It is as large as the Forbidden City in terms of land area, and equal to a Summer Palace in terms of water area. The Yuanmingyuan gathered the characteristics of several famous gardens in Jiangnan at that time, melted the essence of ancient Chinese gardening art, and melted the poetic feelings into the ever-changing scenery by the artistic method of the garden within the garden.
The southern part of the Yuanmingyuan is the court area, where the emperor handled official business. The rest of the area is distributed in 40 scenic spots, of which more than 50 attractions directly imitated the famous gardens and scenic spots in foreign countries, such as the ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou, which not only imitated the buildings, but also copied their names. More interesting is that the Yuanmingyuan also built a Western-style garden scenic spots. The most famous "water law", is a Western fountain, as well as the labyrinth of flowers and Western buildings, etc., all with the style of the Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of Venice in the lake, the emperor sitting on the shore of the mountain can appreciate the miles away "water city scenery".
The Yuanmingyuan is a treasure house, which contains rare cultural relics such as paintings and calligraphy of celebrities, secret books, bells and tripods, gold, silver and jewels, etc., concentrating the essence of ancient culture. Yuanmingyuan is also a garden of exotic trees and flowers, with millions of valuable flowers and trees. Westerners who have witnessed the complete Yuanmingyuan called her "the garden of ten thousand gardens".
If it were the same today as it was 140 years ago, this super-giant garden would be the "King of Gardens". Regrettably, in 1860 the British and French allied forces and in 1900 the Eight-Power Allied Forces sacked the Yuanmingyuan twice, the buildings in the garden were burned, the cultural relics were looted, the miraculous and fabulous Yuanmingyuan turned into a piece of rubble, only broken walls for people to hang on to.
Yuanmingyuan
The famous royal garden of the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi forty-eight years (1709), the Kangxi Emperor (that is, the Qing Emperor Xuan Ye) will be the northwest suburb of Beijing Changchunyuan north of a mile or so of a garden given to the fourth son of Yin Zhen, and personally titled the garden "Yuanmingyuan". Yongzheng three years (1725), yongzheng emperor (that is, qing shi zong yinzhen) in the yuanmingyuan south of the additional palace government offices, covers an area of more than six hundred acres by the original expansion to more than three thousand acres. Since then, the Yuanmingyuan is not only a place for the Qing emperors to rest and visit, but also a place for them to meet the ministers, receive foreign envoys and deal with daily political affairs. After Emperor Qianlong (i.e. Emperor Hongli of the Qing Dynasty) assumed the throne, he adjusted the landscaping in the Yuanmingyuan, added architectural groups, and built Changchunyuan and Qichunyuan (renamed Wanchunyuan during the Tongzhi period) in the eastern and southeastern neighborhoods of the Yuanmingyuan. These three gardens, all belonging to the Yuanmingyuan Management Minister management, called the Yuanming three gardens.
The three gardens cover an area of more than 5,200 acres, more than 150 scenes. The most famous of them are the court to listen to the government of the Hall of the Great Light, worship ancestors of the Anyou Palace, held a banquet of the mountain high water long building, simulation of the "fairy mountain pavilions" of the Pengdao Yaotai, reproducing the "Peach Blossom Garden" realm of the Wuling spring color. Some famous gardens and scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, such as the Lion Grove in Suzhou and the Ten Scenes of West Lake in Hangzhou, are also imitated in the garden. There is also a group of European-style buildings in the Changchun Garden, commonly known as the Western-style building.
The Yuanmingyuan is also a large royal museum with many treasures, books and artistic masterpieces.
In August of the Xianfeng decade (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. on October 6, they occupied the Yuanmingyuan. From the second day onwards, officers and soldiers were crazy looting and destruction, in order to force the Qing government to accept the conditions of peace as soon as possible, the British Minister Elgin, British commander Grant to the Qing government had the British and French captives imprisoned in the Yuanmingyuan as a pretext, ordered Lieutenant General Miquel on October 18th, leading the invasion army of more than 3,500 people straight to the Yuanmingyuan, arson and burning. The fire, which lasted two days and two nights, burned the Yuanmingyuan into ruins.
