Latitude and longitude: latitude 33 degrees 3 1 minute 42 seconds north, longitude 1 12 degrees 04 minutes 35 seconds west.
Country: United States of America
State name: Arizona
County: maricopa county
Mayor: Phil Gordon
Total area: 475. 1 square mile/1230.5km?
Land area: 474.9 square miles/1229.9 kilometers?
Water area: 0.2 square mile /0.6 km?
Total population (2008): 1, 567,463 (urban area)
Population density: 1 153/km? (2986/mi？ )
Urban area: 37 10005360
Altitude: 33 1 m (1086 ft)
Time zone: MST(UTC-7)
It is twin cities with Chengdu in China.
Phoenix, also known as Phoenix, built on the ruins of an ancient Indian town, is the state capital and largest city of Arizona, USA. Phoenix was registered as a city on February 25th, 188 1. At that time, Phoenix was called Huzdo or Phoenix. The former means "hot place" in Navajo, and the latter is West Apache. Phoenix is located on both sides of Ganyan River all year round. It covers an area of 839 square kilometers and has a population of about 1.57 million. This is a prehistoric cultural site. Established in 188 1. 189 1 year railway. 19 12 was designated as the state capital. 19 1 1 year to build Roosevelt dam and reservoir and develop irrigated agriculture. After the Second World War, cities developed rapidly and industries rose. The economy is dominated by manufacturing, followed by agriculture, mining, logging and tourism. Salter Valley produces cotton, vegetables and fruits, which is the main irrigated agricultural area. Quanzhou industrial center, the industry has aluminum smelting, cotton ginning, aircraft parts, computers and so on. Here is the intersection of national highway and interstate highway, with convenient railway and air transportation. Tourism is mainly based on winter shelter and recuperation, including desert botanical garden, Papago Park and ancient Indian ruins. There are several universities, such as Phoenix College, Grand Canyon College and Arizona State University. The main buildings are the State Capitol and the Phoenix Civic Square.
In 2005, the population of Phoenix was about 65,438+0,475,834, making it the sixth largest city in the United States. By 2006, the Greater Phoenix area has become the 13th largest metropolitan area in the United States, with a population of about 4039 182. From 1990 to 2000, the area of Greater Phoenix increased by 34%, making it the eighth fastest growing area in the United States.
Phoenix is the largest capital of the United States, and its population exceeds other state capitals and Washington, D.C. ... Phoenix is the third largest capital city of the United States, second only to Juneau, Alaska and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
history
▲ Native American period
Around 700 AD, the Indian Huohuokan civilization developed in the area where Phoenix is located today. They dug an irrigation canal about 65,438+035 miles (265,438+07 kilometers) and turned it into cultivated land. Some irrigation canals are located in the same place as the Hayden-Rhodes aqueduct in today's Central Arizona Project Canal.
It is believed that from 1300 to 1450, drought and fierce floods led to the disappearance of Hohokam civilization. There are also views that their extinction is related to the invasion of Pima people living near Yanhe River and Gila River and Tohono Odham people in southern Arizona.
Although Spanish and Mexican explorers already know part of the current location of Phoenix, their influence is limited to southern Arizona. At that time, the Yanhe river basin area still maintained its original appearance. The local Akimel O 'odham people, considered as descendants of Hohokam, have long lived along the Gila River and are adjacent to the Tohono O 'odham people and Maricopa people.
▲ Before the city was built
1867, Jack Swaling Road in Fort Weicon passes through here. When resting at the foot of Baiguan Mountain, I found this place very suitable for farming. Except for less precipitation and no irrigation facilities, the terrain and climate are ideal. On the basis of the former site of Huohokan civilization, a series of new irrigation canals in Swelling have effectively solved the irrigation problem. As a result, a new settlement gradually formed about 4 miles (6 kilometers) east of today's Phoenix. Not far from the southeast is Hayden Ferry, which later developed into today's Tempe.
