(Britain, France, Russia, Germany, the United States and Japan are the six major capitalist countries that invaded China in modern times.)
Features: the process of invasion of China by the Great Powers, both collusion and scramble, collusion is temporary, scramble is absolute, all to their respective interests
1 The waxing and waning of the power of the Great Powers to invade China:
(1) Before the Sino-Japanese War, collusion was dominated by scramble, supplemented by scramble.
(2) After the Sino-Japanese War, it was gradually dominated by scrambling (conflicts arose among countries in the process of invasion of China).
(3) After the First World War and up to the 1940s: the unprecedented decline in the strength of Britain and France, Germany was severely weakened, and the United States and Japan became the most important competitors.
(4) After World War II to the early 1950s: the United States became the most important country to invade China. The United States became the hegemon of the capitalist world after World War II, and all countries looked up to the United States when it came to the issue of invasion of China.
2 Characteristics of the invasion of China by various countries:
① Britain:
A always regarded the acquisition of all kinds of "commercial" privileges as the primary goal of the invasion of China; in the mid-to-late 19th and early 20th centuries, Britain's trade with China was always on the top of the list, but its position declined after the World War I. In the early 1950s, the United States became the most important country in the invasion of China.
B Secondly, China ceded Hong Kong to Britain
②America:
After following Britain in the mid-19th century, the United States pursued an independent policy toward China from 1899, when the U.S. economy became the world's largest in the late 19th century, with the introduction of the "Open Door" policy.
But after the war, the United States dominated China and opened the door to one country.
3 France:
A A Catholic cloak of aggression became an important feature of the French invasion of China,
B but France also direct aggression against China, the scale of the invasion of China in the mid to late 19th century, France was second only to the United Kingdom, (Sino-French War), but after the First World War gradually declined.
4 Tsarist Russia:
A Territorial expansion was the main feature of its invasion of China.
B With the October Revolution in 1917, Russia withdrew from invading China.
⑤Germany:
A more urgent demand for expansion in China in the late 19th century, forcibly leased Jiaozhou Bay; and became the commander-in-chief of the Eight-Power Allied Forces. But later entry into the war and defeat in WWI caused it to withdraw from China.
6 Japan:
A Japan came to the forefront and soon became a major invader of China. During WWI, there was a trend towards monopoly.
B In the 1930s, the pace of invasion of China surpassed that of other countries and became China's most important enemy.
2, on the Chinese people's exploration of the summary
(1) the landlord class: ① reformist: Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan and others put forward "learn from the barbarians in order to control the barbarians"; ② foreign affairs: put forward "learn from the barbarians in order to strengthen themselves", to launch the Foreign Affairs Movement
(2) the peasant class: ① the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement put forward the "New Essay on Zizheng"; ② Boxer Rebellion movement put forward the slogan "support the Qing Dynasty and destroy the foreigners"
(3) the national bourgeoisie:
① the early Restoration School: the economic advocates the development of industry and commerce, commercial warfare; cultural advocates the establishment of schools, learning the Western natural science, and the development of the Western culture, and the establishment of schools. the establishment of schools and the study of Western natural science knowledge; politically, it advocated the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.
②The Reformists and the Hundred Days Reform. (ibid)
3) The revolutionaries' Xinhai Revolution and the struggle to maintain democracy*** and
The program of the League: the Three Principles of the People (nationalism, nationalism, and people's livelihood)
Nationalism is the premise, nationalism (democracy*** and; separation of powers) is the core, and people's livelihood (economy) is the supplement
④Radical democrats and the New Culture Movement (early period).
3. Summary of China's modernization
(1) Landlord class reformers (Lin Zexu; Wei Yuan): learn from the West to control the barbarians and learn from the West
(2) Landlord class "foreign affairs" ideology: "Middle school is the body, western learning is the use". ". On the premise of not touching the feudal system, learning from the West's advanced production and science and technology, and safeguarding feudal rule
(3) The peasant class's idea of "averaging": "having the same field to plough, the same food to eat, the same clothes to wear, the same money to make, everywhere is not evenly distributed, and everywhere is not full of warmth and happiness. The idea of "average": "All fields are ploughed together, all food is eaten together, all clothes are worn together, all money is used together, everywhere is even, everywhere is full and warm. Abolish the feudal landlord land ownership system and establish a small peasant society with absolute equality. It is idealistic and backward.
