creating a wide variety of production products according to the needs of the human body, in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries. A profound revolution could revolutionize chemical production by enabling the entire chemical industry to be built directly on the stars of the atom.
People according to the actual needs of molecules and atoms assembled nano-machines can greatly increase the speed of the machine, efficiency, and reduce the pollution of the environment. The micro-machines will solve difficult cases, a large number of medical effects more significant, but also can create a large number of new drugs, the production of a variety of organ transplants required for the effect. At the same time, nanotechnology can be easily switched between different forms of energy to meet human needs for energy.
4.3 New Ideas in Nanoscience and Technology
Totally different from the traditional technology, nanotechnology singularity, many applications of nanotechnology, it is very important to study the concepts and laws of new ideas.
These new ideas, on the one hand, are in the field of engineering, such as the traditional theory that two elements that are not at all miscible can be synthesized together in a nanoscale state, such as the synthesis of iron and aluminum, silver, iron, copper and iron-clad gold. As machines are designed to get smaller and smaller, at the end of which several large devices become unsuitable, size and weight factors become almost negligible, and surface tension and friction are extremely important, these are urgent topics of discussion and practices that could not have been possible in the past, and are unimportant, and in the nanostate, are likely to be feasible.
Nanotechnology's, on the other hand, is also necessary as a basic technology for mass production caused by new ideas in society. Scientists are now working in the field: some copies of the machine itself, like cells divide, thus emitting great wealth human beings can not imagine that such a machine, which can be used to make food, can be used to repair the cells, prevent disease and fight aging, it may be a fantasy, but mankind has, after all, taken a crucial step of miniaturization. Scientists point out that nanotechnology will have a profound impact on the development of productivity and has the potential to fundamentally solve a range of problems facing humanity, such as the environment, food, energy and other critically important issues.
Prospects of nanotechnology
The development of nanotechnology's special functions and special research objects, nanotechnology has been developed significantly since the 1980s, attracting the attention and importance of many countries, many developed countries and many research institutions have also invested huge human, material and financial resources to carry out large-scale collaborative research, and has achieved remarkable results, the state has been in the high-tech and economic development. The state has been in the field of high-tech and economic development to promote nanotechnology
The field of technology, nanotechnology is a major breakthrough in mankind's ability to understand and transform the world to that will lead to a new scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, has become the forefront of scientific and technological development in the 21st century, and it is not only the focus of the international competition in the field of 1 key technologies of the information industry, one of the most important direction of development of advanced manufacturing industry. Manufacturing industry is one of the most important direction of development. As the chief scientist of the United States, IBM Amoxicillin Bertrand said: "Just as microelectronics technology in the 1970s triggered the information revolution, nanoscale science and technology will become the core of the information age in the next century.
According to the theory of technological evolution, nanotechnology has evolved in the second phase of background (knowledge) technology. In other words, the evolution of nanotechnology, from the state of nanotechnology prototype technology field to the horizontal state, that is: nanotechnology or nanoscience and technology as the core, peripheral absorption and other technological systems of development into a new system of nanoscience and technology.
In short, the development of nanotechnology today, is no longer a simple scientific research activities, but more importantly, it is becoming more and more scientific and technological industrial development and national competitiveness of the socialization of the impact of nanotechnology has a significant impact on the new century's social, economic and national security. With the knowledge economy era, the 21st century will be characterized by the era of high-speed development and wide application of life sciences and information technology. Nanotechnology will promote the rapid development of life sciences, information technology, including almost all sciences and technologies, and new tools will appear more artificial intelligence characters.
Nanotechnology in the world belongs to the field of science and technology. Emerging science and technology as one of the most promising markets, its importance questioned, many developed countries have invested huge sums of money in research, academician Qian Xuesen predicted: "nanometer and the following nanostructures will be the future stage of technological development characterized by a technological revolution, which will be another in the twenty-first century industrial revolution".