During the Tongzhi period (1862-1874), the Tongzhi Emperor prepared to restore the Yuanmingyuan for the Empress Dowager Cixi to live in. In 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing, and the Yuanmingyuan was once again destroyed. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians and bureaucrats, have stolen building materials from the Yuanmingyuan, the Yuanmingyuan ruins were further destroyed.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, great importance was attached to the protection of the Yuanmingyuan ruins, which was listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Beijing in 1979. After that, the Yuanmingyuan ruins of the refurbishment work gradually.
Yuanmingyuan can reach so magnificent, and not overnight success, it is the concentration of a large number of national financial resources, material resources, serves the invalid craftsmen, pouring millions of working people's blood and sweat, lasted more than a hundred years before the successive construction of the business into. Why the Qing emperor to put so much effort, spared no effort to long-term management of the Yuanmingyuan? This has a close relationship with the habits of Manchu life.
China is a multi-ethnic country, hard-working and courageous Manchu people, generations of breeding in the northeast Heilongjiang basin rich and beautiful land. 16th century, the Qing army in the mid-16th century, in its outstanding leader, feudal statesman, militarist Nurhachu's son Huang taiji and regent dorgon under the leadership of the army, a large force of North China, completely overthrew the corruption of the Ming dynasty from the northeast of the capital of Beijing, seize power throughout the country, and establish the Qing dynasty, the Ming dynasty. The Qing Dynasty, the last feudal ruling dynasty in history, was established by seizing power in the country. Since the Qing rulers had lived a nomadic life in the northeast before entering the pass, the area was a forested and snowy plain in winter, and the climate was cooler in summer. After entering the customs, they were very uncomfortable with the dry and hot climate of Beijing in the summer. The Forbidden City is brilliant, magnificent, but the Qing Emperor felt there dull and stifling, especially in the early years of Kangxi, the Forbidden City after a fire, in order to prevent fire, but also in order to prevent riots in the Palace, built a high palace wall. Palace courtyard sets, coupled with the gully water flow is too gentle, almost stagnant, then the Imperial City had "red walls, green tiles, black gutter" said. This makes the emperors somewhat tired of the deep caught high walls of the palace life, so, from the early years of Kangxi, will begin to build gardens, this construction project has continued for more than two hundred years. Beijing's western suburbs, there are rolling western mountain peaks: Yuquan Mountain, Wanshoushan, Wanquanzhuang, North Haidian and other terrain, since the springs are all over the place, in the low-lying areas converge into large and small lakes and ponds. The water of Yuquanshan Mountain is injected into Kunming Lake from west to east along the mountain, becoming the largest water surface in the western suburbs. Ancient working people lived here, worked hard and reclaimed large rice fields, forming a natural scenic spot. As early as the Liao Dynasty, feudal emperors chose this area to build the Yuquanshan Palace. In the Ming Dynasty, the natural scenery attracted more visitors, so some dignitaries occupied the fields to build villas, and large tracts of land were taken up piece by piece. To the Ming Wanli years, the Ming Emperor pro Wuqing Marquis Li Wei here in the construction, the first built a magnificent scale, known as the "Beijing first garden" of the Qinghua Garden (the former site in today's Peking University, outside the west wall). Subsequently, Mi Wanzhong and in the Qinghua Park, outside the east wall of the guide lake, the treatment of the elegant and beautiful "Spoon Garden", take "Haidian a spoon" meaning. Empty countryside, the emergence of pavilions and lakes and mountains reflecting, become a suburb of Beijing's famous gardens gathered place. To the qing dynasty, the emperor also fancy the western suburbs of this piece of perfect gardening. Large-scale construction of gardens began.
Twenty-eight years of Kangxi (1688 AD) Xuan Ye ordered in the Qing Hua Yuan site on the construction of an area of 60 hectares of Changchun Garden, where he spent most of the year to avoid the clamor to listen to the government, the Qing Dynasty emperor living in the garden life has since begun. But the status of Changchunyuan did not last long, and was later replaced by the Yuanmingyuan.
