The tax law of the United States can be regarded as the world's most complex and rigorous tax system. The U.S. income tax system is both territorial and personal. In terms of U.S. source of income, the U.S. income tax system adopts territoriality in principle, and non-resident aliens should pay tax to the U.S. government according to the U.S. source of income within the U.S.
The U.S. income tax system adopts both territoriality and personalism. For the income of U.S. nationals or residents, the U.S. income tax system is, in principle, personalistic, i.e., citizens are taxed on their worldwide income. Taxes in the U.S. are levied by the federal government, state governments, and local governments. The federal government collects federal income tax, property tax and gift tax. State and local governments collect state income taxes, franchise taxes, sales taxes, use taxes, and property taxes. U.S. federal government's total taxes, personal income tax (Individual Income Tax) accounts for about 1/3, payroll taxes (Payroll Taxes) accounts for about 1/3, corporate income tax (Corporation Income Tax) accounts for about 1/6, other taxes include: bequest tax (Estate or Gift Tax), customs duties (Customs). Customs ...... Other taxes include Estate or Gift Tax, Customs, etc. Although the levying of rent tax is the responsibility of the Department of Treasury, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is responsible for the implementation of the actual work
France
The main types of taxes in the current tax system are corporate income tax, personal income tax, value-added tax, social security tax, property tax, personal property tax, business license tax, and other taxes. tax, personal property tax, and business license tax.
(I) Overview of major taxes
1. Corporate income tax
(1) Taxpayers
Corporate income taxpayers include legal entities engaged in production and business activities in France, and those with their place of incorporation in France, which include mainly limited liability companies, limited liability partnerships and subsidiaries of foreign companies. Only the central government levies corporate income tax, towns and localities do not levy corporate income tax.
(2)Objects of Taxation, Tax Rates
Corporate income is the profit made in France through production and business activities. France does not tax the profits made by resident companies from outside France, but it does tax the income made by resident companies from their foreign branches.
French corporate income tax rates are categorized into standard rate, low rate and special rate.
Standard rate: 33.33%. In addition, companies with an annual turnover of more than 7,630,000 euros and an annual income tax payment of more than 763,000 euros are subject to a surtax of 3.3% on the portion of the income tax payment exceeding 763,000 euros.
Low tax rate: The main types of income that are subject to the low tax rate are long-term capital gains, which are taxed at a rate of 8 to 15 percent. Secondly, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are taxed at a rate of 15 percent on the portion of their annual profits below 38,120 euros, while the rate remains at 33.33 percent on the portion of their annual profits exceeding 38,120 euros.
Special tax rates apply mainly to rental income, forestry income, and agricultural income, which are taxed at a rate of 24 percent, and dividend income from tax-exempted companies, which is taxed at a rate of 10 percent.
In addition, legal entities subject to corporate income tax are subject to an annual minimum tax, as shown in the following table
Annual turnover (in euros)
300,000
300,000--750,000
750,000--1,500,000
1,500,000-. 7500000
7500000---15000000
15000000---75000000
75000000---5000000
Over 500000000
Annual Minimum Taxes (€)
0
1300
2000
3750
16,250
20,500
32,750
110,000
Foreign companies with permanent establishments in France are taxed as resident companies. Capital gains other than long-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income for income tax purposes.
(3) Calculation of taxable income
French corporate taxpayers are taxed on their gross income for each taxable year, less allowable deductions. The following items are allowed to be deducted from the taxable income in accordance with the scope and criteria specified.
①Tax-exempt income:: after-tax profits from other companies.
