Description of the problem:
The principle of mountaineering equipment, that is, how to use, such as how to recover when going down the mountain, the various devices between the dismantling and supporting the use of the tripod, what eight rings and so on, have seen that the < < the vertical limit of the > > inside the professional mountaineers very much to aspire to ah!
Analysis:
Mountaineering equipment should be adapted to the environmental conditions of mountaineering, in the design, selection, materials, production to do
amount to make it lightweight, strong, efficient, and can be used for multiple purposes.
With the development of mountaineering and the continuous progress of science and technology, the quality and
performance of mountaineering equipment is also improving, which is very necessary to improve the level of mountaineering. For example, France
first mountaineering used a main rope weight of up to 20 kilograms, other mountaineering equipment are also very heavy,
then their mountaineering height of only about 4000 meters. Now a main rope weighs only 1.5 kilograms
, other equipment weight is also greatly reduced, and more durable, its warmth, anti-electricity performance is also greatly increased
Increase, and thus can ensure that mountaineers climb a variety of heights and difficulty of the peaks. In recent years, the mountaineering community
is also constantly researching and improving all kinds of equipment, for example, many countries in order to improve the capacity of oxygen cylinders and equipment
use of efficiency and research, Japan has adopted the so-called "circuit type oxygen mask" instead of the original respiratory
apparatus, so that the original for one minute
use of oxygen increased to two minutes or two minutes. This increased the amount of oxygen used from one minute to two minutes or more. They also adapted special equipment, such as oxygen for tandem climbing on rocky cliffs at altitudes of more than
8,000 meters, and oxygen for rock climbing operations.
In addition, the mountaineers' clothing and camping equipment are constantly being improved. In recent years, camping equipment such as lighter
and warmer inflatable tents have appeared.
In the alpine food, in addition to refined high-calorie compressed food and fresh dehydrated vegetables, some countries
Some countries also use the "homemade canned food" developed specifically for astronauts, which is light and easy to carry and has enough calories.
In recent years, communication tools have also been greatly improved. At present, it has been widely used specifically for climbing mountains with small
compact, lightweight, good performance of the walkie-talkie, a better guarantee of the mountaineers and the relevant aspects of the
contact.
With the improvement of mountaineering equipment, people's mountaineering skills are also improving, and the height and difficulty of the climbs
have also increased.
Clothing
Because of the different environments of competitive and adventure mountaineering, the equipment requirements are also different.
Competitive mountaineering equipment
Rock clothing and pants, i.e., clothing and pants worn in competitive mountaineering activities, should be close to the body, with smaller cuffs and legs and
elasticity, and the selection of materials to be strong, wearable and elastic woolen products is the best.
Rock shoes are a kind of special shoes for rock work. The upper is best made of strong, airy leather, and the sole
is made of hard rubber. Thicker soles are good for friction fixation.
Expedition mountaineering equipment
Cold clothing for mountaineering activities in the warmth of the cold, the best warm layer of high-quality duck down, the fabric should be light,
thin, dense, waterproof, windproof. Clothing surface color is mainly dark, as bright as possible, in order to facilitate
heat absorption and easy to observe and identify the mountain, the mountain.
Down socks, gloves and undershirts can also be made as needed.
Wind and rain jackets are made of waterproof high quality nylon material. It has good windproof and warm performance. The top has a hood and the hood, cuffs and pants legs can be adjusted for elasticity.
Alpine shoes Climbing ice and snow alpine special shoes. Its material requirements are light, and has good warmth,
waterproof, ventilation and other properties. Alpine shoes should also be accompanied by bindings and shoe covers in order to improve its warmth,
waterproof protection. When walking on icy slopes, the soles of the shoes should also be tied with ice claws.
Bag: including backpack, backpack and duffel bag, protective glasses, used to block strong sunlight and snow and ice reflections
light, to prevent ultraviolet damage to the eyes, protective lenses to use teal lenses for
good. In the 7000 meters above the high mountains, mountaineers should be equipped with special anti-violet, infrared anti-
wind and snow glasses.
Technical equipment
Ice axe This is an indispensable tool when passing through the ice and snow slopes. In addition to repairing the road, it can also be used to assist and protect the trail
.
Ice claws Ice claws are made of lightweight hard metal, fixed to the bottom of the alpine shoes, fixed and non-slip role.
Harness The harness consists of a loop, a strap and a clip, and is fastened at the waist, it is the connection between all kinds of protective equipment and the
body.
Main rope The length of the rope is 40-50 meters, the diameter is 9-12 millimeters, the bearing force is more than 1500 kilograms, it is a lightweight
sturdy nylon product, and different people should be equipped with different colors of the main rope so that it can be used
identified. It is to protect the group, river crossing "bridge", rock climbing and all kinds of protection must use the technical equipment.