The Changchun Yuan was surrounded by many private gardens left over from the Ming Dynasty, and after it was returned to the Fengchen Yuan of the Ministry of the Interior in the early Qing Dynasty, these former Ming private gardens were given to the Qing royal family members and princes and ministers. Kangxi forty-eight years (1709 AD), Yuanmingyuan is as a clan garden given to the Kangxi Emperor's fourth son Yinzhen an old Ming dynasty garden. And by the Kangxi Emperor's royal pen personally inscribed "Yuanmingyuan" plaque. This world famous garden, from this year began its history from scratch, from prosperity to decline. Yinzhen is the later Yongzheng Emperor, he was given the garden, is very proud of the meaning of the Kangxi title "Yuanming" two words, he did in the "Yuanmingyuan" explanation:
Yuanming will be far-reaching, not easy to peek, I tasted the words of the ancient with the body of the round of virtue. The round face into the God, the gentleman in the time also.
Here, "round" means "complete, complete", and the word "Ming" is interpreted as "bright, wise". " meaning, so, the name "Yuanmingyuan" is nothing more than the ruling class to boast of their own character cultivation and talent wisdom are beyond the normal into it. The Kangxi Emperor's title also expresses his expectation of his son.
The Yuanmingyuan was located north of Hangjatun, about a mile or so from Changchunyuan, north of present-day Peking University and west of Tsinghua University.
The Yuanmingyuan in the Kangxi era had a front lake, a back lake and other water areas, and there were "Peony Terrace", "Natural Pictures" and other garden scenes. When the Yuanmingyuan was still a feudal garden, its regulations could not exceed those of the Emperor's Changchunyuan, so it did not have much scenery, and its reputation was not great, far less than that of Changchunyuan. But later, as the master ascended the throne, the Qing dynasty's peace and prosperity came, in its 60 years of successive expansion, finally built China's most magnificent royal gardens ever.
Historically, the Yuanmingyuan is composed of the Yuanmingyuan, Changchunyuan and Qichunyuan (Wanchunyuan). The three gardens are immediately adjacent to each other and are commonly known as the Yuanmingyuan. *** Covering an area of more than 5,200 mu (about 350 hectares), it is nearly a thousand acres larger than the entire extent of the Summer Palace. It is a large royal palace created and operated by the feudal emperors of the Qing Dynasty over a period of more than 150 years. Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng five emperors, have lived in the Yuanmingyuan long years of pleasure, and this will be held here, outside the political affairs, it and the Forbidden City (Forbidden City) with the national political center at that time, the Qing emperor specially called "Royal Park".
Beijing's northwestern suburbs, with mountains, springs, lakes, swamps of victory, has always been the feudal emperors and relatives of noble and prominent eunuchs to build the Palace Garden. To the qing dynasty kangxi, qianlong period, the social economy has significant development, the treasury is full, the qing emperor in order to pursue the "ning shen be blessed" garden life, thus in this area raised the unprecedented scale of the garden construction situation.
The Yuanmingyuan was originally a garden given by Emperor Kangxi to his fourth son, Yinzhen (later Emperor Yongzheng). In the forty-sixth year of the Kangxi Emperor, in 1707 AD, the garden had begun to take shape. In November of the same year, the Kangxi Emperor visited the Yuanmingyuan in person. After the Yongzheng Emperor assumed the throne in 1723, expanded the original garden, and in the garden south of the additional Hall of Great Light and the Hall of Qinzheng, as well as the Cabinet, the six ministries, the Office of Military Affairs of the value of the room, the Royal "to avoid the clamor of listening to the government". Qianlong emperor reigned for 60 years, the Yuanmingyuan years of construction, day to day repair Hua, dredge water to move stone, cost silver ten million. In addition to partial additions and alterations to the Yuanmingyuan, he also built the Changchunyuan in the immediate east and incorporated the Qichunyuan in the southeast. By 1770, the 35th year of the Qianlong reign, the pattern of Yuanmingyuan was basically formed. Jiaqing Dynasty, mainly on the Qichunyuan repair and expansion of the construction, so that it became one of the main garden residence. Daoguang dynasty, the national affairs of the decline, financial resources, but would rather withdraw Wanshou, Xiangshan, Yuquan "three mountains" furnishings, the strike of the summer heat and Mulan hunting, but still do not give up the Yuanming three gardens of the remodeling and decoration.