②Depreciation deduction: depreciation is allowed to be deducted from taxable income, and the depreciation of various equipment can be depreciated by the straight-line method or declining-balance depreciation method. The provisions of the straight-line method as follows:
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Russia's Customs System and Tax Rates
<P> Russia's Customs administration and the implementation of the tariffs of the import and export regulation of the basic law is the "Customs Code" and "Tariff Code". Tariff Code. </P>
<P> The Customs Code defines in detail the operations under the jurisdiction of the customs service, the customs system, and the rights and obligations of the customs supervisory personnel, as well as the organization of the Russian customs service, which consists of the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, the Regional Customs Administrations, the subdivisions, and the sub-customs offices. </P>
<P> The Government of the Russian Federation has established the State Customs Committee, which is responsible for the unified management of the national customs service. The main tasks of the State Customs Committee are: under the leadership of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation, to lead and organize the national customs to implement the Customs Code, the Customs Tariff Law and other relevant laws and policies; to handle the relevant customs operations; to manage the customs cadres and customs operations; to carry out international customs exchanges. </P>
<P> The State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation has set up 10 regional customs administrations in regions with a large number of customs agencies and a relatively high concentration of tasks, which act as the State Customs presence and assist the State Customs Committee in managing the customs services in the regions where they are located. There are currently 105 customs agencies in Russia, with more than 15,000 customs employees. </P>
<P> The Customs Tariff Law establishes the general principles and regulations for the introduction of tariff measures; the procedure for determining tariff numbers, types of tariffs, customs valuation, and the country of origin; the procedure for the introduction of antidumping and compensatory tariffs; the granting of tariff preferences; and other matters. </P>
<P> As of April 1, 2000, a new Russian Federation Commodity Description List for Foreign Economic and Trade Activity (hereinafter referred to as the Russian Federation Commodity Description List) was introduced in the Russian Federation. Previously, Russia had been using the Commonwealth of Independent States Commodity Description List for Foreign Economic and Trade Activity (hereinafter referred to as the CIS Commodity Description List), while the new Russian Federation Commodity Description List was compiled on the basis of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) and the CIS Commodity Description List (CIS Commodity Description List) developed by the Council for Customs Cooperation and in conjunction with actual changes in the country's imported and exported goods in recent years. The most important change is that while the original commodity code used 9 digits, the Russian Commodity Description List uses 10 digits, which allows for a more refined classification of goods and the setting of the corresponding duty rates, which makes it possible to collect customs duties on goods in a more rational and accurate manner. </P>
<P> Russia's current import tariff rate of 14-15.5% on average, the vast majority of commodities import tariffs for the ad valorem tax, a small portion of commodities in the implementation of the ad valorem tax and the compound tariff, from the number of times in recent years the import tariff rate adjustment, the implementation of the compound tariffs on the number of commodities is gradually increasing. The levels of import tariff rates are as follows: foodstuffs - 5-30%; alcoholic beverages - 0.12-2 euros per liter; chemical products - 5-15%; light textile products - 15-30%; machinery and equipment - 5-20%; Household appliances - 20-30%; electrical equipment - 5-30%; pharmaceuticals - 5-20%. </P>
<P> The import duty rate is the basic rate of imported goods. Goods imported from countries with most-favored-nation (MFN) status are taxed at the basic rate, and goods imported from countries without MFN status are taxed at twice the basic rate. Goods from CIS countries with which Russia has signed free trade agreements are exempt from import duties. Goods imported from developing countries are taxed at 75% of the basic rate, but some goods are exempt from this benefit. Chinese goods entering Russia are entitled to preferential treatment for developing countries, subject to the issuance of a Class A certificate of origin. There are 105 developing countries*** that enjoy this preference. Import duties are exempted on goods imported from 47 least developed countries. In addition, goods of unknown origin are taxed at twice the basic rate. </P>
<P> The Russian government will soon discuss the issue of consolidating the catalog of imported goods with tax codes and revising the import tax rates. The preliminary plan is to revise the import tax rates of 11,000 types of commodities, the vast majority of which will be adjusted downward, and more than 3,500 types of commodities will be imported at a rate of no more than 20%, while reducing the current standard of seven tax rates to four: 5% as an incentive rate, 5% as an incentive rate, and 5% as an incentive rate, and 4 as an incentive rate. At the same time, the current seven tariff rates will be reduced to four: 5% for the encouragement of the tax rate, mainly for raw materials; 10% and 15% for the normal rate; 20% for the restrictive rate, mainly for machinery and equipment, the existing 25% and 30% of the two limit rates will be canceled. The Russian government hopes to increase tariff revenues and speed up the process of accession to the WTO. </P>
<P> In addition to tariffs, goods imported into Russia have to pay the value-added tax (general goods VAT rate of 20%, food, children's commodities, and food, etc., 10%), excise tax (excise tax should be paid on the goods, including alcohol, alcoholic beverages and beer, cigarettes, jewelry, cars, gasoline, etc.) and customs fees (goods invoice value of 0.15% of the value of). 0.15% of the invoiced value of the goods, of which 0.1% is paid in rubles and 0.05% in the currency of settlement, and this revenue is at the disposal of the Customs Service). </P>
<P> Since 1999, Russia has imposed export duties on some raw materials and foodstuffs, mostly at seasonal export rates. </
The main taxes in the current Spanish tax system are: corporate income tax, personal income tax, VAT, social security tax, wealth tax, etc.
(1) Main Taxes
1. Corporate Income Tax
(1) Taxpayers
The taxpayers of Spanish corporate income tax are divided into two categories: resident companies and non-resident companies. Resident companies are entities registered under Spanish law and entities that have a place of business or management in Spain.
(2) Objects of Taxation, Tax Rates
Spanish resident companies should pay corporate income tax on their worldwide-sourced income, while non-resident companies should pay corporate income tax only on their Spanish-sourced income.
The standard rate of Spanish corporate income tax is 32.5% for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2007, and 30% for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2008. Other tax rates (35%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 1% and 0%) apply to some special entities and types of operations.
Smaller companies (those with turnover of less than 8 million euros in the previous year) are subject to the following tax rates: 25% on annual profits below 120,202.41 euros, and the standard corporate income tax rate above this amount.
Spanish permanent establishments of foreign entities are subject to non-resident tax at a rate of 32.5% (30% in 2008) of their profits.
