Tourists to Africa, before traveling should consult the local Entry-Exit Quarantine Bureau and other institutions, to understand the knowledge of tropical diseases, and to do the following: travel as much as possible in the car and close the windows; in outdoor activities, the body * * * part of the application of mosquito repellent; to avoid going to the high-risk areas, be careful to enter the forests, pastures, meadows, bushes and other blood-sucking insect breeding sites, such as the necessity to enter these environments, you should wear a long coat, long pants and long socks, as far as possible * * * black or blue to attract mosquitoes, and other attractions, such as the mosquitoes. ** Wear long clothes, long pants and long socks, and try to wear dark-colored clothes that attract mosquitoes, such as black or blue. Avoid sleeping in simple dwellings, and use mosquito nets or spray insecticides indoors when sleeping at night. Travelers to Africa to do "a few not": not easily to the river and pond swimming, water, avoid contact with unfamiliar bodies of water; pay attention to dietary hygiene, do not drink raw water, do not consume may be contaminated by mosquitoes and flies food, drink, do not consume half-baked food.
Now to travel to Africa to prepare what equipment and foodFirst of all, to bring anti-mosquito mosquito repellent drugs such as mosquito repellent liquid, anemone, etc., followed by anti-malarial drugs such as artesunate, Kotexin and antibacterial drugs such as amoxicillin, haloperidol, etc., cold and flu medicine and airsickness medicine don't forget to bring a little bit of food can take some instant noodles, cookies, jerky, bags of squash, melons, etc., with the mosquito nets, sun hat, umbrella, rainproof rubber shoes, band-aid, and so on, with a mosquito net, a hat, umbrella, and so on, and so on. Rainproof rubber shoes, band-aid, now almost to the rainy season, it is necessary to bring fall clothes and pants to prevent cold at night. I hope these are helpful to you, wish you a happy journey!
Buying a home to be wary of what special property
Well, the country is the time to control control, but then again, high prices? The first thing you need to do is to get your hands on a new one, and you'll be able to do that! The people engaged in real estate management you ah, you do not buy there are people to buy
What traps to be vigilant in the startup
Avoid the following six common mistakes, you can save a lot of "tuition" for your startup.
Woolly Pocket's two brother-founders
By Lorie A. Parch
Like any startup, Rodney Nelson needed to build a good website for his company, Woolly Pocket. He founded the company with his brother, Miguel Nelson, to sell exquisitely styled, environmentally friendly plants online. But they ran into some problems.
"Our first site was designed without following the standard rules for websites." Nelson recalls. He lives in Phoenix and is a business management consultant. "It was difficult to navigate, and customers had to slide their mouse until the bottom of the home page and then flip to the next page to find the 'Buy Now' button."
The brothers turned to another programmer, but their second e-commerce site was similarly ineffective, and they found it difficult for the tech team to respond quickly. "The first time they designed the site it cost almost $7,000 and needed a revamp six months later." Nelson says, "The second time we spent $15,000 and felt more satisfied at the time, but it didn't feel refreshing. Then we started looking for help from a company a year later. So with that said, we had designed three websites in a year. We ended up revamping the site four times in a year and a half, and it wasn't until the fourth time that it actually worked well."
It may not be just building a website that's so expensive for your business, but everything else may require you to pay "tuition fees" - the Murphy's Theorem of startups. Taking care of a startup can seem like a costly endeavor, and it's hard to be savvy enough to get your money's worth at first. However, there are some common mistakes that can spell doom for a startup that needs to pull itself up by its bootstraps. Here are six pitfalls to be wary of and expert advice on how to avoid them.
Costly Pitfall #1: A weak team
Bill Aulet is the managing director of the Martin Trust Center, part of MIT Entrepreneurship, and the author of "Disciplined Entrepreneurship, and author of Disciplined Entrepreneurship. He argues that picking the wrong team is one of the most expensive mistakes an entrepreneur can make, not only causing a significant loss of revenue, but also demoralizing.
He explains, "Who you recruit to work at a startup can seem like getting on the court for a game of basketball - you can pick your friends to come along for the ride, but if you want your team to have the opportunity to get on the court all the time, you have to choose your teammates carefully."
Recruiting talent with a variety of different special skills is critical. But Aulet advises, "Just like a great team, they must hold the same values and have the ability to still trust each other in tough times. Based on this, being able to support each other under heavy pressure with your co-founders and early employees is often more important than a buddy-buddy relationship."