Yuanmingyuan: mainly built in the late Kangxi and the Yongzheng dynasty, to the end of the Yongzheng period, the garden landscape group has been all over the park three thousand acres range. In the Qianlong period, in the garden successively there are many additions and remodeling. The garden's main garden landscape group, there are the famous "Yuanmingyuan forty scenes" (i.e., just bright, diligent proximity to the wise, nine continents of tranquility, wisp of the moon to open the clouds, natural pictures, Bitong Academy, Ciyun Pu protect, up and down the sky light, apricot blossom spring pavilion, frank and open, Ru Gu Hanjin, Changchun Xiankan, Wanfang Anhe, Wuling spring color, mountain high and water, the month of the ground cloud residence, Hong Ci Yonghu, Huifang Academy, the day of the Linzi, Tanyan serenity, reflecting the water orchid fragrance, Water and wood, Lianxi music, more crops like clouds, fish leaping kite fly, North Far Mountain Village, West Peak beautiful color, Siyi Study House, Fanghu Shengjing, bath body bathing virtue, Pinghu Lake Autumn Moon, Pengdao Yaotai, Jiexiu Mountain House, other caves, pinch the realm of the sound of the Qin, Hanyu Langjian, Guran Dajiong, sitting on the stone Linlian Liu, the wind Lotus, the depths of the cave sky), as well as the Zibi Mountain House, the Zaoyuan Garden, Ruofan's Pavilion, Wanyuan Pavilion, and other places. At that time hanging plaques of the main garden buildings amounted to about 600, the right now the crown of the Royal Gardens in China and abroad.
Changchunyuan: built in the Qianlong ten years (1745) or so, in 1751 formally set up the management of the garden chief, the garden in the road and west of the main scenic groups have been basically completed, such as Tanyuai Hall, including the Hall of the scriptures, Yu Linglong Hall, Siyong Zhai, Haiyue Kaiyi, get the full Court, Liu Xiangzhu, Fahui Temple, the Baoxiang Temple, love Hill House, turn Xiangfan, Congfang榭 and so on. After that, and successively built Xi garden and small have day garden. And the garden of the eastern scenes (Ying Qingzhai, such as the garden, Jianyuan, Lion Grove), is the thirty-first to thirty-seventh year of Qianlong large-scale additions, including the Xiyanglou scenic spot, Changchunyuan **** covers an acre of dry acres. Hanging plaques in the garden buildings of about 200.
Qi Chun Yuan: Earlier was originally the Prince of Chia Yunxiang's residence, about the end of the Kangxi period, was built, and then was given to the university scholar Fu Heng, to the thirty-fifth year of the Qianlong period (1770) formally returned to the Imperial Garden, named Qichun Yuan. At that time, the area did not yet include its northwestern part. Jiaqing four years and sixteen years, the western part of the garden and has come into the two parks, one is Prince Yongxing's West Shuangcun, one is the Princess Zhuangjing and Shuo's Hanyuaiyuan, after large-scale repairs and remodeling, after the addition of the garden began to have a thousand acres of scale, become one of the main gardens of the Qing Emperor's garden. Up to this point, the Yuanming three gardens in full bloom. Jiaqing first "Cherry Spring Garden 30 scenes" poem, and then successively new into more than 20 scenes, when the more famous garden scene group has Shixi Chun Hall, Qingxia Zhai, Hanqiu Pavilion, Shengdong Room, four Yi House, Chun Ze Zhai, Fenglin Zhou, Wei Zao Hall, in and Hall, Bixian, Bamboo Garden, Xi Yu Mountain House, Yanyulou, HengHui House, Chenxintang, Changhe Hall, ZhanQingXuan, ZhaoliangShe, LingXu Pavilion and so on nearly 30 places. Hanging plaques of the garden buildings are more than a hundred. Qichunyuan Palace Gate, built in the Jiaqing fourteen years (1809), because it is more than half a century later than the Yuanmingyuan Palace Gate and Changchunyuan two Palace Gate, also known as the "new Palace Gate", has been used to date. Since the early years of the Daoguang, the garden east of the Shichun Hall area after remodeling, as a place to feed the Empress Dowager; but the garden west of the scene, has been the Daoguang, Xianfeng Emperor's garden living range. After the garden was destroyed in 1860, in the Tongzhi years when attempting to rebuild, renamed Wanchunyuan.
