Sports and Health Sciences, Sports and Health: Measures of Physical Education and Health Education and Sports and Health Law and Applied Sciences, is a branch of research that is a branch of sports medicine.
Including: sports therapy, sports health care, health massage, prevention and treatment of sports injuries.
Physical examination: not only the job of doctors, but also an important task for sports workers
Including: historical examination, status examination, morphometric functional test, clinical health examination, special Check (ECG).
Preliminary investigation, review, and supplementary inspection.
Nutrient: the physiological effect of food ingredients on the human body.
Seven categories: protein, fat, carbohydrate, water, minerals, vitamins, and fiber.
Sports health: Study the environmental factors that affect human health during physical exercise, and formulate necessary physical exercise and health requirements and measures to help guide scientific and reasonable exercise to enhance physical fitness and health promotion purpose.
Exercise
Do preparatory activities, exercise and sports
Exercise and nutrition and health
Exercise and eating habits, health
Exercise and drinking water hygiene
After exercise and forward clothing hygiene
Preparatory activities are a series of physical exercises before, to exercise the body, the various organs of the body, and make the system function. Get into work quickly.
: 1. Improve the excitability of the central nervous system, expand the range of activities of muscles, tendons and joints; overcome the inert function of internal organs, enhance the activities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and improve the body's functions. All aspects are adapted to the training requirements to prevent or reduce damage to muscles, joints, and ligaments.
Tidying up activities, also known as body relaxation exercises and activities during the state transition from exercise to a relatively quiet state, are an effective means of physical recovery. The completion of adequate activities has achieved good training results and is one of the main means of preventing sports injuries.
Keep a balance between the calories required for sports nutrition and health, pay appropriate attention to the proportion of heat energy substances, and take adequate vitamin supplements.
Exercise, eating habits and health: Do not do strenuous exercise after meals. There should not be a meal immediately after exercise. Arrange three meals a day reasonably and avoid strenuous exercise that is too long on an empty stomach.
100-200ML: 15-20 minutes before water sports and drinking water hygiene exercise with a temperature of 4 degrees to 12 degrees, add 100-300ml every 15-20 minutes or 2-3 kilometers before exercise Supplement 100 ml, and the total amount per hour should not exceed 800 ML; supplement to avoid alcohol abuse, which increases the burden on the heart and kidneys after exercise. Dilute fruit juice affects appetite and digestion. It should be taken in small amounts and frequently. It is not advisable to drink frozen drinks after exercise; it is not advisable to take a bath with cold water immediately.
Healthy sportswear: Protecting the body from various adverse influences from the outside world, clothing with thermal insulation, moisture absorption, water solubility, and other attributes of clothing play an important role in health, sportswear, and lightness. Comfortable.
Movement disorders: common caused by incorrect sports training and competition
Excessive stress: the body's load exceeds the body's capacity and produces pathological conditions, usually during high-intensity training Or the disease immediately or for a short period of time after intense competition, is an acute cardiovascular disease, more common in medium-distance cycling, football sports.
Syncope: A temporary loss of blood and oxygen supply to the brain resulting in a temporary loss of consciousness. Common ones include: sudden cessation of running (sprinting, middle-distance running, cycling, walking) after gravity impact; increased intrathoracic and intrapulmonary pressure (weightlifting), excessive mental stress, and orthostatic hypotension.
Athletic anemia: Anemia in which the red blood cell count and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood are lower than normal. Excessive load during exercise may lead to anemia, which is called exercise anemia.
Exercise-induced anemia and red blood cell destruction increase due to insufficient protein and iron intake.
Exercise abdominal pain: more common in middle distance, marathon and cycling, often at increased speed and intensity.
Muscle spasm: commonly known as cramps, the most common are the calf gastrocnemius, plantar flexor pollicis and flexor muscles. Swimming cramps are mainly due to cold stimulation, excessive sustained rapid muscle contraction and fatigue, which can easily cause the loss of electrolytes.
Heat stroke: an acute illness in high temperature environments, frequent exercise in high temperatures, high humidity and poorly ventilated environments. Mainly because the temperature is too high, a large amount of water is lost due to the high temperature, which causes a large amount of sweating, leading to a decrease in blood volume, and the heat dissipation needs of the skin, the blood circulation of the skin increases, and the heart can afford restrictions, resulting in peripheral circulation Death from exhaustion, heat stroke, severe heart failure. In the hot summer, especially at noon, it is not suitable for physical exertion and long-term exercise. For exercise on hot days, you should wear light-colored clothes and a sun hat.