Swell originally named this place Swelling's Mill, and later renamed it Hell Mill and Mill City. Now it's called the East Phoenix. Swelling, an American veteran, had hoped to name this place Stone Wall in memory of General Jackson, and some people suggested naming it Salina. But neither of these names is suitable for the name of the settlement, so Lord Darrell Dupa finally named this place Phoenix, which means a city reborn from the ruins.
Yawapai County, which was in charge of the Phoenix area at that time, officially named the area Phoenix, and established the constituency 1868 on May 4th. The first post office in Phoenix officially opened on June 5th, 1868, and Jack Swelling became the first postmaster. With the continuous expansion of the city scale, the establishment of offices has been put on the agenda. 1870,101On October 20th, the residents' assembly decided to buy a 320-mu (1.3 square kilometer) office, which is now the location of the downtown business district. 1871February 12, Phoenix broke away from Yawapai County and established the sixth local council in Arizona, namely maricopa county. In the same year, the county held its first election, and Tom barnum was elected as the county magistrate. Barnum's two competitors, John A. Chenowth and Jim Favorite, had a gun battle in the election, and Favorite was killed in the gun battle, so Chenowth withdrew from the election [5].
1870, a lot of land was sold at an average price of $48. 187 1 year, the first hall and the store started business respectively. On September 5th, 1872, public schools opened in CCBA court for the first time. 1873, a primary school was built on Central Avenue (now Central Avenue). In the same year165438+1October 19, Florence Land Management Bureau registered the land in Phoenix; 1872 February 15, Prescott Land Management Bureau issued the first official announcement. 1874 10 in April, President hiram grant signed the public land holding certificate in the area where Phoenix is now located. The value of the entire Phoenix CCBA is $550, while the downtown price is $7 to 1 1 per movie. Soon after, a telegraph office, sixteen salons, four dance halls and two banks opened respectively.
▲ After the city is completed,
188 1 year, Phoenix has formed the initial government and office system. 1 1 The local Council passed the Phoenix Charter Act and decided to establish a mayor-parliamentary government. 1881on February 25th, John C. Fremont signed the bill as the local governor. At that time, the population of Phoenix was about 2,500. On March 3rd, 188 1, Phoenix held its first election. Judge John T. Alsap defeated James D. Monihon and was elected as the first mayor by 127 to 107. 1888 At the beginning of the year, the municipal government moved into the new town hall, which is located in the current bus hub in the city center. It is also the temporary office of Arizona local government after it moved from Prescott to Phoenix in 1889.
1880s, the construction of railway became the first opportunity for Phoenix's economic development. Since then, a large number of goods have entered Phoenix by railway, and Phoenix has also become a commodity distribution center for obtaining things. 1888165438+1On October 4th, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was established.
189 1 year, the railway runs through,191year, the Roosevelt dam and reservoir were built, and the irrigated agriculture in this state rose. Followed by the development of nearby metal mines. 1893, Fenghuang also built a tram system to replace the previous carriage line.
▲ 20th century
1902, President theodore roosevelt signed the National Reclamation Act, which allowed the construction of dams on rivers in the west for reclamation. Phoenix residents benefited from the bill, and on February 7th 1903, the Yanhe Water Utilization Association was established to manage water resources and generate electricity. At present, this institution still exists and becomes a part of Yanhe development project. 1912 February 14, during President william howard taft's administration, Arizona officially joined the United States, and Phoenix became the capital of Arizona.
19 13, the political system of phoenix changed from mayor-parliamentary system to parliamentary system-manager system, becoming one of the earliest cities in the United States to carry out political system reform.
In World War II, Phoenix quickly changed from a logistics center to a new industrial city relying on military industry. Luke Field Air Base, Williams Field Air Base, Falcon Field Base and Haider Training Base have brought many new people to Phoenix.
After World War II, the industry developed rapidly and the urban population surged. A fire in 1947 destroyed almost all trams, so Phoenix is faced with a dilemma of rebuilding the tram system or adopting buses. Finally, Phoenix decided to develop public transportation system until private cars became the main form of urban transportation.
In the 1950 s, more than100,000 people lived in Phoenix, and thousands more lived in communities around the city. At that time, Phoenix had about 65,438+048 miles (238 kilometers) of built roads and 65,438+063 miles (262 kilometers) of dirt roads.