The Yuanmingyuan is an artificial creation of a grand scale, beautiful scenery of large gardens. Flat land superimposed mountains and water, refined garden architecture, widely planted trees and flowers. Intermittent hills, winding water and pavilions, corridors, islands, bridges, etc., the vast space is divided into a size of more than a hundred places surrounded by water and landscape, the interest of the different landscape groups. The water in the garden accounts for about four-tenths of the total area of the three gardens, artificially excavated on the flat land, large and small water, by the back and forth of the river channel connected to a complete river and lake water system. The garden is decorated with a stack of 250 large and small earth mountain, combined with the water system, the water turns with the mountain, the mountain because of the water live, constituting a mountain and water turn, layers and layers of garden space. Make the whole garden like the Jiangnan water town like smoke and water, it can be said that: although done by people, just like from heaven.
The Yuanmingyuan garden landscaping more than water as the theme, because the water into interest, many of which are directly absorbed by the interest of the famous water features in Jiangnan. Yuanmingyuan Lake scenic area, constructed around the back of the lake nine small islands, is the national territory "Yugong" "nine continents" of the symbol. The small gardens or scenic groups built on each island have their own characteristics, but they also lend themselves to each other to form a landscape. On the north shore, the upper and lower skylights are like the view of Dongting Lake from Yueyang Tower, where "the rainbow is driving the lake, winding for 100 feet, and a wide pavilion is built in the middle of the fence. The reflections of the grain, the lintel between the threshold, overlooking the sky, a blue million hectares". The west bank of the Tan Tan Tan, like Hangzhou Yuquan Guanyu, commonly known as the Golden Fish Pond "chiseled pool for the fish music country, the pool around the house under the, brocade scales thousands of heads." Wanfang Anhe in the west of the Yuanmingyuan, houses built in the lake, shaped as a swastika, warm in winter and cool in summer, looking at the other side of the strange flowers val as beautiful embroidery. Emperor Yongzheng liked to live here. Yuanmingyuan north of the water and wood mingser, with tai xi (xize) water law into the room, turn the fan, "forest se se, water cold cold, stream wind group music moving, mountain birds a song." Emperor Qianlong liked to spend his summer vacation here. Changchunyuan West Lake in the Haiyue Kaifa, in alabaster stone round giant platform built three-story hall, from a distance it looks like a mirage.
Pengdao Yaotai in the middle of the Fuhai Sea is taken from the mythical island of Penglai, formerly known as Penglai Island. According to legend, Emperor Qin Shi Huang once sent a man named Xu Fu, leading dry more than boys and girls, out of the sea to the east, to go for him to find the fairyland, seeking medicine, in order to enterprise longevity. Of course, this can only be "sea guests talk about Yingzhou, the smoke and waves of the letter is difficult to find". And the Yongzheng Emperor let the craftsmen in the Yuanmingyuan East Lake in the phosphorus boulders piled up into the size of three islands, symbolizing the legendary Penglai, Yingzhou, Abbot "three immortal mountains", the island built with the temple and pavilions to enjoy the platform, "look at if the Golden Hall of five. Jade Tower twelve", and according to the "Xu Fu in the sea," the moral, the East Lake named "Fuhai". In the four shores of the Sea of Fortune in addition to more than ten gardens and beautiful scenery. Fuhai, east and west, north and south are five, six hundred meters wide, plus the surrounding small waters, **** about 35 hectares, equivalent to the water surface of Beihai Park. Here the water is open, beautiful scenery, every Dragon Boat Festival, held in this large-scale dragon boat racing activities. On the night of July 15, the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty viewed the river lanterns here. After the winter ice, the emperor took the ice bed in the sea of blessing to enjoy the tour. Fuhai is actually the Yuanmingyuan water recreation center.