Frostbite is damage caused by local tissue and colder parts of the body. In addition to the outside temperature being too low, wet and windy socks, the socks are too tight, local and systemic resistance is reduced, local fixation or movement and other related factors. To prevent frostbite, you should insist on outdoor sports in winter to enhance the body's ability to catch a cold. Wear appropriate warm clothing and footwear, do not wear socks that are too tight to affect blood circulation, and keep dry socks.
Sports injuries: Injuries that occur in this sport are called sports injuries. Certain sports injuries are closely related to behavioral characteristics of sports skills.
Classification: (1) Wounds that communicate with the outside world are divided into: open injuries and blunt injuries. The injured skin or mucous membrane is broken, and the wound with the outside tissue fluid seeping out of the mouth, or its own blood, is called an open wound, such as a scratch, stab wound, the injured skin or mucous membrane remains intact, and there is no wound with the outside World, bleeding within tissue after injury is known as accumulation of closed injury.
(2) At the emergency point of onset: acute injury and chronic injury. Immediate damage suffered from direct or indirect violent acute injury, acute onset, short course, and sudden onset of symptoms. The damage caused by the long-term local overburden and the accumulation of repeated micro-injury is called chronic injury, which has a slow onset, gradual symptoms and a long duration.
In addition, acute injuries due to improper handling or premature exercise may also cause chronic injuries
First aid for sports injuries:
First aid: refers to accidents or emergencies Sexual injury accident, emergency and temporary. Its purpose is to keep the wounded and sick alive in Baohua to avoid re-injury, relieve the pain of the wounded, prevent the occurrence of complications, and create conditions for the transport and further treatment of the sick and wounded.
In first aid, ambulance personnel must grasp the main contradictions and help prevent and treat shock early and well.
Bandage fixation plate, fixed dressing or injured area to limit the movement of the injured limb to avoid aggravating the injury, protect the wound, prevent or reduce infection; support the injured limb, keep it in a comfortable posture, and reduce pain and compression Stop bleeding and prevent or reduce swelling.
When bandaging, the movements should be gentle and moderate in tightness. If the bandage is too tight, it will hinder blood circulation. If the bandage is too loose, it will not achieve the role of the dressing. The bandage will damage the distal end of the bandage. The end of the bandage should be cemented with tape to fix it. To keep the end of the bandage long, secure it by cutting the knot lengthwise, knotting it, and not twisting it.
The legal method of wearing a bandage: bandage, triangle bandage, forearm hanging method.
Stop bleeding: Casualties with external bleeding, especially aortic bleeding, must stop bleeding immediately. Suspected internal bleeding or intracranial bleeding injuries should be sent to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible.
Hemostasis methods for external bleeding: (1) Bandage pressure dressing method: cover the wound with several layers of sterile dressing, and then apply a bandage to inhibit bleeding blood vessels, stop bleeding and improve the injured limb at the same time . Suitable for bleeding from arterioles, venules and capillaries. Acupoint massage
(2): The part of the artery that inhibits walking is called a pressure point.
The key points of the finger pressure method are to use the thumb to press the pressure point on the top of the bleeding site, or the other four fingers to press on the arterial tube close to the bone surface, blocking the source of blood to achieve a hemostatic effect. This is a temporary hemostasis for arterial bleeding, and the pressure Ligation of the blood vessels must be continued until the blood vessels are ligated with a hemostat.
9. Artificial respiration: Artificial passive expansion of the narrow chest and air re-entering the lungs for gas exchange is called artificial respiration. Mouth to mouth, mouth blowing nose method.
Mouth-to-mouth blowing method: 1 injured person is lying on his back with his head backwards to the extreme, and his mouth is covered with a layer of gauze;
2. The ambulance lifts the lower jaw by itself , gently press the heel of the palm in a ring shape to indirectly compress the esophagus and prevent air from blowing into the abdomen;
Pinch the patient's nostrils with other hands, take a deep breath, and blow air toward the patient's mouth. Release the hand that pinches to close immediately after inflation. So, again, 16-18 times per minute. Note:
Before artificial respiration, dentures, secretions or vomitus in the patient's mouth and nasal cavity should be quickly removed, and the collar, belt and clothes on the chest and abdomen should be loosened. Start blowing in air and the pressure should be slightly higher, keep blowing for 10-20 times and then gradually reduce it after keeping it above the chest. Moderately rising levels. For trismus, mouth-to-mouth air blowing can be used.