(4) bourgeoisie class reformist "reform and change" ideology: Western bourgeois political doctrine and Confucianism combined, advocating the implementation of top-down improvement, the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, the development of capitalism. It was progressive and patriotic.
(5) The bourgeois revolutionaries' ideology of "democracy*** and": the Western bourgeois revolution's ideological weapon of "natural human rights" and "freedom and equality" was used as the basis for revolutionary struggle. It advocated the overthrow of the Qing government and the establishment of a bourgeois **** and state through bottom-up armed uprisings.
4. Summary of China's Bohai Sea region and the Yangtze River Delta
1. China's Bohai Sea region
Bohai Sea region: including the Beijing-Tianjin-Tanggu area, Liaozhong-South, Jiaodong Peninsula area. People are accustomed to surround the bay Beijing, Tianjin, the two central municipalities and Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong Province is called the Bohai Sea region.
(1) Ancient Chinese history:
①Pre-Qin: the Western Zhou Dynasty divided Yan, Qi, Lu ruled the region. Yan built its capital here, named "Ji". During the Spring and Autumn period, Qi and Lu civilization was prominent. During the Warring States period, Qi and Yan developed into the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. Linzi in Qi became a prosperous commercial center.
②Qin and Han: Qin destroyed Yan and Qi, repaired the Great Wall and set up Liaodong County.
③North and South Dynasties: Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties period, Liaodong agricultural development achievements.
④ Sui and Tang dynasties: Sui opened the Grand Canal, which led to Silence County in the north and Yuhang in the south. During the Tang Dynasty, the Sume Mohe tribe lived on the northern coast of the Bohai Sea, which was incorporated into the territory of the Tang Dynasty, and in the 7th century, the leader of the Sume tribe, Dajorong, established a regime; Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named Dajorong as the king of the Bohai Sea, and appointed him as the governor of the Khuhan Prefecture, which was under the control of the Khuhan Chau. During the Tang Dynasty, Dengzhou was the starting point of the sea route to Korea and Japan.
⑤Song and Yuan: In the 10th century, Yelu Abaoji of Khitan unified the Khitan ministries and accepted Han feudal culture, and Yelu Deguang acquired the 16 states of Youyun. The Northern Song and Liao control the Bohai Sea area on the border of the Yellow River at the mouth of the sea, and the Jin Dynasty, which confronts the Southern Song, controls the entire Bohai Sea area. The Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao and the Northern Song Dynasty, and moved its capital to Yanjing after the Shaoxing Peace Conference, renaming it Zhongdu. The Yuan Dynasty set up the capital of Metropolitan City (now Beijing); it implemented the province system, with Metropolitan City and its surrounding areas under the jurisdiction of the Central Provinces, and Liaoyang Province in the northeastern part of the country.
6 Ming and Qing dynasties: Ming Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing, the Ming Great Wall east from the Yalu River. Manchuria moved the capital to Shenyang, and later moved the capital to Beijing. In the early Qing Dynasty, Shengjing, Zhili and Shandong Province were set up in the Bohai Sea area to exercise effective jurisdiction.
(2) China's modern history:
①The beginning of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal period: during the Opium War, British troops arrived at the mouth of the Baihe River in Tianjin, which was the first time that a foreign invading force entered the Bohai Bay. The Second Opium War and the Treaties of Tianjin and Beijing deepened China's semi-colonization. The Taiping Army went on a northern expedition and fought its way to Zhili, approaching Beijing.