The Yuanmingyuan also has a significant feature, is a large number of imitation of the construction of many famous gardens around the country, especially in Jiangnan. The Qianlong emperor Hongli had six southern tour of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, many times the western tour of the Wutai, the eastern tour of Daiyue, tour of Jehol, Shengjing (i.e., Shenyang) and Panshan and other places. Each to a place, where he was interested in the famous mountains and waters, the famous garden scenery, let the accompanying artist copied and drew into the map, returned to the capital in the garden imitation. According to incomplete statistics, the Yuanmingyuan garden landscape, there are no less than forty or fifty direct copies. West Lake in Hangzhou, even the name of the ten scenes, even the word does not change in the garden all imitation. As the saying goes: who said Jiangnan landscape is good, move heaven and earth in Junhuai.
After the Qianlong Emperor's southern tour, in the Yuanmingyuan successively imitated four famous garden in Jiangnan. One of them is the Anlan Garden in the northwest of Fuhai. Qianlong twenty-seventh year of the southern tour, had Chen's Corner Garden in Haining as a pavilion, and gave the name "Anlan Park". Hongli liked the structure of the garden is very good, after returning to the capital in the Yuanmingyuan Siyi study around, imitating its location for remodeling and additions. After the completion of the garden, also titled "Anlan Garden", then modeled on three other famous garden, all in the Changchun Garden. One is the twenty-third year of the Qianlong period, in the Siyongzhai east yard, modeled on the West Lake in Hangzhou, Wang's garden and built a small garden; one is the thirty-second year of the Qianlong period, modeled on the Jiangning (i.e., Nanjing) Zhan Yuan and built as the garden; one is the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong period, modeled on the famous gardens of Suzhou and built a lion's grove. Ruyuan and the Lion Grove, respectively, have more than 16 scenic spots. Yuanmingyuan west peak color, is the Yongzheng, Qianlong two emperors every the seventh day of July, set the Tanabata feast place. Here can borrow from the west mountain scenery, the west bank of the river has a set of stacked mountains, pine mountains steeply confronted, mountain streams in the waterfall down. In this close-up look up as Mount Lu's towering momentum, named "small Kuanglu". Sitting on the stone stream, imitated from the Shaoxing Huiji mountain shade of the lanting. Built in the Yongzheng dynasty, commonly known as the cup pavilion. Wang Xizhi and other literati in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was in the Yonghe nine years in March 3 (i.e., on the day), will be in Huiji Pavilion, Qu Shuiqiu goblet, Poetry repair wedge (sacrificial activities), was rumored to be a good story. Yuanmingyuan of this Pavilion, in the narrow stream, stone crags, wave injection, built three open heavy eaves open pavilion. Qianlong forty-four years, the collection of calligraphy masters "lanting order" post 6, plus the university scholar Yu Minzhong and Hongli's own handwriting, together as "lanting eight columns book". Emperor Qianlong let the pavilion was converted into eight square, and replaced with stone pillars, each pillar engraved a post, which is the famous Yuanmingyuan Lanting eight pillars. Guran Dagong, later also known as the general name of the double Crane Zhai, modeled after the Wuxi Huishan send Changyuan and built. The northern half of this scene, is the middle of qianlong, modeled after panshan JingZhiShanZhuang YunLin stone room of the stone, stacked stone and become. Jiaqing poem praised "double crane": the structure of the year deep imitation of Huishan, the famous garden to send smooth environment leisure. The curved grove craggy pine especially lush, small hole rugged stone is not stubborn. People know that the Summer Palace Harmony Garden, is imitation Huishan send smooth garden built, in fact, at that time in the Yuanmingyuan also imitation built send smooth garden. Just two imitation of the mood of the building have a thousand and one. Wuling spring color, copy of Tao Yuanming "peach blossom garden" artistic mood. Built from the end of the Kangxi, Yongzheng Dynasty called Peach Blossom Dock, was the place where Hongli read, the study room called "Le Shan Tang". This scene, said to have peach ten thousand plants. Suzhou gate of heaven in the old peach blossom dock, rumored to be the former residence of Tang Pak Fu. Yuanmingyuan Peach Blossom Dock, although the name is inherited, but the peach blossom is far from being compared to Wu Xia.