Auxiliary rope Its diameter is smaller than the main rope, about 6-8 mm, bearing force of about 800 kg. It is made of the same material as the main rope
and is used in conjunction with the main rope.
Avalanche Tape This is a kind of marking to find the victims in case of avalanche and other dangers. They are made of silk, which has a low specific gravity and is brightly colored
. Each one is about 5 meters long and 0.01 meters wide. They are tied to the athlete before passing through the avalanche zone.
Iron locks
In technical operations, some of the technical equipment needs to be linked and unlinked alternately,
in order to avoid the cumbersome knotting and untying operations, when the action is simple and rapid, it is necessary to have the iron locks
auxiliary. Sometimes the iron lock can be used instead of a pulley.
Steel cone rock cone and ice cone two categories. In overcoming difficult rock, ice and snow terrain climbing
operations, different lengths and types of steel cones into the rock crevices and ice, as a traveling and
protection of the fulcrum.
Hammer Generally used for driving in and lifting out steel cones.
Snow Shovel Used for leveling campsites, building snow holes, and other shoveling operations.
On the basis of some of the above technical equipment, you can equip some efficiency equipment according to the need, such as up
Lifter, descender, sled, metal ladder, small ladder, skidder and so on.
Camping equipment
Tent
Tent can be divided into two kinds of low mountain tent and high mountain tent. Low-mountain tents are generally made of single-layer materials.
Alpine tents are made of double-layer material with an air layer in the center to increase their warmth. In general, each tent has about
4 cubic meters of space, and can accommodate 2-4 people. If the team size is large, the base camp tents can be separately made
into a more practical accommodation tents, cooking tents, medical tents. The shape of the top of the various tents to arc
good, so as to increase its stability and practicality. Its quality requirements are waterproof, insulation and ventilation, and to
request bright colors. Its entrance and exit should be easy to open and close.
Sleeping bag
The material used is the same as down clothing, but the insulation layer is thicker. In order to waterproof moisture, should also be equipped with foam
plastic or air mattress.
Cookware
It is used to boil water for cooking. It can also be used for heating. There are two kinds of gasoline and kerosene stoves. In the air above 7000 meters
thin mountains, the latter better. Commonly used gas stoves are small and light, each weighing 270 grams, can be burned
burn 3 hours.
Safeguard equipment
Safeguard equipment, not mountaineering athletes special supplies, it is in order to cope with a variety of unforeseen circumstances and other
purposes and spare some equipment and appliances. Such as oxygen equipment, communication equipment, photographic equipment, self-defense weapons
equipment, transportation, observation instruments, medical and rescue equipment. The type and quantity of equipment should be equipped according to the
nature of the mission and the size of the team.
Oxygen equipment
In climbing 7500 meters above the peak, in order to overcome the lack of oxygen in the mountains and medical emergencies, generally need to have oxygen
gas equipment. Oxygen equipment consists of 3 parts: the storage cylinder, the indicator device and the mask. The cylinder is a container for storing oxygen
, and the material used for the cylinder wall should be as light as possible and resistant to high pressure. Indicator device has two parts, the barometer and regulator,
the former indicates the amount of oxygen stored in the cylinder, the latter controls and indicates the flow rate when using oxygen. The mask is worn on the face, when
mouth, than and oxygen equipment closed into a system, through the buffer capsule and skin tube inhalation of oxygen.
Communication equipment
Used to communicate between the athlete and the base camp and between the base camp and the nearby city. For the former, it is best to use
a small high-performance radio. For the latter, radio transmitting and receiving equipment of the appropriate type can be used depending on the distance. In
base camp and mountain contact, athletes should be as familiar as possible and master some primitive, basic, simple
easy means of contact, such as flag language, light language, whistle language and so on. For this reason, attention should be paid to equipping the equipment with flags, hand
torches, signal lamps, whistles, fireworks and so on. In some special circumstances, burning clothes, etc. can also be used as a sign of communication
contact.
Photographic equipment
In some mountaineering activities aimed at climbing to the summit, photography is a means of recording and hunting for confirmation of the summit
information. Therefore, photography equipment is a necessary and indispensable equipment. In addition to the camera, if the conditions allow
, can also be equipped with movie camera and video equipment.
Daily equipment
Daily equipment that is, living utensils and supplies. A mountaineering activity, athletes in high mountain activities
longer, sometimes up to two months, a variety of supplies must be carried. Daily equipment includes living
supplies, hygiene products, simple tools, medicines, orientation map instruments, recreational supplies, paper
stationery, sewing equipment, lighting equipment, sporting goods and so on.