② semi-colonial and semi-feudal formation period: the period of the foreign affairs movement, Chonghou founded the Tianjin Machine Manufacturing Bureau, Li Hongzhang opened the Kaiping coal mine and the Beijing Tongwenkuan, and prepare to build the Peking fleet. 1860s and 1970s, the Tianjin Yilaimou machine mills, such as the gradual establishment of national capitalist industries. During the Sino-Japanese War, Nie Shicheng fought bloody battles in Liaodong, Ding Ruchang committed suicide and died in the Battle of Weihai; the Japanese army captured Lushun and Dalian, and carried out the Lushun Massacre; the Beiyang fleet was wiped out in the Battle of Weihai; the Treaty of Shimonoseki occupied the Liaodong Peninsula and the three countries intervened in the return of Liao. In the frenzy of partition, Russia, Germany and Britain strengthened their rivalry in the Bohai Bay area (omitted). Beijing and Tientsin were important areas for the reformists (newspapers, organizations, political activities). The Boxer Rebellion movement emerged in Shandong, then developed to Beijing and Tianjin, and dealt a heavy blow to the Eight-Power Allied Forces in Beijing and Tianjin. The Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China, established the Capital Government Office and the Allied Forces Command, and colonized Tianjin and Beijing; the Treaty of Xinchou strengthened imperialist power in the Bohai Rim.
3) The period of the bourgeois democratic revolution and the rule of the Beiyang warlords: after the Russo-Japanese War, Japan took control of the southern part of the Northeast. The Protectorate Movement shattered Yuan Shikai's "imperial dream". During World War I, the national capitalist industry in the Bohai Sea region was further developed, and Zhan Tianyou built the Beijing-Zhangzhou Railway from 1905 to 1909. Peking University was the main activity base of the New Culture Movement. The May Fourth Patriotic Movement emerged and the Beijing ****productivist group was established.
4. Ten years of confrontation: Japan launched the September 18th Incident, established the pseudo-Manchukuo, and colonized the Northeast. In 1935, Japan created the North China Incident and tried to turn the five provinces of North China into a second pseudo-Manchukuo. The January 12th Movement set off a nationwide anti-Japanese rescue effort. The January 29th Movement set off a new upsurge in the national anti-Japanese movement to save the country from the Japanese invasion.
⑤Anti-Japanese War period: In 1937, the Japanese army launched the Lugou Bridge Incident and began a full-scale invasion of China. After the Luochuan Conference, the Eighth Route Army penetrated deep into North China, opened up anti-Japanese bases behind the enemy lines, and persisted in the anti-Japanese war. During the Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese colonized the Northeast China and carried out the "Security Reinforcement Campaign" in North China.
6 Liberation War: The East China Field Army won the victory at Mengliangtsu; the North China Liberation Army liberated Shijiazhuang; the People's Liberation Army launched the Battles of Liao-Shen, Huai-Hai, and Ping-Jin and won the strategic decisive battle; the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Plenary Session was held (Xibaipo Village, Ping-Shan County, Hebei Province); and the negotiations on Peking took place.
⑦Transition to socialism: the new CPPCC meeting was held; the ****The same program had the nature of a provisional constitution; the capital was set in Beijing. In the early days of the founding of New China, the Party and the government executed Liu Qingshan, a corrupt member of the Tianjin local committee, and Liaoning became an important rear base for the anti-U.S. campaign against the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). "First Five-Year Plan" the development of heavy industry: Shenyang machine tool factory, aircraft manufacturing plant, Anshan Iron and Steel Company.
8 period of exploration and the Cultural Revolution: the period of full-scale construction of socialism, in the Bohai Sea area built Shengli oil field, Dagang oil field.
9 new period of socialist modernization: Tianjin, Qinhuangdao, Yantai, Dalian for the coastal open cities; Bohai Rim as a coastal economic open area; Daqin Railway was completed and opened to traffic; the Party Central Committee, "revitalization of the Northeast Old Industrial Base" strategy, south of Liaoning province in the middle of the region is within the scope of.
2. China's Yangtze River Delta:
The Yangtze River Delta includes Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.
(1) Ancient Chinese history:
①Pre-Qin: During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the state of Suzhou in present-day Jiangsu Province was feudalized as Wu. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu and Yue successively claimed hegemony in the south and set their capitals in present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu Province and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province respectively. When King Wu Fuchai dug the Gan Gan Gou, the earliest canal section in China's history, to connect the Jianghuai River. King Helu of Wu and King Goujian of Yue were the hegemons of the late Spring and Autumn Period.
②Qin and Han: At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu led an uprising in present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. The two Han Dynasty, when the kudzu cloth produced in the area, is the famous Yue cloth, the Han Guangwu Emperor will be the Yue cloth as tribute, Yue cloth is therefore famous for a while (omitted). During the Two Han Dynasty, the Yue people in the area of Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province were called Dongyue.
