Angola is located on the west coast of Africa, bordering the Democratic Republic of Congo in the north, Zambia in the east and Namibia and Botswana in the south. The leader of the country bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the west: José Eduardo dos Santos
Population: 18.498 million (estimated in 29)
Population density: 14.8 people per square kilometer
Regime
In p>25, the security situation continued to maintain stability and the economy gradually recovered. The Angolan government focused on consolidating peace, deepening national reconciliation and restoring development.
Constitution
The current Constitution was enacted in January 21, stipulating that the president is the head of state, the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. Instead of being directly elected, the president is elected by the winning party in the parliamentary elections, with a term of five years, and can be re-elected at most once. After the president takes office, he can appoint his own vice president (note: the term of office of the president is counted from the 212 parliamentary election, which makes the current president dos Santos can serve as president until 222 at most). The new Constitution abolished the post of Prime Minister and gave the President the right to appoint the Supreme Court Justice and the Director of Audit. The National Assembly has the right to recall the President, but it must be approved by the Supreme Court before it can take effect. The Constitution also stipulates that all land in Angola belongs to the state, and only Angolan citizens and companies registered in Angola can use it.
Parliament
The National Assembly of Angola is the highest legislative body of the country. Main functions: amending the Constitution and approving, amending or canceling laws; To examine and approve the legislative work of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly; Supervise the implementation of the Constitution and laws; Supervise the work of state and government organs; To approve the national economic plan and the national budget and supervise their implementation; Grant amnesty; Declare martial law and state of emergency laws, and authorize the President to declare a state of war or peace. The term of office is five years, and regular meetings are held twice a year. The current parliament was formed in September 28 according to the results of multi-party elections. At present, among the 22 members of parliament, 191 are from the Angolan People's Movement, 16 from UNITA, 8 from the Social Reform Party, 3 from the Angolan National Liberation Front, and 2 from the New Democratic Election Union
The government
According to the provisions of the new constitution, the president is not only the head of state, but also the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The post of prime minister will be abolished, and its original duties will be assumed by the newly established vice president. In addition, in the future, the president will be the leader of the party that won the National Assembly election, not the original direct election. The new constitution also stipulates that from 212, that is, after the next parliamentary election, the president's term of office is five years, and he can be re-elected for at most one term. [1] In December 1993, the State Council of the People's Republic of China was established according to the constitution. The Committee is a political advisory body of the President, which aims to listen to and concentrate the opinions of people from all walks of life in the country for reference when the government formulates policies. * * * The State Council of the People's Republic of China is composed of executive, legislative and judicial leaders, chairmen of political parties with parliamentary seats, and 1 social celebrities, religious figures and grand chiefs appointed by the President.
Justice
There are the Supreme Court, military courts, appeal courts and the General Prosecutor's Office of the People's Republic of China. Military courts are under the direct leadership of the National Defense Security Committee. The Court of Appeal specializes in accepting appeals. The Procurator-General's Office is the national legal supervision organ, which is under the direct leadership of the President. Cristiano Andre, President of the Supreme Court. Augusto dacosta da Costa Carneiro, Attorney General, took office in July 22.
