Hydrogen Sulfide
(I) Physical and Chemical Properties and Uses
Colorless flammable gas with rotten egg odor. Soluble in water. Natural point: 246 ℃, explosion limit; 4.3-46%. Hydrogen sulfide is rarely used in production, generally as a chemical reaction or natural decomposition products of proteins and exists in a variety of production processes as well as in nature. All sulfur-containing organic matter fermentation rot are produced hydrogen sulfide. Sulfur-containing petroleum extraction and refining, rayon, tanning and other production processes have hydrogen sulfide output.
(ii) toxicity
Hydrogen sulfide is a strong nerve stimulating poison, can cause asphyxiation. It also has obvious irritating effect on mucous membranes. Maximum permissible concentration 10mg/m3
(III) Effects of short-term overexposure
Inhalation: burning sensation in the snuff area, cough , chest tightness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, fuzzy consciousness, or coma. When exposed to more than 1000mg/m3, "electric shock-like" poisoning can occur, instantaneous respiratory arrest but the heart can still beat for several minutes.
Eye exposure: photophobia, tearing, eye stinging (at concentrations above 16-32mg/m3). Eyelid spasms and blurred vision may also be present at exposures of 200-300mg/m3.
(iv) Effects of long-term exposure
Long-term exposure to low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide can result in decreased sense of smell. Exposure to concentrations above 100mg/m3 may cause lung damage.
(E) Fire and Explosion
This product is extremely flammable and open flames, sparks and smoking are strictly prohibited. Its vapor and air mixture is explosive. Combustion will produce sulfur dioxide toxic gas. The production place should have explosion-proof device.
(F) Chemical reactivity
Reacts with metal ions to produce salt, and is highly corrosive to iron and other metals. Reaction with oxidizers is very violent, easy to fire or explosion.
(VII) Personal Protection
Inhalation: If the gas concentration is unknown or exceeds the exposure limit, wear an oxygen respirator or a gas mask with a gray color-coded canister.
Eyes: Wear chemical protective goggles.
(viii) First aid
Inhalation: the rescuer should wear an oxygen respirator and move the patient safely to fresh air. If the patient's breathing stops, artificial respiration should be carried out immediately. Hydrogen sulfide is very poisonous, it is not suitable for mouth-to-mouth respiration, chest compression is preferred, and should be adhered to for more than 2 hours.
Eyes: make the eyelids open, flush the affected eyes with saline or 1-3% sodium bicarbonate solution.
(IX) Storage and transportation
Fireproof, refrigerated and airtight.
(X) Safety and handling
Enhancement of confinement, ventilation, and detoxification during production. Treatment of sewage ponds, pulp pools should first check whether hydrogen sulfide gas exists in the place. If there is, local ventilation should be carried out before working. Exhaust gas containing hydrogen sulfide should be discharged in compliance with environmental protection regulations.
Ammonia
(I) Physical and chemical properties
Colorless gas, with a very irritating odor. Vapor density: 0.6, boiling point: -33.35°C, autoignition point: 651.22°C, soluble in water. Medium soluble in alcohol. Explosion limit: 16~25%.
(II) Toxicity
In high concentration, alkaline irritation and corrosive effect on mucous membrane and skin.
Maximum permissible concentration: 30mg/m3
(C) Short-term overexposure
Inhalation: large amounts of ammonia gas inhalation can be tearing, sore throat, chest tightness, dyspnea, cyanosis, severe cases of pulmonary edema, laryngeal edema or bronchial mucous membrane necrosis, asphyxiation. 500 ppm, five minutes to death.
Eye contact: liquid ammonia or high concentration of ammonia can cause burns.
Skin contact: liquid ammonia can cause burns.
(iv) Effects of long-term exposure
Long-term exposure to ammonia at low concentrations can cause eye and upper respiratory tract irritation.
(E) fire and explosion
Ammonia or air and ammonia mixtures can explode when exposed to fire, and when exposed to heat, it releases ammonia and nitrogen and nitrogen oxides of toxic fumes. This product is combustible, fireworks and smoking should be strictly prohibited. When on fire with fog water, foam carbon dioxide fire.
(F) human protection:
Inhalation: when the concentration in the air exceeds the standard, must wear a gas mask. Emergency situation rescue or evacuation, should wear a respirator.
Eyes: Wear chemical safety glasses.
Skin: wear overalls and gloves.