External thoracic heart squeeze method: squeeze the lower half of the sternum, indirectly compressing the heart, causing blood to drain from the heart; relax the squeeze, the thoracic spine returns to its original shape, the intrathoracic pressure is reduced, and the veins return to the heart. By repeatedly squeezing and relaxing the sternum, you can restore circulation.
Operation method: 1: The patient lies supine on the board or plain:
2: The ambulance overlaps his hands, lowers the patient's sternum half on the heel of the palm, extends the elbow, and uses physical gravity and shoulder Strengthen your arm muscles, press down with moderate force to sink the lower half of the sternum and the cartilage of the necklace assistant by 3-4 cm, and then release your hand immediately (the heel of your palm does not remain on the patient's skin);
: Wait, adults squeeze 60-80 times per minute, children squeeze with the heel of their palms, about 100 times per minute.
Note: The ambulance can only use the heel of the palm to compress the lower part of the patient's sternum. Do not lift the flat fingers slightly, keep a certain distance away from the ribs, and align the squeezing direction of the spine vertically. The squeezing should have a certain degree of impact, and it is difficult not to be too light or too large. If it is too light, it will not have the effect, and if it is too fast, it will cause rib fractures. Rescue at the same time, at the speed of a doctor.
Extrusion performance: touch the pulse of the golden artery or femoral artery, the systolic pressure of the upper limb is higher than 8KPa (at 60mmHg), the color of the lips and nail bed is ruddy before extrusion, and the patient's breathing gradually recovers. The original dilated and narrow pupils often recover. If the above high-performance extrusion benefits, stick with the patient until the heart beats automatically. If not, squeezing is ineffective, improve the operation method or find other reasons, and do not give up first aid easily.
10: General methods for sports injuries
Prompt and correct treatment is an important means to promote recovery.
Cold and hot therapy: using physical factors that are below or above the body temperature to stimulate physical therapy.
Cold: Reduces the increase in local tissue temperature, vasoconstriction, reduces local congestion, inhibits sensory nerves, bleeding, pain, and prevents or reduces swelling. It is often used to treat the early stages of acute closed soft tissue injuries. Immediately after the injury, apply cold compresses and pressure bandages, and elevate the affected limb. Generally use ice packs or cold aerosols. Put an ice pack or ice cubes into a plastic bag and apply cold compress to the injured area for about 20 minutes. For local cold spraying of cold aerosol (the surface should be empty), the spray trickle should be perpendicular to the skin, 20-30CM away from the skin of the bottle, every 10 seconds or so, without spraying too much to prevent frostbite. If necessary, you can also use a cold water towel and change it every 2-3 minutes on the injured area.
Thermal therapy: including heat and infrared irradiation. It dilates local blood vessels, promotes blood and lymph circulation, improves tissue metabolism, relieves muscle spasms, accelerates the absorption of congestion and exudates, promotes the repair of damaged tissues, reduces swelling, relieves spasms, reduces adhesions and promotes healing. Commonly used for acute closed soft tissue injuries, late stage, and treatment of chronic injuries.
Generally use a hot water bottle or hot water towel, 1-2 times a day, 20-30 minutes each time. Change the towel immediately and use the hot compress at an appropriate temperature to prevent burns. Infrared radiation treatment, first preheat the infrared bulb for 2-5 minutes, apply infrared light to the top or side of the injured area, use the light on the injured skin with a comfortable heat radiation dose of 30-50CM, and achieve a uniform pink erythema. The injured conscious temperature should be appropriately increased and light sweat should be dried. 1-2 times a day, 15-30 minutes each time.
Massage therapy is economical, simple, easy to learn and use, easy to understand, easy to promote, and will not have any side effects when used properly.
Cupping therapy: as a tool , the air in the cup is heated by thermodynamics, causing negative pressure in the tank, and the water tank is adsorbed on the skin or acupuncture points, causing local capillary dilation and subcutaneous congestion, thereby achieving a disease treatment method and used to treat old soft tissue injuries.
TCM: A unique system of treatment, both internal and external, that is cheap and easy, with a dramatic effect.
Acupuncture: Acupuncture and moxibustion.
Continued supported applications: When used correctly, it can promote tissue healing and prevent further damage. Principle: The joint can be fixed in a more suitable position so that the injured tissue is no longer involved and the event will not worsen the pain.