political parties
since 1991, the multi-party system has been implemented. There are 125 legal political parties in China. The main political parties are: (1) Movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola (MPLA), which has been the ruling party since Angola's independence. Established in December 1956. In 199, the "Third National Congress" of the People's Movement of Angola decided to abandon Marxism–Leninism, change the Party into a mass party, set its strategic goal as "democratic socialism", and decided to implement a multi-party system in Angola. In December 23, the People's Liberation Movement held its fifth national congress and elected a new Central Committee. President dos Santos was re-elected as the party's chairman, and Antonio Neto and Julio matthaeus were elected as the party's vice-chairman and general secretary respectively. (2) Uniao Nacional para independencia Total de Angola (Unita for short). Main opposition party. Founded in March 1966, Jonas Savimbi is the founder. The armed struggle against Portuguese colonial rule began in 1967. In early 1975, a transitional government was formed with the Angolan People's Movement, the Angolan Liberation Front and the Portuguese authorities. After the civil war broke out in Angola, it moved to rural areas and jungle mountainous areas to carry out guerrilla activities against the Angolan People's Movement government. In 1991, Bises Peace Agreement was signed with the Angolan government. Registered as a legal political party in 1992 and participated in the general election that year. In 1994, the Lusaka Protocol was signed with the government. In September 1998, internal division, some senior members set up the UNITA Innovation Committee, and made public the opposition party chairman Savimbi. On February 22, 22, Savimbi was killed by government forces. Since then, UNITA has formally signed a ceasefire agreement with the government, completed demilitarization and announced that it will give up the goal of seizing power by armed forces. In June 23, UNITA held its ninth national congress and elected new leaders: Isaia Samakuwa, Chairman of the Political Committee, and Mario Vatuva, General Secretary. (3) Partido Liberal Democrático, founded in 1983, is a member of Liberal International. The leader of the Party is Aná lia de Weitorya Pereira (4) Frente Nacional de Libertacao de Angola, an important force in Angola's war of independence from Portuguese colonial rule, which once won the support of many countries, including China. After the multi-party general election in Angola in 1992, it was reorganized into a political party. At present, the leaders of the party think that Alden Robertot (5) Partido Republicano de Angola, founded in Massachusetts in 1994, is the most powerful opposition party in Angola at present, and strongly opposes the leadership of President dos Santos in Angola. He believes that his coming to power is illegal and advocates severely punishing corruption. The leader of the Party is Carlos Alberto Contreiras Gouveia, and other influential political parties include: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Democratic Reform Party (PRD), National Democratic Party of Angola (PNDA), Democratic Forum of Angola (FDA), Democratic Party of Angola for Progress and Alliance (PDP－ANA), Federation of Democratic Unions (AD-Coligacao), etc.
dignitaries
José Eduardo dos Santos: President and Chairman of the People's Movement of Angola. Born in a worker's family in Luanda on August 28th, 1942. Since middle school, I have actively participated in the struggle against colonial rule and for national independence. In 1961, he joined the People's Movement of Angola, and in 1962, he served as the vice chairman of the People's Movement of Angola and the representative of the People's Movement of Angola in Congo. From 1963 to 197, he studied petrochemicals and communications in the Soviet Union and obtained a master's degree. In 1975, he served as Minister of Foreign Liaison and Minister of Health of the Central Committee of the People's Movement of Angola, and was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the People's Movement of Angola and members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. After Angola's independence, it successively served as Foreign Minister, First Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Planning, Director of the Planning Commission, Secretary of Culture, Education and Sports of the Central Committee of the People's Movement of Angola, Secretary of the Ministry of National Reconstruction, and Secretary of the Ministry of Economic Development and Planning. In September, 1979, he served as chairman of the People's Liberation Movement-Labor Party, president of the People's Republic of China and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In November 198, he served as Speaker of the People's Assembly. In December 1985, December 199 and December 1998, he was re-elected as the chairman of the People's Movement of Angola. He visited China twice in 1988 and 1998. Agostinho Neto (1922-1979) served as Angolan President from November 1975 to October 1979, and José Eduardo dos Santos (1979.1-1979), 1942-) Successive Angolan Prime Ministers from November 1975 to December 1978, Lopo Fortunato Ferreira do Nascimento, 1942-) 1991.7-1992.12 Fernando José da Franca Dias van Dú nem (1952-) 1992.12-1996.6 Marcolino Moco, 1953-) June 1996-January 1999 Fernando José Van-Dunem (second appointment) December 22-September 28 Fernando dos Santos (Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, 1952-) From September 28 to February 21, Antonio Kasoma (1951-)