The population of the western, northern and surrounding areas of Phoenix increased rapidly in the late 20th century and early 20th century.
geography
Phoenix is located at 33 31'42 "north latitude and112 4' 35" (33.528370,-12.076300) gr/kloc-west longitude. Phoenix is located in central Arizona, which is also called Salt Valley or Sun Valley. The average elevation of Phoenix is 1, 1 17 feet (340 meters), and it borders the Sonoran Desert in the south.
The salt river runs through Phoenix from east to west. Unless the upstream dam opens to release water, the salt river will almost dry up. Tempe City has built two rubber dams, so Phoenix has an artificial lake, commonly known as Tempe Lake. When the upstream dam discharges water, the rubber dam can completely deflate to achieve the purpose of flood discharge.
Phoenix is surrounded by mcdowell Mountain in the north, White Tank Mountain in the west, Superstition Mountain in the east and Sierra Estella Mountain in the south. There are Phoenix Mountain and Nanshan Mountain in the city. As of 2005, the western and northern boundaries of the Greater Phoenix area have exceeded the above range, while the southern part has been connected with Binar County. According to the US Census Bureau, the current area of Phoenix is 475. 1 square mile (1 230.5 square kilometer), including 474.9 square miles (1 229.9 square kilometer) of land and 0.2 square mile (0.6 square kilometer) of water.
The official name of Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Statistical Area, which is the 13 largest city in the United States. The data of 2000 census is 325 1876, including maricopa county and Binar counties. Other cities in MSA include Mesa, Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert and Pioria. It also includes other small communities, such as Cave Creek, Queen Creek, Buckeye, Goodyear, Fountain Hills, Litchfield Park, Anthem, Sun Lakes, Sun City, Sun City West, Avondale, Surprise, El Mirage and Tolleson. Ahwatukee community is also a part of Phoenix, but it is almost completely separated from the rest of Phoenix by Nanshan.
Like most other places in Arizona, there is no daylight saving time in Phoenix. 1973, Governor Jack Williams proposed to the U.S. Congress that energy consumption at night would increase because the frequency of using refrigerators at night was higher than that in the early hours of standard time. He also pointed out that if daylight saving time is adopted, more lighting equipment will be used in the early morning, and it is not safe for children to go to school before dawn. The only place in Arizona where daylight saving time is used is the Navajo Nation in the north, because it can be synchronized with the tribes in other states.
▲ climate
Phoenix has a dry climate, and the annual average temperature ranks first among major cities in the United States. Worldwide, only some cities near the Persian Gulf, such as Riyadh in Saudi Arabia and Baghdad in Iraq, have higher annual average temperatures than Phoenix. On average, the temperature in Phoenix exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) for 89 days every year, almost all the time from June to September. 1On June 26th, 990, the temperature in Phoenix reached 122 degrees Fahrenheit (50 degrees Celsius), the hottest day since meteorological records began [14]. The lowest temperature at night in summer often exceeds 80 degrees Fahrenheit (27 degrees Celsius), the average temperature at night in July is 83 degrees Fahrenheit (28.3 degrees Celsius), and in August it is 84 degrees Fahrenheit (28.8 degrees Celsius). The highest and lowest temperature in history is 96 degrees Fahrenheit (36 degrees Celsius), which appeared on July 15, 2003.
The dry desert air makes the climate in early summer acceptable, but the water vapor brought by the monsoon around July will greatly increase the humidity in the air and make people feel stuffy. In most cases, the winter in Phoenix is warmer.
Phoenix can receive sunlight on average 85% of the time, but the rainfall is less. The average annual total precipitation of Phoenix Tiangang International Airport is 8.3 inches (265,438+00 mm). The maximum precipitation is in March, about 1.07 inch (27mm). The smallest in May is about 0.09 inch (2 mm). Although thunderstorms can occur all year round, most of them occur from July to mid-September, accompanied by humid air blowing from California Bay. Thunderstorms may be accompanied by hail, and even in rare cases, tornadoes. When the winter storm moves inland from the Pacific Ocean, it may cause heavy rain, but this is not common. It is often foggy in winter.