Expensive cost #2: Biased pricing
Sarah Shaw, CEO of Entreprete, a consulting firm in Durango, Colorado, said, "The first business I started was a handbag company, and the biggest mistake I ever made was pricing."
"At the time, I didn't realize that for apparel and accessories, you have to account for the fabric needed, including wasted fabric area." Shaw explains. It was because of this lack of precise understanding of costs that she failed to accurately price her products.
"I think it's probably a common belief that pricing at twice the cost is fine, but that's not true." She said, "Pricing should be 2.5 times the cost when you factor in spending on marketing, showroom costs, etc."
In her first two years in the business, Shaw invested $100,000 of her own money. Thanks to her own perseverance and word-of-mouth in the media (many celebrities liked her handbags), the company finally made it to $1 million in annual revenue and managed to attract investors. But after 9/11, the company fell into a slump and eventually died in 2002.
Blue Oak Energy CEO Tobin Booth, like Shaw, paid a steep price for bad pricing when, in 2010, the California-based solar PV system builder signed a contract with a retailer to install solar equipment in eight states.
"We had zero experience dealing with these types of complex orders in such a competitive market." He said, "We didn't know beforehand the tax liabilities involved in crossing so many states, as well as the labor costs in different states. And it also raised issues with late deliveries due to weather and transportation."
The company's failure to plan for the exact timing of the installation caused delays, resulting in additional warehousing costs, and in 2011, we lost $500,000. Booth reveals that incorrect estimates are the worst thing he's ever experienced as an entrepreneur, but says it's not without its benefits: "There's an old adage that goes something like this. 'You learn from your mistakes.' The worst experiences are also the classrooms where you can learn the most."
Expensive Price #3: Missed Opportunities
When you have a killer idea, you naturally want to package it well before pitching it to the world. But even people who aren't CPA-qualified know the truism that the more time you spend before releasing your idea, the more money you spend.
"That's a common mistake people make, especially for those in tech." Drew Williams, co-author of Feed the Startup Beast, analyzes, "A lot of tech bulls want to make an app as good as it can be before launching it, but that often means you're spending a very long time and a lot of money on expenses." This mistake is likely to lead you to a mountain of a dilemma - you need funds to stay on track and make progress on product development before you can gain consumer acceptance.
"You need to get more people to understand your product and find buyers for it after you've perfected the most primitive, basic product vision." Williams suggests, "Find one or two customers who are interested in your product and are willing to provide experimental support in making, testing, and fixing it. There is always a gap between the product and your vision, and you need to take your time to explore it. If you have a real customer to back you up, then you can create a better product in a very cost-effective way."
Expensive Cost #4: Technological Illiteracy
When she founded Traklight, a software company focused on helping individuals and businesses screen and protect their intellectual property, while Mary Juetten wasn't a Luddite (a British opponent of capitalist oppression by means of smashing machines, among other things, from 1811 to 1816) who had to stand in the way of technological advancement, she did know nothing about technology.Juetten says, "I know how to show exactly what our software can do ...... but I don't know much about software coding or website development, etc." Juetten is a certified public accountant with a CPA designation in Canada.
Previously she relied on the experience of the company's other co-founder in the tech space, but when the partnership ended, she was left in a mess. "That was the biggest mistake I made: I was always looking for the best opportunities to collaborate, but didn't allow myself to learn more programming languages or bring in talent in that area on my team."
The team she recruited to create Traklight's software division told her that it was simply "not possible" to use a certain programming language, and that she "had to" build the site in another. "If the employee who designed my site came to me and said, 'You'd better use this color instead of that color,' I'd be all kinds of skeptical. But I've never made any comments about the whole programming language thing because it's a technical matter."
The four-month period set aside for software development was extended to eight months, and then dragged out to nine months or more. "If I had the technical expertise, I would have totally earned more time and could have brought the product to market earlier." She said, "So those entrepreneurs who are 'tech illiterate' like me need to educate themselves."
Eventually Juetten took the "Essential Tech Literacy for Entrepreneurs" course. She recommends that other business founders who need the expertise visit the fun programming site Codecademy, or get the solutions through training courses offered by entrepreneurial education company General Assembly.
Expensive Cost #5: Heartbreaking Lawyer Fees
Blue Oak Energy's Booth would have loved to have redrawn a quotation for that order, which spanned eight states across the U.S., but he also greatly regrets being too frugal with legal-related expenses, such as attorney's fees, when his company was still in its infancy. "If I could have rearranged my early workforce, how much better it would have been to spend thousands of dollars hiring an attorney to draw up the proper contract in the first place!" He recalls, "I made the mistake of not finding a lawyer who really understood the company's business."