Edited the economic system of this section
The market economy
has a certain industrial and agricultural foundation, but years of war have seriously affected economic development and damaged infrastructure. Petroleum industry is the pillar industry of national economy. After peace was achieved in 22, post-war reconstruction was in full swing. In 25, the economic operation was stable, the recovery speed was accelerated, and all industries developed. The government has adopted a series of reform measures, giving priority to infrastructure projects related to the national economy and people's livelihood, implementing economic restructuring, stabilizing the macroeconomic situation, accelerating the privatization of state-owned enterprises, encouraging the development of the private economy, and increasing investment in infrastructure reconstruction. The main difficulty facing economic development is the serious shortage of funds. Gross Domestic Product (24): US$ 2.1 billion. Per capita gross national income (24): US$ 1,3. GDP growth rate (24): 11.2%. Currency name: Kwanzaa (Kz). Exchange rate (August 29): US$ 1 =8 kwanza. Inflation rate (24): 31%. Unemployment rate (23): 54%. (Source: World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Angolan official estimates)
Telecom
Telecom is relatively backward. As of June, 25, there were 1 million mobile phone users, accounting for 8% of the total population, and there were less than 1, fixed-line users, with a penetration rate of less than 1%. In 21, An announced that it would give up the state monopoly on the telecommunications industry, and the highest privatization ratio could reach 4%. The main telecom companies are: state-owned ANGOLA TELECOM and private UNITEL Telecom. In 21, the total number of users of United Telecom Angola reached 5.5 million, and its business share accounted for 65% of the whole country.
Finance
In p>23, the fiscal revenue was 3.378 billion US dollars, the fiscal expenditure was 4.276 billion US dollars, and the fiscal deficit was 898 million US dollars. At the end of 24, foreign exchange reserves stood at US$ 1.368 billion, and foreign debts totaled US$ 1.5 billion.
foreign trade
the total foreign trade in p>25 was about $29 billion. The foreign trade situation in recent years is as follows (unit: US$ 1 million): < p p> 22 23 24 25
84.6 92.4 13 2
39.7 4.8 52 9
The difference was 44.9 51.6 78 11
In 24, the main export products were oil. The main imported products are consumer goods, raw materials and machinery and equipment, automobiles and spare parts, etc. Imports mainly come from Portugal (accounting for 19.2% of Angola's total imports in that year), South Africa (12.6%), Brazil (7.6%), China (6.5%) and Belgium (5.9%).
foreign capital
is mainly concentrated in petroleum industry, diamond mining, public engineering, construction, fishery and processing industries. In recent years, attracting foreign direct investment ranks first among African countries, with US$ 1.4 billion in 23, ranking second in Africa. The main investors are the United States, France, Italy, Belgium, Britain, Portugal, Japan, Brazil, South Africa and South Korea.
foreign aid
In p>21, foreign aid was 268 million US dollars. Bilateral assistance is mainly provided by the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Portugal. Multilateral assistance mainly comes from EU, IDA, UNICEF, UNHCR, UNDP and other organizations.
People's Livelihood
The wage standard of fruit vendors on the streets of Luanda
is uniformly formulated by the state. The national minimum monthly wage is about $5. The salary of administrative, technical and managerial personnel is twice that of workers. Cadres and workers can take a paid vacation for one month every year. Free medical care is implemented throughout the country. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Health of Angola in 22, there are 8 national hospitals, 13 provincial hospitals, 277 health centers and 1716 medical stations in the country, with an average of .46 doctors, 11.27 nurses and .79 beds per thousand people in the country. Angola is one of the least developed countries in the world as determined by the United Nations. According to the report on global human development published by the United Nations Development Programme in 22, the human development index of Angola is .43%, ranking 161st in the world. The average life expectancy in Angola is 4.1 years, the population growth rate is 2.8% and the birth rate is 5.1%. In 23, the mortality rate of children under 5 years old was 25‰. According to figures released by Angolan media, in 23, 68% of Angola's population lived below the poverty line. More than 2, people died of malaria; The number of people infected with AIDS exceeds 1 million, accounting for 8.6% of the total population.