Generally speaking, in Phoenix, there are only five days in a year, and the weather temperature will drop below 0 degrees Celsius [16]. Long-term statistics show that the first frost usually appears in 12, 15, and the final frost appears in 1. However, these data may not fully summarize the situation of the whole city, and the climate changes greatly with impassable terrain and altitude. Generally speaking, frost can be seen on the edge of the city, but it is difficult to see winter frost near the airport. The earliest first frost appeared in 1946 1 1.3, and the latest final frost appeared in1.945 on April 4th. The historical lowest temperature in Phoenix appeared at 19 13 65438+200310.7, which was 16 degrees Fahrenheit (-8.8 degrees Celsius).
It seldom snows in the Phoenix area. The first recorded snowfall occurred at 1896, and the snowfall exceeding 0. 1 inch (0.25 cm) only happened next. The maximum snowfall occurred in 1 937,65438+1October 20th to 65438+1October 2nd1,and the snowfall reached1to 4 inches (2 to10cm). The snow didn't melt completely until four days later. In addition, 1933 1 on October 20th, there was a snowfall of1inch (2.5cm). 0.5 inch (1 cm) snowfall occurred on February 2, 939. The last heavy snowfall occurred from 1 February 20th, 990 to1February 20th, 2 1 year, with snowfall of 0.4 inches (1cm). In addition, snowfall occurred in1917 March 12,1919 June 165438+ 10/28 October and10. On June 27th, 2007, snow fell in most parts of Phoenix, including Mesa and Tempe, which caused the temperature to drop by 20 degrees Fahrenheit.
▲ Town
Phoenix can be divided into 15 towns [18]. Including: Ahwatukee foothills, [:en: [Alhambra, Phoenix, Arizona | Alhambra]], Camel Back East, Central City, Deer Valley, Desert View, Encanto, Estrella, Laveen, Maryvale, North Gateway, North Mountain, Paradise Valley (different from Paradise Valley), South Mountain and 15 unknown town (established in 2004, now temporarily called Xincun), the population of this town is very sparse, and it should not develop greatly in the short term.
Phoenix can usually be divided into six areas:
Downtown | Downtown of Phoenix | Downtown
West Phoenix (West Phoenix)
North/Northwest Phoenix (North Phoenix)
Southwest Phoenix (Southwest Phoenix)
South Phoenix (South Phoenix)
En: Awatuki
East side (East Valley)
lustrum
phoenix
Population change [19]
1890 3, 152
1900 5,544
19 10 1 1,3 14
1920 29,053
1930 48, 1 18
1940 65,4 14
1950 106,8 18
1960 439, 170
1970 58 1,562
1980 789,704
1990 983,403
2000 1,32 1,045
According to the 2000 census, the population of Phoenix is 65,438+0,326,5438+0,045, with 465,834 houses and 307,450 families. The population density is 2,782 people per square mile (65,438+0,074 people per square kilometer). * * * There are 495,832 houses, with an average of 65,438+0,044 per square mile (403 per square kilometer).
Of the 465,834 houses, 35.7% are owned by property owners and live with children under 65,438+08, 46.9% live with married couples, 65,438+02.9% are owned by women without husbands, and 34.0% are non-family houses. 25.4% of the houses are occupied by many people, and 6.3% of the elderly aged 65 and above live alone. The average population of each household is 2.79, and the average family size is 3.39.
The age distribution of residents is: 28.9% is less than 18, 10.9% is 18 to 24, 33.2% is 25 to 44,18% is 45 to 64, and 8. 1%. The average age was 3 1 year. The male-female ratio is 103.5 to 100, and the male-female ratio above 18 is 102.7 to 100.
The average annual income of each household is $465,438+0,207, and the average annual income of each household is $46,467. The average annual income of men is $32,820 and that of women is $27,466. The per capita income is $65438 +09833. 15.8% of the population and 1 1.5% of the household income are below the poverty line. Among the population under 65,438+08 and over 65, 265,438+0% and 65,438+00.3% respectively live below the poverty line.