Many of the company's early customers didn't pay back the solar equipment on schedule, and Booth found a debt collection agency to work with. He says he suffered some losses in the interim: "I found clauses in our contracts where the other side wasn't responsible for attorney's fees." Today, Blue Oak Energy has annual revenues of $20 million.
Shaw had a similar experience when an investor approached her about buying the company because she didn't know at the time of the contract that she was supposed to trademark the company that bore her name. "I can never start any company under my name again." She's remorseful, "I wish I had hired a lawyer to remind me of that."
Expensive Cost #6: Messing around with promotional savings
Williams, the author mentioned earlier, said, "Many entrepreneurs will argue that other people need to spend money to promote their products or services and my company doesn't need to because my product is good enough that the wine is good enough to sell." Another mythologized idea is that you can build your brand and engage consumers for free through social media. "Social media doesn't offer a free lunch." He says, "Being just right on social media often requires an incredible amount of effort, and it usually takes you six months to a year before you make even a small dent - in a nutshell, it's not a promotional tool that gets a quick response. "
If you're not sure how much of your budget you should devote to marketing, Williams' recommendation is to put in 10 to 20 percent of your company's estimated gross revenue. "This can be appropriately reduced to 5 to 10 percent as your company gradually stabilizes, or only 5 percent or less if the company becomes a leader in the market."
After Traklight's site went live, Juetten found that the company ranked poorly on search engines. "No one was finding us through search," she recalls. So she decided to invest some marketing dollars. "The first promotional expenses were staggering for a small company, but instead of fixing the website, we launched email marketing and CRM (customer relationship management)." Today the initiative is paying off: in April 2013, Traklight had just 100 monthly visitors to its website; by the end of that year, the number of monthly unique visitors had climbed to 2,800 visitors.
How much did Juetten lose by lagging in software development and marketing? She estimates that "a few tens of thousands of dollars were wasted on pointless programming language updates and so on, but the cost of the time wasted in delaying the product's launch could have cost hundreds of thousands of dollars". If not for that, "we should be developing much better than we are now."
What are the diseases to watch out for with chronically unformed stools?Enteritis
What special properties should you be wary of when buying a homeOne, ****ing owned property
What is ****ing owned property? There is more than one right holder on the real estate license, this kind of property is the number of people **** have the property. To purchase a ****owned property, it is necessary to obtain the consent of all ****owners; otherwise, the contract of sale may be deemed invalid. Purchase of ****owned property should pay attention to the following issues:
1, the real estate certificate is the name of one of the husband and wife but the property belongs to the husband and wife ****same property
In this case, the real estate certificate is registered to one party, although without the consent of the other party to sell the house, but due to the real estate registration has the effect of publicity and public trust. For the home buyer has no obligation or ability to verify whether the property is a husband and wife **** the same property, so as long as the buyer is in good faith, do not know the fact that the auxiliary party does not agree to sell the house, the contract of sale is valid.
2, the title certificate is two people but only one person signed the contract
According to the provisions of the judicial interpretation of the husband or wife in dealing with the husband and wife **** the same property on the right is equal. Either party has the right to decide to dispose of the couple's *** same property due to the needs of daily life. If a husband or wife makes an important decision to dispose of the couple's ****same property other than for the needs of daily life, both spouses should consult equally and reach a consensus.
Other people have reason to believe that it is the husband and wife **** the same expression of meaning, the other party shall not be disagreed with or do not know the reason against the third party in good faith.
Second, supporting housing, low-priced housing
Supporting housing refers to the *** to provide preferential policies, limited construction standards, supply of major projects in the city, the focus of the reconstruction of old areas and other construction projects, the demolition of the residents of the policy of commercial housing. The low-cost housing refers to the policy of *** providing preferential policies, limited construction standards, supplying the city's low and middle-income families with policy-based commercial housing.
Many local regulations, supporting housing, low-priced housing in the acquisition of real estate property rights after five years may not be transferred, rental, but these provisions are not laws or administrative regulations, so even if the violation of the transfer of formalities only can not be immediately, the contract of sale itself is still valid. However, because we have to wait until after five years to transfer, the legal risk is great.