(vii) First aid:
Inhalation: quickly move the patient to fresh air and maintain respiratory and circulatory function.
Eyes: Immediately flush with running water or cool boiled water for at least 10 minutes.
Skin: immediately remove contaminated clothing and flush with running water for at least 30 minutes. Give milk for accidental ingestion. All patients should be treated in collaboration with a physician.
(H) leakage treatment points
Rapidly evacuate the leaking contaminated area to the wind, and isolation until the gas dissipates, cut off the source of ignition. On-site spray containing hydrochloric acid in a mist of water and, dissolve, and then pumped, indoor ventilation.
Sulfur dioxide
(a) physical and chemical properties and uses
Colorless gas, irritating odor. Density: 2.3, boiling point: -10℃. Used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, sulfite, sulfate, and the synthesis of certain organic compounds, bleaching pulp, refining petroleum.
(II) Toxicity
It belongs to medium toxicity category. This product is easily absorbed by the wetted surface of mucous membranes to produce sulfurous acid, part of which is then oxidized to sulfuric acid. Therefore it is a strong irritant to the respiratory tract and eyes.
Maximum permissible concentration: 15 mg/m3
(C) Effects of short-term overexposure
Inhalation: inhalation of high concentrations of sulfur dioxide causes coughing, burning pain in the nose and throat, hoarseness and even shortness of breath. Inhalation of very high concentrations can immediately cause reflex vocal spasms leading to asphyxiation.
Eye contact: can cause tearing, photophobia, eye burning pain. Liquid sulfur dioxide splashed into the eye can immediately cause corneal turbidity, resulting in ban cataracts (yi cataracts: the cornea of the cornea of the birth of the white spots shielding the vision).
Skin contact: the liquid stains the skin, causing skin burns, blistering, swelling and necrosis.
(D) Effects of long-term exposure
Long-term inhalation of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide, there can be dizziness, headache, weakness, dry cough, nausea, insomnia, loss of smell and taste and other symptoms. Long-term exposure can also cause emphysema, dental erosion and chronic rhinitis.
(E) Fire and Explosion
This product is non-combustible and non-flammable.
(F) Chemical reactivity
This product dissolves in water to become acid. Moist sulfur dioxide is strongly corrosive and can corrode metals. But when dry, its corrosive effect is not great.
(VII) Personal protection
Inhalation: If the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air exceeds the exposure limit should wear a gas mask with a yellow color-coded cartridge (canister).
Eyes: Wear chemical splash-proof glasses.
Skin: wear acid-resistant gloves, coveralls and work shoes. The workplace should have available safety showers and eye rinsing apparatus.
(viii) First aid
Inhalation: remove the patient from the scene to fresh air, keep the patient warm and quiet, administer oxygen if necessary.
Eyes: Flush thoroughly with plenty of water or 2% sodium bicarbonate solution.
Skin: flush with plenty of water for at least 20 minutes.
(ix) Storage and transportation
Stored in cylinders. Package No. 1.
(X) Safety and Handling
The process of production and use of this product needs to be airtight and ventilation should be strengthened. In the event of leakage should be quickly evacuated from the scene, wearing gas-supplied respirator, and transfer the damaged and leaking cylinders to a safe place. The product should be recovered and utilized in industrial waste gas.
Nitrogen dioxide
(I) Physical and chemical properties and uses
Red-brown gas with irritating odor. Exists mixed with nitrogen tetroxide at room temperature and is nitrogen dioxide at high temperature. Density: 1.58, used in the production of nitric acid, picric acid, digestive fiber and so on.
(II) Toxicity
It belongs to medium toxicity category. It has strong oxidizing effect. Acute poisoning mainly causes pulmonary edema, which can lead to death.
Maximum permissible concentration: 15 mg/m3
(3) Effects of short-term overexposure
Inhalation: Exposure to a concentration of 70mg/m3 produces irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, sore throat, coughing; Exposure to a concentration of 140mg/m3 can cause bronchitis and pneumonia; Exposure to a concentration of 220~290mg/m3 can cause Lung edema; inhalation of 146mg/m3 quickly die.
Eye contact: eye irritation.
(D) Effects of long-term exposure
Long-term exposure to low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide can cause chronic laryngitis, bronchitis and neurasthenia and other symptoms.
(V) Fire and Explosion
This product is not otherwise, but can be combustible, and should not be placed with combustible substances.