③North and South Dynasties: In 222, Sun Quan claimed the title of king in Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) and later became the emperor; in 317, Sima Rui took Jiankang (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) as the capital city and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the following 170 years, from 420 to 589, the southern Chinese regimes of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, all of which had their capitals in Jiankang, were known as the "Southern Dynasties". Three Kingdoms period, especially in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Northern and Southern Dynasties period, the northern war, a large number of working people moved south, to the south brought a large number of laborers and advanced technology, the development of agriculture in Jiangnan from Jiangdong to the entire Yangtze River Basin, and then spread to the entire Lingnan and the Minjiang River Basin, the most developed agricultural economy of the three Wu region. Jiangnan economic development so that the north-south economic balance, for the future center of economic gravity of China's south laid the foundation. Wu cultivated eight generations of silkworms, reeling high quality. During the Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties, Jianye and Yangzhou in the south were famous paper-making centers.
④ Sui and Tang dynasties: Emperor Yang of Sui opened the Jiangnan River and connected it with Generali Gorge, thus communicating the three major water systems of Jianghuai: the Yangtze River, the Qiantang River and the Huaihe River. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the land resources in the Jiangnan area were further developed, polder fields were common, and the natural ecological balance was affected by burning mountains, enclosing lakes to make fields, and asking for fields in the mountains. The Jianghuai area planted rice on a large scale. Jiangnan became an important source of food. After the Anshi Rebellion, the economy of the south began to surpass that of the north, and the center of economic gravity began to move south. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Yuezhou (present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province) produced celadon porcelain, especially the most valuable secret-colored porcelain. The commercial city of the Yangtze River Basin, Yangzhou, Chengdu for the east and west of the two centers, there is a "Yang Yi two" said. Yangzhou, in particular, surpassed Chang'an and Luoyang in terms of economic status, with more developed sectors such as shipbuilding and bronze mirror industry, a bustling night market, and an important port for bilateral trade with Korea and Japan.
⑤Song and Yuan: In 1127, Zhao Gou was proclaimed emperor in Yingtianfu (present-day Shangqiu, Henan Province), and later set the capital at Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province). During the Southern Song Dynasty, the center of economic gravity of the country shifted from the north to the south, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang became the center of economic gravity of the country. The rise of the cotton spinning industry during the Southern Song Dynasty marked the gradual replacement of linen by cotton as the main raw material for clothing. During the Yuan Dynasty, Hangzhou was the largest commercial and handicraft center in the south. Liu Jiagang (present-day Taicang, Jiangsu Province) was the most important port for the northward transportation of grain and the starting point for large-scale shipping.
6 Ming and Qing dynasties: In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang became the emperor, the state name Ming, with Yingtian as Nanjing. Zheng He's departure from the Western Ocean was mainly in Liu Jiagang (present-day Taicang, Jiangsu Province). Qi Jiguang achieved a major victory in nine battles against the Japanese in Taizhou, Zhejiang during the Ming Dynasty. Ming Dynasty Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, the use of new-style "yarn and silk machine", the division of labor, Jiangnan "weaving still Songjiang, paddle-dyeing Shang Wuhu". After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the textile industry in some areas of Jiangnan developed into handmade workshops, such as the Suzhou area. This shows that the sparse emergence of the sprout of capitalism. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Nanjing was a national trade city. Municipalities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, known for their commerce and industry, flourished. The Qing Dynasty set up two provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, to govern the Yangtze River Delta region. Shanghai belonged to the Jiangsu province.