Even if the buyer is already living in the house, there is a possibility that the seller will break the contract in the future after the price rises, and the seller may mortgage the house or sell it to someone else, resulting in the inability to transfer the house.
If the seller sells a house for two, and the other person has obtained a certificate of ownership, the buyer can only turn to the seller's liability, and it is difficult to obtain the property rights of the house. Therefore, it is difficult to have a sure-fire way to ensure that the previous owner will be able to transfer the property after five years, so be careful when purchasing this type of property.
Third, after the public housing
The sale of after-sale public housing mainly involves two issues:
1, after the public housing property rights issues
The sale of after-sale public housing, property rights on the certificate of title in the name of only one person, but there may be other property rights of the same people, such as the residents, grade people, people with the age of service, etc. have the right to ask for confirmation of the property rights of the **** people.
However, based on the publicity and credibility of real estate, as long as the right to sign a contract of sale with the real estate license, the other property owners can not be invalidated without the consent of the reasons for the contract of sale, the other property owners can ask the seller to bear the responsibility for compensation.
2, the right to live with the occupants
Although the occupants are not the property owner, but enjoy the right to live in the house. Previously in the sale of public housing transfer procedures, the real estate trading center requires the contract to have a statement of consent to sell with the occupants, but now only a formal review, and will not require the occupants of the trading center to sign on the spot.
If the property owner sells the house to someone else without the consent of the co-tenant, the co-tenant may claim that the sale contract is invalid, or that the sale contract is valid but does not violate their right to live in the house, and thus refuse to move out of the house.
Based on the publicity and credibility of real estate registration and the protection of transaction security, the co-tenant can only claim the right of abode from the seller, or ask for a division of the money obtained by the seller, and has no right to claim that the contract of sale is invalid or to refuse to move out of the house.
In order to avoid such disputes, when purchasing after-sale public housing, you need to understand the situation of the co-tenants, ask the previous family to show their household registers, and ask the co-tenants to agree to the sale of the house in written form.
Equity crowdfunding to be wary of what risks are hiddenThe risks of private equity investment in BOE are as follows:
1, the business risk is relatively large.
2, business performance is related to the personal quality of business managers, and a large number of private equity investment failures are due to the lack of managerial level and ability.
3, exit risk is a unique risk of private equity funds, unlike publicly traded stocks and bonds, private equity funds usually need to go through a three-year or even five-year investment cycle.
4, therefore, to participate in private equity investment must be the investor's ability to capital and anti-risk capacity of the gatekeeper, high profits are often accompanied by the same high-risk, the risk of investment in a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the combination of their own maximum risk, and then consider participating in the investment.
Warm reminder: This business has been offline, and we recommend that you focus on the other businesses of Jingdong Finance, as detailed on the Jingdong Finance webpage (:jr.jd./).
buy second-hand houses to be wary of which household disputesTen precautions for second-hand house transactions:
First, whether the house property rights are clear
Some houses have a number of **** someone, such as heirs **** there, there are family **** there, there are also husband and wife **** there, to which buyers should be and all **** someone to sign a contract on the sale of housing. If only part of the **** person without authorization to dispose of **** property, the buyer and its contract of sale without the consent of the other **** person is generally invalid.
Second, the land situation is clear
The buyer should pay attention to the nature of the use of land in the second-hand houses, to see whether it is allocated or ceded, allocated land is generally gratuitous, *** can be recovered at no cost, ceded is the owner of the land has been paid a land premium, the buyer enjoys a more complete right of the house; should also pay attention to the use of land years, if a house land use right is only 40 years, the homeowner has been used for more than ten years, for the buyer should also be the same section of land use rights for 70 years when measured against the price of commercial housing, it is a little uneconomical.
Third, the transaction of whether the house is rented
Some of the second-hand houses in the transfer, there is a burden in kind, that is, still being rented by others. If the buyer only look at the real estate license, only focus on the transfer procedures, and do not pay attention to whether there is a lease, the buyer is very likely to get a can not be timely to move in or use of the property. This is because China, including most countries, recognizes that "sale does not break the lease", which means that the contract for sale of a house cannot be used against a lease contract that has been established in the first place. In practice, this point is ignored by many buyers and intermediaries, but also by many sellers to take advantage of the more disputes.
Fourth, the house is complete
The real estate license is proof that the owner of the house enjoys the only proof of ownership, no real estate license of the house transaction for the buyer there is a great risk of not getting the house. The homeowner may be able to mortgage or resell the house even if he does not have a real estate license, or he may be able to mortgage or resell the house even if he does not have a real estate license in the future. So it's best to choose a house with a real estate license for the transaction.