(F) Chemical reactivity
This product is a strong oxidizing agent and reacts violently with combustible and reducing substances.
(VII) Personal Protection
Inhalation: If the gas concentration exceeds the exposure limit, wear a gas mask with a yellow color-coded cartridge (canister).
Eyes: Wear chemical protective goggles.
Skin: Use acid-proof gloves, coveralls and work shoes. The workplace should have available safety showers and eye flushing appliances.
(viii) First aid
Inhalation: Remove the patient from the scene to fresh air and observe closely for more than 24 hours. During the observation period should be lying down to rest, appropriate heat preservation and sedation. Observe until 48 hours when there is still no pulmonary edema before activity.
Eyes: flush with water if contaminated.
(IX) Storage and transportation
Store in a cool place. Packing No. 1 (stainless steel packing), shock-proof during transportation.
(X) Safety and Handling
Processes generating nitrogen dioxide should be closed, ventilated and exhausted, and necessary protective gear should be provided. Exhaust gases containing nitrogen dioxide are to be treated before discharge, and environmental protection laws are to be observed.
Sulfuric acid
(I) Physical and chemical properties and uses
Colorless oily corrosive liquid, with strong hygroscopicity. Density: 1.8, melting point 10.4℃, boiling point: 280℃. Used in the manufacture of ammonium sulfate, phosphoric acid, aluminum sulfate synthetic drugs, synthetic dyes, synthetic detergents and metal pickling agents.
(II) Toxicity
Medium toxicity. Very corrosive to skin and mucous membranes.
Maximum permissible concentration: 2 mg/m3
(C) Effects of short-term overexposure
Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations of sulfuric acid mist can be upper respiratory tract irritation, severe laryngeal edema, bronchitis and even pulmonary edema.
Eye contact: splashing sulfuric acid causes conjunctivitis and edema, corneal clouding and even perforation.
Skin contact: local tingling, the skin from flushing to dark brown.
Oral: after accidental ingestion of sulfuric acid, the mouth, pharynx, chest and abdomen immediately have severe burning pain, lips, mouth, pharynx are seen to burn so that the formation of ulcers, vomit and diarrhea black blood, gastrointestinal perforation. The lethal dose of concentrated sulfuric acid taken orally is about 5 milliliters.
(D) the effects of long-term exposure
Long-term exposure to sulfuric acid fog, there can be nasal mucosal atrophy accompanied by loss or disappearance of sense of smell, chronic bronchitis and tooth erosion and other symptoms.
(E) Fire and explosion
This product is not flammable, but many reactions will catch fire or explosion, such as with metal will produce flammable gas, mixed with water will be a lot of exothermic. Use dry powder and foam to extinguish fire immediately when it catches fire.
(F) Chemical reactivity
This product is a strong oxidizing agent, and reacts fiercely with combustible and reducing substances.
(vii) Personal protection
Inhalation: sulfuric acid mist concentration exceeds the exposure limit, should wear an acid-proof type gas mask.
Eyes: Wear chemical splash-proof glasses.
Skin: wear rubber gloves, acid-proof coveralls and rubber shoes. Safety showers and eye rinsing apparatus should be provided in the workplace.
(viii) First aid
Inhalation: Move the patient away from the scene to fresh air, and those with respiratory irritation should be given oxygen.
Eyes: Open eyelids and flush thoroughly with plenty of water or 2% sodium bicarbonate solution.
Skin: Flush with plenty of water for more than 20 minutes.
Orally: immediately take internally with magnesium oxide suspension, milk, soy milk, etc.
Note: All patients should call a doctor or be sent to a medical institution for treatment promptly.
(IX) Storage and transportation
Separate from combustible and reducing and strong alkali substances.
Package number 5 (a), 8 (a) (x).
(X) Safety and Handling
Pay attention to the control of sulfuric acid mist and strengthen ventilation and exhaust. There should be convenient washing apparatus in the workshop.
Note: Never inject water into the acid when diluting the acid, only inject the acid into the water.
Chlorine
(I) Physical and chemical properties and uses
Yellow-green gas or (under pressure) amber liquid, with a pungent odor, soluble in water to produce hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid. Density: 2.5, can diffuse along the ground. Used to generate chlorides, pesticides, chilling agents, bleach. Also used to clean water, sewage disinfection, food treatment.
(ii) Toxicity
Strongly irritating to humans.