The racial structure of Phoenix in 2000 was: 7 1.07% white, 5. 10% African-American, 2.02% Aboriginal, 2.00% Asian, 0. 13% Pacific Islander, 16.4% Other. Among them, 3.28% are hybrids of two or more races. 34.06% are Hispanic or Hispanic.
According to the data in 2000, the religious composition of the Phoenix metropolitan area is: 45% Catholics, 13% Mormons (especially in Mesa) and 5% Jews. Another 37% are Christians (Protestants) or have no religious beliefs [20].
Art and culture
▲ Museums and historical sites
Photo: Arizona veterans commemorate coliseum.jpg.
Arizona Veterans Stadium
Biltmore Arizona Hotel
Arizona Historical Society Museum.
Arizona Opera House (Arizona Opera House)
Arizona science center.
Arizona Veterans Memorial Gymnasium at Arizona Playground.
Bead Museum-Glendale, Arizona.
Burton Barr Central Library
Chase Tower, the former First Bank Center, is the tallest building in Arizona.
Fleischer Museum (Fleischer Museum)
Huoyan hall
Hurd museum
San Carlos Hotel
Mysterious castle
Phoenix Art Museum
Phoenix Museum of History.
Phoenix Zoo
Pueblo Museum and Cultural Park (Pueblo Museum and Cultural Park)
Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art.
st mary's cathedral
Phoenix Symphony Hall in Phoenix Citizen Square.
Tovia Castle
Wrigley Building
Physical education and sports
There are many professional sports clubs in Phoenix, including all the clubs in the four major sports leagues in the United States. The most famous is the Phoenix Suns, which was founded in 1968. 1997 Phoenix Mercury Team is one of the eight creation clubs in WNBA, and the home courts of both teams are Air China Center. Phoenix Flame began to participate in the international basketball league in March 2007.
Arizona Cardinal moved to Phoenix from St. Louis, Missouri in 1988, and is now the western team of the National Football League. In fact, the team has never played in Phoenix. Before 2006, the team played at the Sun Devil Stadium of the University of Arizona near Tempe. After that, the competition was held at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale. The University of Phoenix Stadium will be the main stadium of the 42nd Super Bowl in 2008.
Phoenix also has an American football team, the Arizona Diamondbacks. Their home is the American Aviation Center in downtown Phoenix.
Phoenix Coyote 1996 moved to Phoenix. The team participated in the National Hockey League, and its main venue was Jobing.com Arena, near the University of Phoenix Stadium. Phoenix also has a minor league hockey team: Phoenix Roadrunner, whose home court is located in the American Aviation Center. Phoenix is one of the few cities with both minor league and major league teams in the same project.
The Arizona Diamondbacks, who play in Major League Baseball, expanded their team at 1998. Their home court is Chase Stadium. In 200 1 season, the team beat the new york Yankees 4-3 in the World Championships, thus becoming not only the first city in Phoenix to win the national championship, but also the youngest expanding army to win the national championship.
In addition, due to the pleasant climate, nine teams of Major League Baseball held spring training in the Phoenix metropolitan area or near Tucson. These teams are sometimes collectively referred to as "cactus league".
Phoenix International Circuit is also one of the two major tracks of the National Racing Federation. Firebird International Circuit will also hold boat races, truck races and road races. The spring car race was held at the Dwarf Circuit.
Before 2005, Phoenix was also the home of bowling competitions, and later it moved to nearby Tempe. There are several similar golf competitions, such as LPGA's Safeway International and Tradition. Phoenix was originally the venue for the 2006 National Hockey League All-Star Game, but it was forced to be cancelled due to the 2006 Winter Olympics. Phoenix will host the 2009 National Hockey League All-Star Game.
Phoenix Avatuki participated in the 2006 minor league world championship as a representative of the western United States. Phoenix is also one of the three cities eligible to host the annual PF Chang' s Rock' n-Roll Arizona Marathon.
Parks and landscapes
Boyce Thompson Botanical Garden
Tuobeishan
Castle Flying Amusement Park (Castle Flying Amusement Park)
Desert Botanical Garden
Ncanto park
Papago park
Phoenix Mountain Park and Recreation Area.