The income of a branch is subject to corporate income tax at the standard rate of 32.5% (30% in 2008), and operating and administrative expenses paid to the head office abroad are deducted in accordance with the amount apportioned to that branch. Interest, dividends and royalties paid by branches to resident and non-resident companies are subject to withholding tax at a rate of 18%.
(3) Calculation of taxable income
① Inventory pricing. Inventories are valued at the cost of acquisition or production. The FIFO and LIFO methods are permitted in Spain, but the basic inventory and replacement value methods are not.
②Capital gains. Subject to corporate income tax at the standard rate.
③Intercompany Dividends. Dividends originating from other companies should be included in taxable income. If the payer of the dividend is a domestic corporation and the recipient of the dividend holds more than 5% of the payer's shares and has held them for more than one year, a full tax credit for the dividend is allowed; if the 5% shareholding is not attained or if the shares have been held for less than one year, half of the credit is allowed.
4 Depreciation and depletion. Depreciation is allowed on all fixed assets except land. Usually, the straight-line depreciation method can be used, and the declining-balance depreciation method can be used for part of the fixed assets with a useful life of more than 1 year, but this method is not allowed for buildings, furniture, and so on.
5 Net operating loss. Losses can be carried forward (into the future) for 15 fiscal years, but not backward.
6 Expenses paid to foreign organizations. Expenses paid to foreign institutions must be valued on an arm's length basis to be deductible for corporate income tax purposes, and expenses in excess of market value are not deductible for corporate tax purposes. Expenses paid to tax havens are not deductible at all unless it is reasonably demonstrated that the actual supply price was calculated on an arm's length basis.
7 Deduction of taxes. Taxes paid by the company are deductible.
⑧ Group company taxation. Spain permits the consolidation of group companies for tax purposes, provided that the company makes a formal election prior to the tax year in which the group company tax regime is adopted, and that the consolidated company must have held, directly or indirectly, at least 75% of the shares of a subsidiary company that is a resident of Spain for at least one year.
2. Individual Income Tax
(1) Taxpayers
Taxpayers for Spanish individual income tax are categorized as resident individuals and non-resident individuals. Resident individuals are those who reside in Spain for more than 183 days in a calendar year or have Spain as the center of their economic interests.
(2) Taxpayers and Tax Rates
Resident individuals are taxed on their worldwide income, capital gains and property, while non-resident individuals are taxed only on their Spanish-sourced income, capital gains and property.
The new Individual Income Tax Act was passed in 2006 and fully implemented in 2007. This law divides taxable income into two categories: ordinary income, which is subject to progressive tax rates, and income from securities and capital gains, which is subject to a proportional tax rate of 18%.
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Germany's Main Tax Rates
1. Corporate Tax
Corporate tax is due on the income of capitalized corporations (e.g., limited liability companies and joint stock companies). Corporate tax is based on net income, which is calculated in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act and the Corporate Tax Act. The corporate profit retention or dividend tax is generally 25%. Losses and gains from the sale and purchase of company shares are included in the corporate tax, and losses can be offset against the company's earnings.
2. Business tax
The level of business tax is calculated according to the level of turnover, the amount of business capital and different tax rates in different places.
3. Value-added tax (VAT)
It is levied on goods or services provided by enterprises for a fee within the territory. It is generally 16% and 7% on certain goods (mainly food). Sales outside the EU are exempt from VAT.
4. Payroll tax
Employers must withhold payroll tax and pay it to the tax office each time they pay their employees. The amount of corporation tax is calculated on the basis of each employee's payroll tax form, which is filled in via a payroll tax card. The payroll tax includes not only cash income, but also material enjoyment, such as meals supplied by the company, public and private use of vehicles, etc. It is then subtracted from the yearly rated exemption amount, the number of which is determined for each person. Finally, the payroll tax payable is calculated according to the income tax rate table based on the tax brackets delineated on the payroll card and income such as wages.
5. Individual Income Tax
It is levied on the basis of a person's annual income, and the tax rate is progressive according to the amount of income, ranging from 20% to 49%. Please consult a German tax advisor for specifics on the minimum income that is exempt from tax and the avoidance of double taxation.
6, property tax
Individuals (natural persons) are generally taxed at a rate of 1%, with a reduced rate for agricultural and forestry industries, business capital and investment shares. Legal person tax rate is generally 0.6%. There is a 250,000 euro tax exemption on business capital (individual or legal person) and 75% of the excess is taxable.
Other government subsidies
● In Germany to buy a house or buy a piece of land to build a house, not only can you get a tax break, but also from the government to buy a house subsidies, since 2004, the adult annual supplement of 1,250 euros, each child annual supplement of 800 euros, a *** can be supplemented for eight years.
● The mother of a newborn baby can get a mother's allowance of 307 euros per month for two years, or 460 euros per month for one year.
● People who own a company in Germany can take child allowance from the German government for their children, which is 154 euros per month per child and 179 euros per month per child from the fourth child onwards. Education in Germany is free from elementary school to university.