Maximum Allowable Concentration: 1.0 mg/m3 (0.34ppm)
(iii) Effects of short-term overexposure
Inhalation: severe irritation of the nose, throat and upper respiratory tract. Symptoms include itchy nose (0.2ppm), dry throat, cough and difficulty breathing (1.0ppm). Shortness of breath, headache (over 1.33 ppm), intense choking, chest pain and vomiting (over 30 ppm). Severe exposure resulted in: bronchitis, pulmonary edema, death (over 1000ppm).
EYE CONTACT: Severe eye irritation, gas causes stinging, burning sensation and tearing. Liquids cause burns, permanent damage may blind.
Skin contact: Serious skin irritation, high concentrations of gas cause skin burns, thirst, abdominal cramps, nausea.
(iv) Effects of prolonged exposure
Impacts the respiratory tract, irritates the nose, corrodes tooth enamel.
(V) Fire and Explosion
Chlorine can help, so it is a serious fire hazard, and can be extinguished with dry powder and carbon dioxide. Chlorine can gather in the stratum area.
(F) chemical reactivity
chemical properties are extremely active. It reacts violently with the following substances: many combustible substances and other chemicals including water; reacts violently with hydrocarbons, some metal powders and nitrogen compounds; corrodes most metals when water is present.
(VII) Personal Protection
Inhalation: If the gas concentration is unknown or exceeds the exposure limit, wear a gas mask or oxygen respirator with a yellow color-coded cartridge (canister).
Eyes: Wear chemical splash goggles. Also wear a gas mask if required.
Skin: Use gloves, coveralls and work shoes. Suitable material is polyvinyl chloride. The workplace should have available safety showers and eye rinsing apparatus.
(viii) FIRST AID
INHALATION: Ensure you are safe before rescuing. Disengage from the production line or move the patient to fresh air. If respiration stops artificial respiration should be performed immediately, avoiding mouth-to-mouth contact. If the heart stops beating CPR should be used immediately. Oxygen may be administered by a trained person.
Eyes: Keep eyelids open and flush the affected eye for about 30 minutes with slow running water that is slightly warm; do not allow sewage to enter the uninjured eye.
Skin: Flush the affected area with warm, slowly running water for at least 20 minutes, removing contaminated clothing under running water.
Oral: wash the mouth well with water, give the patient about 250 ml of water without inducing vomiting, if vomiting occurs rinse the mouth and repeat the administration of water.
Note: All patients should be treated by a doctor.
(IX) Storage and transportation
Stored in special cylinders, repeated placement to ensure safety, the storage place should be cool (temperature below 50 ℃), dry, away from combustible materials, sources of ignition and prohibited substances. When transporting the cylinders, the regulations on transportation of dangerous goods should be observed.
Package number 1
(x) Safety and Handling
Only trained personnel should carry out the work of performing cleanup. Provide good ventilation. Wear acid-proof protective clothing and respirator. Neutralize with dilute lye water before rinsing the lye with extra large amounts of water. Handling should comply with environmental protection regulations.
Nitric acid
(I) Physical and chemical properties and uses
Colorless liquid, volatile and irritating. Concentrated nitric acid (98%) in the air, there is a "smoke" phenomenon, the smoke is nitrogen dioxide, nitric anhydride, nitric acid and water vapor in the air to form a mist, soon to be decomposed, the most important of which is nitrogen dioxide. Industrial nitric acid is often yellow, is dissolved in nitrogen dioxide. Concentrated nitric acid when heated with nitric acid vapor, density: 2.2, soon also decomposed, mainly nitrogen dioxide. Used in the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer, yellow explosives, drugs. Also used as an acid detergent and reagent in industry.
(II) Toxicity
Strongly irritates skin and mucous membranes.
Maximum permissible concentration: 5 mg/m3 (as NO2)
(III) Effects of short-term overexposure
Inhalation: Inhalation of nitric acid aerosol causes respiratory irritation. Inhalation of large quantities can cause pulmonary edema.
Eye contact: splashing of nitric acid liquid into the eyes can produce chemical burns.
Skin contact: Nitric acid liquid in contact with the skin can cause chemical burns. Skin burns appear yellow and gradually change to brown and finally black.
(D) Effects of long-term exposure
Long-term inhalation of low concentration nitric acid aerosol. , can cause dental erosion and chronic cathartic lung disease.
(v) Fire and explosion
Fire danger is great, strong oxidizing power, and can cause fire and explosion when reacting with reducing agents.