The Yuanmingyuan*** has more than one hundred gardens and scenic architectural complexes, which is usually referred to as a hundred scenes. Set halls, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, halls and other garden buildings, *** about 160,000 square meters. Than the entire floor area of the Forbidden City is more than 10,000 square meters. Buildings in the garden, both absorbing the advantages of the successive generations of palace-style architecture, and in the plane configuration, appearance and shape, group combination of many aspects of the breakthrough of the official norms of the constraints of a wide range, a variety of forms. Created many in the south and north of China are extremely rare architectural forms, such as the word Xuan, Mei Yue Xuan, Tianzidian, and fan-shaped, bow-shaped, round mirror-shaped, Gongzi-shaped, mountain-shaped, cross-shaped, Fangsheng-shaped, scroll-shaped and so on. In addition, the layout of the garden, due to the landscape with the situation, a thousand different styles; the garden of each scene and ring and set, layer by layer, forming a rich and colorful, natural and harmonious overall beauty. French missionary Wang Zhicheng, there was a graphic description, he said: Yuanmingyuan architecture, the form of more changes, and uneven, not the norm. Each of its small palaces seems to be made according to a peculiar model, as if arranged at random, and none of them is similar to the other. Everything was of such interest that one could not take in the view at a glance, but had to study it carefully, bit by bit.
The Yuanmingyuan temple garden, is also a reflection of China's ancient culture. Anyou Palace (Hongci Yonghu), was built according to the old Jingshan Shouhuang Temple. Used to worship Kangxi, Yongzheng Emperor "God Royal", is the garden of the Royal Ancestral Shrine. Palace for nine, the ridge of heavy eaves hiatus, yellow glazed tile roof, is the largest volume of a building in the park. Surrounded by Qiaosong supine cover, the southern end of the central axis has two pairs of Huabiao, giving people a sense of solemnity, square pot victory, is located in the northeast of the Fuhai bay shore, is in accordance with the fantasies of the immortal mountain Qiongge built, according to historical records, here are enshrined more than 2,200 statues of the Buddha, there are more than 30 pagodas. The front base of this building is made of alabaster in the shape of "mountain", which extends into the water. The whole building is huge and splendid. When the mist rises early in the morning, the building appears in the smoke, just like a pagoda. The style and momentum of this building is rare in China's existing garden architecture. Shewei City, a typical Buddhist building. It is said to be modeled on the layout of the ancient Indian capital city of Qiaosara, the city *** there are temples, premises 326. Since the Kangxi, whenever the emperor, the dowager empress birthday, princes and ministers into the Buddha statue are stored here. Among them are pure gold, silver-plated, carved jade, copper molding, year after year, up to hundreds of thousands of honors. Yuanmingyuan was looted and burned, only one of the losses caused by the economic value or cultural and artistic value, are difficult to use figures to estimate.
The Qing Emperor in order to pursue a variety of fun, in the northern boundary of the Changchunyuan also introduced a district of European-style garden buildings, commonly known as the "Western House", by the Harmonious Curiosity, the line of the bridge, ten thousand flowers array, raise the bird cage, the square appearance, the Hall of Haiyantang, the far Ying Guan, the water law, the view of the water law, the line of the mountain and the line of the law of the wall of the more than ten buildings and gardens. Planning began in the 12th year of the Qianlong reign (1747), and in the 24th year (1759), it was basically completed. It was designed and guided by western missionaries such as Lang Shining, Jiang Youren and Wang Zhicheng, and built by Chinese craftsmen. The architectural form is the "Baroque" style of the late Renaissance in Europe, and the gardening form is the "Le N?tre" style. But in the garden and architectural decoration also absorbed a lot of China's traditional methods.