Rehabilitation of injuries:
Significance: (1) Properly arranging rehabilitation after injury can maintain a state of well-trained athletes with opportunities. Once injured, they can immediately return to normal activities. Training to shorten the chance of being injured again BR /gt; (2) Participate in training to prevent various symptoms caused by injury, such as neurasthenia and gastric distension
(3) Sports injuries are often closely related to technical movements and rehabilitation After training, arrange injured movements without contact to ensure the repair of damaged tissues and avoid further injuries
(4) Post-injury rehabilitation training department to improve tissue nutrition and metabolism and promote tissue repair , reduce adhesions, prevent muscle disuse atrophy, and enhance joint stability and adaptability.
(5) You can also stop training to prevent weight gain after injury.
Principles: (1)
(2) Keep the injured part of the whole body, rather than the injured part. Make reasonable arrangements for training content and load, step by step, individualized treatment and installment.
(3) Functional exercise is to strengthen the practice of injury, muscle strength and joint function, and promote the recovery of muscle and joint function.
(4) Strengthen medical supervision, preparatory activities for each training session, provide protective support for injuries from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and closely observe the content of load and practice if there is no response before and after massage.
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lt;/11. Soft tissue injuries to the skin and mucous membranes, whether there are complete soft tissue injuries, are divided into open and closed soft tissue injuries.
Open soft tissue injury:
External force caused by abrased skin, bleeding from skin scraping or exudation of tissue fluid. Eyebrow lacerations
Cuts: Occur on the head, forehead Facial: Stabbing wounds and cuts: Please note, use
Blunt soft tissue injury Tetanus:
Contusions are caused by blunt force acting directly on a part of the body, such as collisions, kicks, light contusions, severe organ damage and shock. Common quadriceps and calf muscle tendon injuries before bruising: can be caused by muscle contraction without a blanket, contraction force exceeding its capacity, or muscle strength draft, more than the unique stretching motion of the muscle itself The extent of the harm.
Ligament sprain. Indirect forces causing injury to joints and body due to external forces with extraordinary range of motion.
Bursitis: Acute bursitis caused by external force directly affecting the wall injury, or too much local activity, repeated wall penetration and chronic injury.
Tendon fasciitis is a traumatic inflammation of the tendon sheath caused by repeated muscle contraction, stretching, and constant friction between the tendon and tendon sheath.
Treatment of soft tissue injuries is divided into early, mid-day and late-night patients. Early stage
: within 24-48 hours after the injury.
At the same time, tissue tearing or rupture, snow and edema are the main characteristics of pathological changes, and an inflammatory reaction occurs. Clinical manifestations include redness, swelling, heat, pain and dysfunction in the injured area. Therefore, the principles of treatment during the period include immobilization, hemostasis, pain relief, anti-swelling and reduction of inflammation. The processing method can be chosen based on one or more specific circumstances. (1) Apply cold compress, put on a bandage, and elevate the affected limb: After this method, the injury, braking, hemostasis, anti-swelling, and analgesic effects should be used immediately. Generally, an ethyl chloride cold or ice pack is placed on the injured area, and then a cotton or sponge of appropriate thickness is used to immediately wrap it with a bandage and apply slight pressure. Remove the bandage and fix it within 24 hours, and proceed with further treatment according to the injury.
Medium term: damage after 24 to 48 hours. The pathological changes are characterized by the absorption of the repair process of the granulation tissue formed, the gradual clearing of blood clots and necrotic tissue, and the repairing tissue. The clinical manifestations are that the acute inflammation has subsided, but there is still congestion and swelling. Therefore, the treatment principles during this period are to improve local blood and lymph circulation, promote tissue metabolism, accelerate the absorption of congestion and exudates, remove necrotic tissue, and promote regeneration and repair to prevent adhesion formation. Therapeutic physiotherapy massage, acupuncture to treat trigger point injections of drugs, topical blood circulation cream or local blood circulation, circulation, and Chinese herbal medicine students also have a choice of several methods for treatment. During this period, the therapeutic effects of heat therapy and massage are very important.
Late: Basically repairs damaged tissue, but may leave scars and adhesions. The clinical manifestations are that the swelling and tenderness have disappeared, but the function has not been fully restored. Mild pain, soreness and fatigue will still be felt when exercising. In some serious cases, stiffness of the injured part or limitation of movement function will occur. Therefore, the principle of treatment during this period is to restore and enhance the function of muscles and joints. If scars and adhesions are present, soften or separate to facilitate recovery. Method treatments, massage, physiotherapy and functional exercises, support with immobilization and herbal fumigation.