Fifth, welfare housing is legal
Housing reform, housing projects, affordable housing itself is a welfare policy housing, in the transfer of certain restrictions, and these houses in the nature of the land, the scope of ownership of the house has a certain national regulations, the buyer to buy to avoid the contract of sale and purchase of conflict with state law.
Sixth, whether the property management fees are in arrears
Some homeowners in the transfer of housing, its property management fees, electricity and three gas (natural gas, heating, gas) costs for a long time in arrears, and has owed a number of fees, the buyer does not know to buy this house, all the costs of the buyer may be to bear the full.
Seven, whether the municipal planning impact
Some homeowners selling second-hand houses may have been aware of the house in 5 to 10 years or so to face demolition, or houses near the high-rise residential construction, may affect the light, the price of the municipal planning, and so on, the eagerness to sell, as a buyer in the purchase of a full understanding of the details.
Eight, the unit housing infringement
General unit housing cost price of staff housing, there are standard price of staff housing, the two land nature are allocated, the transfer should pay the land use fee. Furthermore, for standard price housing general unit enjoys part of the property rights, employees in the transfer, the unit enjoys the right of first refusal. Buyers who do not pay attention to these may be with the homeowner to violate the legitimate rights and interests of the unit.
Nine, the intermediary company whether the violation
Some intermediary company violation to provide intermediary services, such as in the second-hand housing loans, for the buyer to provide zero down payment services, that is, the buyer to pay all the purchase price can be from the bank fraud loan out. The buyer thinks he has taken advantage of the situation, not realizing that if the bank finds out, all the responsibility may be borne by himself.
Ten, the contract agreement is clear
The contract of sale of second-hand houses, although not as comprehensive as the contract of sale of commodity houses, but for some details should be agreed clearly, such as: the main body of the contract, the right to ensure that the price of the house, the transaction, the responsibility for breach of contract, the dispute settlement, the date of signing and so on should be considered comprehensively
Vitiligo patients should be alert to the bath which?
Hello, for vitiligo patients bathing, cosmetics and other things on the white spots less contact. The use of blue oxygen targeted blood to dispel white, from the vitiligo causative root blood treatment vitiligo, through the blue oxygen super oxidation, quickly awaken tyrosinase activity factor, stimulate blood serum tyrosinase activity, catalyze the color body in the tyrosinase reaction to produce the melanocyte required nutrition, prompted the synthesis of melanin, in order to completely cured this disease.
What are the issues to be wary of in diabetics with swollen lower extremities?
Clinical case Zhang Damianiang and Li Damianiang used to work in a textile factory, after retirement, this pair of acquaintances for many years of the old sister did not break the contact, every once in a while on a side, every time there is always endless talk. A few years ago, diabetes has been favored to this old sister, since then, the two meet on the topic of diabetes, from symptoms to diet, medication, everything. On this day, Mrs. Li came to Mrs. Zhang's house to chat again. Mrs. Zhang said that recently she always felt weak, her eyelids and calves were swollen, and her fingers were pitted when pressed, so she didn't know if her kidneys were out of order. Dame Li took over and said, she recently added a new disease - hypertension, took a period of antihypertensive drugs, blood pressure is at least stabilized, but also appeared in the ankle edema, the original quite fit the shoes, and now they are crowded feet can not be worn. The two old sisters said and pondered, we both have diabetes, and now both appear lower extremity edema, it seems to have nothing to do with diabetes. The two met, rush tomorrow a piece of the hospital to check to see what's going on. After the hospital examination, the Zhang Danniang urine protein was positive, the swelling and diabetic nephropathy caused by hypoproteinemia, the need for a low-protein diet, strict control of blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipids, and to give traditional Chinese medicine to protect the kidneys; and Li Danniang urine protein negative, renal function is normal, and the swelling and take nifedipine antihypertensive drugs related to as long as the discontinuation of such antihypertensive drugs, switch to other classes of antihypertensive drugs (such as angiotensin converting As long as you stop using these antihypertensive drugs and switch to other antihypertensive drugs (such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), the edema will disappear. Expert interpretation of edema for the tissue interstitial fluid accumulation of a pathological phenomenon, clinical especially lower extremity edema is the most common. Diabetic patients with lower extremity edema, in addition to a few reasons, mostly related to various chronic complications of diabetes, is a sign of many chronic complications. Commonly found in the following cases: 1, diabetes complicating renal insufficiency diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of lower limb edema in diabetics. When diabetic patients develop renal damage, due to the large amount of leakage of urinary protein, decreased glomerular filtration rate and severe hypoproteinemia, causing double lower limbs, eyelids and facial edema, and in severe cases, generalized edema can occur. Patients with routine urinalysis can be seen protein and tubular, renal function indicators (such as creatinine, urea nitrogen) can be identified. 