(2) China's modern history:
① Semi-colonial and semi-feudal beginning of the period: the Opium War, Ge Yunfei, Zheng Guohong, Wang Xipeng in Dinghai, Zhejiang, Yuqian in Zhenhai, Zhejiang, Chen Huacheng in Wusong, Shanghai, Hailing in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, heroically resisted the invasion of the British, and sacrificed his life for the country. Among the ports of commerce opened by the Treaty of Nanjing, Ningbo and Shanghai were in the Yangtze River Delta region. After the Opium War the cotton textile industry in the area of Songjiang and Taicang in Jiangsu Province was the first to be hit, and the southeastern region became the main area for the disintegration of China's natural economy after the Opium War. Shanghai was the earliest place where foreign invaders established leases in China. in 1853, the British, French and American invaders seized the right to administer the Shanghai Customs by taking the opportunity of suppressing the Shanghai Dagger Society Uprising; during the Second Opium War, the right was extended to the ports of communication (omitted). The Treaty of Tianjin added Nanjing and Zhenjiang as ports of commerce, so that the Yangtze River Delta region had four ports of commerce.In 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom set its capital at Nanjing and changed its name to Tianjing.The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was greatly injured by the Tianjing Rebellion in 1856.
② Semi-colonial and semi-feudal formation period: the main enterprises set up by the foreign affairs faction in Shanghai, Li Hongzhang Jiangnan Manufacturing General Bureau (military) and the Shanghai Ship Merchants Bureau (civilian). The rise of Chinese capitalist industry, in 1866 Fang Juzan, Sun Yingde in Shanghai founded Fachang machine factory, later annexed by the British-run Yeson shipyard. During his tenure as the chief writer of the Shanghai Times, Liang Qichao published papers such as "The General Discussion on Changing the Law". He pointed out that the only way to save the country was to change the law.
3) The bourgeois democratic revolution and the reign of the Northern Warlords: Shanghai became one of the centers of propaganda for the democratic revolution, and in 1912, the Republic of China was proclaimed, with its capital in Nanjing. 1915, Chen Duxiu founded New Youth in Shanghai, marking the rise of the New Culture Movement, and in June 1919, the workers in Shanghai went on strike, and the center of the May Fourth Movement shifted to Shanghai from Beijing. In 1920, China's first ****productivist group was founded in Shanghai, with Chen Duxiu as its secretary, and on July 23, 1921, the First Congress of the Chinese ****productivist Party was held in Shanghai, marking the beginning of the Chinese ****productivist Party. In July 1922, the Second Congress of C*** was held in Shanghai, which formulated the Party's program of democratic revolution.In May 1925, the Japanese imperialists created the "May 30th Tragedy" in Shanghai, which triggered the climax of the anti-imperialist and patriotic movement - the May 30th Movement. In 1927, the Shanghai workers organized three armed uprisings to prepare for the entry of the Northern Expeditionary Army into Shanghai. In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek staged a counter-revolutionary coup d'état in Shanghai, which was led by Chen Duxiu and Zhou Enlai. On April 18, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek staged a counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai, and on April 18, 1927, the National Government was established in Nanjing.
④Ten years of confrontation: In 1932, the Japanese army attacked Shanghai and created the "I.28 Incident", and the patriotic government was established in Nanjing on April 18th. The patriotic generals Cai Tingkai and Jiang Guangnai commanded the Nineteenth Route Army to resist. The national government did not support the war and negotiated with the Japanese, signing the humiliating "Songhu Armistice Agreement" (omitted).At the end of 1932, the Chinese Civil Rights League was founded in Shanghai, with Soong Ching-ling as chairman and Cai Yuanpei as vice-chairman.
⑤Anti-Japanese War Period: In 1937, the Japanese army attacked Shanghai, which was known as the "August 13th Incident". The national government issued a declaration of self-defense, said to "resist violence", and then organized to resist the Japanese invasion of the "Battle of Songhu". 13 December 1937, the Japanese army captured Nanjing, created the "Nanjing Massacre". 1938 December, Wang Jingwei openly betrayed the country to the enemy, in March 1940 in Nanjing to set up a pseudo-national government. The Japanese set up a "secret service headquarters" in Shanghai and brutalized anti-Japanese patriots.
6 Liberation War: On May 20, 1947, students from Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou and other areas gathered in Nanjing to hold a joint demonstration, which was suppressed by the reactionary military and police, known as the "May 20 Bloodshed" (omitted).
7 Transition to Socialism: At the beginning of the founding of New China, the "Battle of the Silver Dollar" and the "Battle of the Rice and Cotton" centered in Shanghai stabilized prices, and the People's Government gained the trust of the entire nation.
8 period of exploration and the Cultural Revolution: the "Cultural Revolution" period, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was opened to traffic.