(F) Chemical reactivity
Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent, which can oxidize and coke many organic substances.
(VII) Personal protection
Inhalation: When the nitric acid aerosol in the working environment exceeds the exposure limit, you should wear a gas mask with a yellow color-coded cartridge (canister).
Eyes: Wear chemical splash-proof glasses.
(H) First aid
Inhalation: Move the patient away from the scene to fresh air, keep warm and quiet, and administer oxygen if necessary.
Eyes: Flush with plenty of water for at least 20 minutes.
Skin: quickly remove contaminated clothing, rinse contaminated skin clothing skin with large amounts of water. Then apply wet compresses with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution.
(IX) Storage and Transportation
Store nitric acid in an airtight container, placed in a cool place with ventilation, away from contraindications and workplace. The storage place should have an acid-proof floor and drainage facilities. Package No. 5.
(X) Safety and Handling
Have good ventilation and effective protective gear, and have nitric acid absorbent to suppress spillage. Neutralize residual material with baking soda or lime, and dispose of fertilizers that can be buried deep in designated locations, complying with environmental protection laws.
Hydrochloric acid
(I), physical and chemical properties and uses
Transparent or yellow fuming liquid, steam has a strong irritating odor. Boiling point: 110℃, vapor density: 1.3, easily soluble in water, used as oil well activator, ore reducing agent, food treatment agent, cleaning agent, boiler descaling agent and chemical intermediates.
(II) Toxicity
Strongly irritating and corrosive to skin and mucous membrane.
Maximum permissible concentration: 15mg/m3.(10.2ppm)
(iii) Effects of short-term overexposure
Inhalation; vapors and fumes can irritate the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract, leading to coughing, bleeding of the nose and gums, and severe exposure can corrode the nose and throat and cause pulmonary edema.
Eye contact: causes irritation, severe burns and blindness.
Skin contact: Concentrated solutions (>38%) cause severe burns.
Oral: severe burns to mouth, stomach and esophagus, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, collapse and possible death.
(iv) Effects of prolonged exposure
The vapors can corrode teeth, cause nose and gums to bleed, and produce persistent bronchitis. Skin can become inflamed with prolonged exposure to dilute solutions.
(v) Fire and Explosion
Not combustible. Cooling the container with a spray of water helps prevent bursting and reduces vapors.
(F), chemical reactivity
reacts violently with strong bases (such as sodium hydroxide), reacts with sulfides, phosphides, cyanides, ethyl ester-based compounds, fluorides, silicides, and carbons, releases flammable and poisonous gases, and reacts violently with oxidizing agents (such as peroxides).
(VII), personal protection
Inhalation: If the concentration of vapor or smoke is unknown or the exposure limit, you should wear a gas mask with a yellow color-coded canister (box).
Skin; gloves, coveralls and work shoes are required. Suitable materials are natural rubber. Acid-proof coveralls should be worn in highly exposed environments, and the workplace should be equipped with safety showers of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution and eye-flushing apparatus.
Eyes: Face shield should be worn if required.
(viii) First aid
Inhalation: detach from the source of hydrochloric acid generation or move the patient to fresh air, if the patient's breathing stops, artificial respiration should be carried out immediately to avoid mouth-to-mouth contact.
Eye contact; keep eyelids open and flush affected eye with saline or slightly warmed, slow-moving running water for 20 minutes.
Skin contact; rinse the affected area with slightly warmed, slow-moving running water for at least 20 minutes, removing contaminated clothing under running water.
Oral; rinse the mouth well with water, do not induce vomiting, and if possible give the patient about 50 ml of water. If vomiting occurs naturally, the patient should be made to lean forward to repeat the administration of water, and all patients should be referred to a physician for treatment.
(IX) Storage and transportation
Store hydrochloric acid in sealed containers in a ventilated, cool place away from contraindications and workplaces. The storage place should have acid-proof floor and good drainage facilities. When preparing the solution, the acid should be poured slowly into the water to prevent splashing and foaming. Packing No. 5, 8.
(x) Safety and Handling
Provide good ventilation, use good protective clothing and respirators. Spillage should be avoided, use suitable hydrochloric acid adsorbent to contain spillage, neutralize residual material with baking soda or lime, dispose of waste material which can be buried deep in designated locations, and comply with environmental protection regulations.
Potassium permanganate
Respondent: m327903590 - Apprentice in Magic Level 1 4-8 18:04
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