2, diabetes mellitus and heart disease diabetes mellitus is very easy to complicate coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy and other cardiovascular diseases, the condition of the serious can be due to cardiac insufficiency (especially the right cardiac insufficiency) caused by the body circulation stagnation and sodium retention, resulting in jugular varicose veins, hepatosplenomegaly and symmetrical edema of both lower limbs. This patient is often accompanied by panic, chest tightness, shortness of breath and other cardiovascular symptoms and electrocardiogram ischemic changes, can be identified. 3, diabetes mellitus combined with peripheral neuropathy diabetic neuroedema is mostly seen in the lower extremities, and ***, activity-related. This is due to the damage to the vegetative nerve (mainly sympathetic), causing peripheral vascular expansion and congestion, double lower extremity venous stasis and edema; in addition, neurotrophic disorders caused by the increase in the permeability of the local capillaries will also lead to edema of the lower extremities. The edema caused by diabetic neuropathy is mostly accompanied by symptoms such as limb numbness, pain and sock-like hyperalgesia, which can be differentiated.4. Diabetes mellitus combined with vascular lesions of the lower limbs When the patient's lower limb venous lesions (such as deep vein thrombosis, venous valve closure insufficiency), resulting in venous return obstruction and venous hypertension, lower limb edema can occur, but it is often unilateral. 5. Diabetes mellitus combined foot Infected patients with foot skin injury and infection, local inflammatory reaction can also lead to edema, which is often accompanied by acute inflammatory manifestations such as increased local skin temperature, redness and pain. 6, diabetes mellitus combined with severe malnutrition Some diabetes mellitus patients, due to excessive dieting for a long period of time, the calorie as well as protein intake is seriously insufficient, which leads to hypo-proteinemic and malnutritional edema. 7, medication factors Certain glucose-lowering and antihypertensive drugs can cause edema, but often unilateral. Certain hypoglycemic drugs and antihypertensive drugs can cause sodium retention, leading to swelling of the lower extremities. The former, such as insulin, thiazolidinediones (such as rosiglitazone, pyrrolidone); the latter, such as calcium antagonists (such as nifedipine, amlodipine, etc.). Its **** the same characteristics is edema occurs in the drug, stop the drug soon after the disappearance.8, diabetes combined with hypothyroidism certain diabetic patients (especially the elderly female patients) at the same time combined with hypothyroidism, the latter can cause lower limbs or facial mucous edema, which is characterized by the finger pressure edema parts do not appear concave changes. In addition, patients with hypothyroidism often have symptoms such as lethargy, drowsiness, chills, bradycardia, constipation, etc., and laboratory tests show that thyroid function (FT3, FT4) is low, which can be differentiated. 9, idiopathic edema, female diabetic patients with edema of the lower extremities, we should pay attention to exclude "idiopathic edema". This kind of edema often occurs in childbearing age, patients are often accompanied by symptoms of neurosis, the occurrence of edema is often related to the menstrual cycle. A positive "standing water test" will help in the diagnosis of idiopathic edema. Lower extremity edema may also be seen in other diabetic patients in combination with chronic liver disease. Patients with chronic liver disease manifestations (such as poor fatigue, liver disease face, liver palms, spider nevus, jaundice, etc.) and liver function abnormalities, combined with liver and gallbladder ultrasound examination can be identified. In conclusion, the causes of diabetic edema are multifaceted, and should be analyzed in the light of the patient's specific situation, with a view to identifying the causes and providing targeted treatment. Attachment: water test in the standing position After urinating in the early morning fasting, drink 1000ml of water; urinate every hour in the standing position under the state of activity, 4 times in a row, calculate the total urine volume. The next day the same 1000ml of water; lying down in a state of rest, urinate once an hour, 4 times in a row, calculate the total urine output. Compare the results of the two measurements, if the urine volume in the upright position is less than 50% of the urine volume in the prone position, it is considered positive.