Nanshan park, the largest municipal park, covers an area of 1.65 million mu.
Yangguang poshan
[Edit this paragraph] Media
Phoenix's first newspaper was called Salt Valley Pioneer, and 1880 was renamed Phoenix Pioneer.
Today, Phoenix, Arizona and East Tribune (mainly distributed in the eastern region) have two major daily newspapers. In addition, there are free daily newspapers and weekly newspapers in the towns around Phoenix, such as Phoenix New Times and Arizona State University's State News and Campus Times. In the past 40 years, the beating of bachelors in paid weekly newspapers has also included information from local politics, such as striptease advertisements and escort services.
There are many local TV stations in the Phoenix metropolitan area, which is also the 13th largest expected market area in the United States. There are 1.725 million households in Fenghuang, accounting for about1.55% of the whole country [21]. The main TV stations are KPNX 12 (NBC), KNXV 15 (ABC), kpho-5 (CBS), KSAZ 10 (fox broadcasting), KUTP 45 (my network TV) and KAET1. Other TV stations include KPAZ 2 1 (Sany Broadcasting Network), KTVW 33(Univision Television Network), KTAZ 39(Telemundo), KDTP-CA 48 (Venus Broadcasting Network) and KPPX 5 1 (Ion Television Network). KTVK 3(3TV) and KAZT 27 are independent TV stations in Phoenix Metropolitan Area.
Broadcast services in Phoenix include music and interviews.
Many cinema films were shot in Phoenix, including Waiting to Exhale, Song of the South, Challenge Book, Psycho, Raising Arizona, Jerry Maguire, Prophecy, Used Car and Bill &; Ted's wonderful adventure (as body double in San dimas, California), U-turn, eight-legged freak, private lessons, blue-collar comedy tour, is just one of the guys, the ultimate speed, taxi and Bunger sisters. [2 1].
[Edit this paragraph] Government
Photo: Azcap.jpg.
Arizona capitol
It used to be a parliamentary office, but now it is a museum.
As the capital of Arizona, Phoenix has the legislature of Arizona. 19 13, the government adopts the appointment system. The Phoenix City Council consists of a mayor and eight members. The mayor is elected by electoral votes for a term of four years. The term of office of the Phoenix Council is also four years, and it is elected by the voters in the area it represents. The current mayor is Phil Gordon who was elected in 2003. Mayors and councillors have the same rights when voting on bills or policies.
Phoenix currently adopts a parliamentary manager system, with a strong manager leading all city departments and implementing the resolutions of the city Council.
[Edit this paragraph] Education
The public education system in Phoenix consists of more than 30 school districts. Phoenix United High School District is responsible for the operation of most public high schools in Phoenix. In addition, there are some special schools, such as North Point Preparatory School.
The main higher education institution in Phoenix is Arizona State University (ASU), with its main campus in Tempe and branches in Phoenix, Glendale and Mesa. Arizona State University is one of the largest public universities in the United States, with 57,543 registered students in 2004.
Thunderbird Gavin International School of Management is a business school specializing in MBA education in international trade and global management. Its international management direction ranks first in the United States.
In addition, the emerging Western Governors University (WGU) has also set up a business office in Phoenix. This school is an online for-profit university. Arizona Governor Napolitano is a director of the school.
The University of Phoenix is also a university headquartered in Phoenix. The school is the largest for-profit private school in the United States, with more than 65,438+030,000 students and campuses all over the United States (including Puerto Rico), Canada, Mexico and the Netherlands.
En:Grand Canyon University is a medium-sized private religious university with about 3,500 students, mainly in Phoenix. It provides business, education, medical care, literature, art and technology from undergraduate to graduate.
Advanced Technology University is also in Phoenix, which is a small-scale professional school. High-tech university has no campus, and the school rents houses from leasing companies for students to live in. Collins College is also a private for-profit university, which mainly trains technical and design talents, and the student accommodation is similar to that of advanced technical universities. The school is located in Tempe and has a branch in Phoenix.
Phoenix also has ten community colleges and two skills training centers, which provide adult education and vocational education.