Medical testing expertise 100 basic concepts
Medical testing is the use of modern physical and chemical methods, means of medical diagnosis of a discipline, the main study of how to provide the basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment through laboratory technology, medical instruments and equipment. The following is my professional knowledge of medical testing for you to bring 100 basic concepts, welcome to read.
1. Poisoning particles
In severe infections, neutrophils appear in the neutrophil stained purple-black coarse particles.
2. Ferrous hemoglobin
The pigmented portion of hemoglobin, consisting of iron atoms and the protoporphyrin region.
3. Dot-colored red blood cells
Basophilic material remaining in red blood cells as a result of RNA denaturation and precipitation.
4. Leftward shift of the neutrophil nucleus
Increased number of neutrophil rod-shaped nuclei in the peripheral blood (appearing as late, intermediate, and early juvenile granulocytes to progranulocytes).
5. Blood group
is an inherited trait of human blood and refers to differences in red blood cell antigens.
6. ABO blood group antibodies
Generally divided into two categories; ? natural? antibodies and immune antibodies, both produced by immunization.
7. Pathologic proteinuria
Proteinuria persisting above 0.15g/d is often pathologic and is a reliable indicator of renal disease.
8. Tubular proteinuria
It is caused by the normal glomerular filtration membrane, but the normal filtration of protein in the original urine can not be fully reabsorbed by the tubules.
9. Benzoglobulin
It is the light chain monomer or dimer of immunoglobulin, which belongs to incomplete antibody globulin. It is often found in the urine of patients with dry myeloma and has diagnostic significance.
10. Reticulocytes
Are red blood cells that are intermediate between late-stage and mature red blood cells and are not yet fully mature.
11. Ricci's stain
It is a composite dye consisting of an acidic dye, eosin, and a basic dye, merocyanine, which dissolves in methanol and dissociates into positively charged merocyanine ions and negatively charged erythrocyanine ions.
12. Heterogeneous lymphocytes
In some viral infections or allergens stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, and a certain morphological changes called heterogeneous lymphocytes.
13. Degenerative changes in leukocytes
Leukocytes show changes such as enlarged cytosol, fuzzy structure, blurred edges, nuclear consolidation, swelling, or lysis.
14. nuclear right shift
More than 3% of peripheral blood neutrophils with more than five lobed nuclei are called nuclear right shift.
15.Lupus erythematosus cells
The presence of LE factor in the blood (body fluids) of patients with SLE, in vitro, can lead to depolymerization of the nuclear DNA of the affected leukocytes to form free homogeneous bodies, which are phagocytosed by leukocytes with phagocytosis and formed.
16. endogenous coagulation system
Refers to the activation of coagulation initiating response factor E. The formation of the IXa-PF3-VIII-Ca complex as well as the activation of factor X. The activation of factor X is a key component of the coagulation initiating response factor E. The activation of factor X is a key component of the coagulation initiating response factor.
17. Exogenous coagulation system
Refers to the activation of factor VII and the exogenous coagulation pathway characterized by the release of tissue thromboplastin after tissue injury.
18. Solid-phase activation of hemocoagulation
Refers to the process by which factor D is activated to D.E.a when it comes into contact with a charged surface (short form: D.E.a activation).
19. Liquid-phase activation of hemagglutination
Refers to the rapid activation of D.E.D. after conversion of kininogen to kinin-releasing enzyme, a feedback effect also known as enzyme activation.
20. Rh blood group
Red blood cells contain the same antigens as rhesus monkey erythrocytes for the Rh blood group.
21.Osmotic pressure difference
is the driving force for water reabsorption in the body, and concentration difference and potential difference are the driving force for some solute reabsorption.
22. True diabetes
Caused by a relative or absolute deficiency in insulin secretion that reduces the utilization of glucose by the tissues of the body.
23. Nephrogenic glycosuria
Refers to the normal level of blood glucose, due to the reduced ability of the renal tubules to reabsorb sugar.
24. Hemoglobinuria
Refers to the phenomenon that occurs when intravascular hemolysis occurs and the hemoglobin produced exceeds the binding capacity of the bound beads of protein and appears in the urine.
25. Celiac disease
This is a condition in which the urine contains lymphatic fluid and has a milky appearance called celiac disease.
26.Tubular
It is a tubular cast formed by protein aggregates in the renal tubules Med`Ed forum users.
27.Lysosomal intraorganic amoebas
are recognized pathogenic amoebas, which are divided into trophozoite and encapsulated phases according to their life history phases, and can cause intestinal amoebic dysentery or other amoebiasis.
28. exudate
Inflammatory effusion caused by localized tissue inflammation, exudate is the process by which fluid components and cellular components of blood vessels within the inflammatory lesion pass through the vessel wall into the tissue or body cavity.
29. filtrate
Intravascular . Water accompanied by nutrients filtered out through the capillaries, this accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues or body cavities is called filtrate.
30. Hemorheology
is an emerging branch of biomechanics, a science that studies the macroscopic flow properties of blood, the flow properties of blood cells, and their biochemical composition.
31.PH
The negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions, which is used to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
32. dilution
The quotient of the concentration of the solution before dilution divided by the concentration of the solution after dilution.
33.Bis(carbamide) reaction
The reaction in which a compound containing two carbamoyl groups (CONH2) in the molecule interacts with an alkaline copper solution to form a purple complex.
34. median
A group of observations of a measure arranged in order of magnitude, with the number in the middle being the median.
35. coefficient of variation
The percentage of the standard deviation divided by the mean indicates the relative precision of the method.
36.Enzymes
Enzymes are a class of proteins produced by living organisms that have specific and catalytic abilities, also known as biocatalysts.
37. normal value
The normal range of fluctuation of a physiological indicator determined by statistical methods.
38. Glycogen isomerization
The process by which non-sugar substances (such as certain amino acids and lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and glycerol) are converted to glycogen or glucose under the catalytic action of certain enzymes specific to the liver and kidneys and other organs.
39. Molar concentration
It is the concentration expressed in terms of the number of moles of solute contained in 1 liter of solution.
40. Protein error
The presence of proteins or peptides in the sample solution often makes the colorimetric determination of pH seriously inaccurate.
41. Enzyme activity unit
Refers to the enzyme reaction under certain conditions, the amount of consumption of the effector per unit of time or the amount of product production.
42. precision
The same sample measured several times, each measurement and the average of the degree of proximity.
43. medical decision level
The concentration of a measured component that plays a key role in the diagnosis or treatment of a disease during diagnostic and therapeutic work.
44.Electrophoresis
The phenomenon of the movement of charged particles in an electric fieldmedical`education.com forum users.
45.Accuracy
is the degree of closeness between the measurement and the true value.
46.Electroosmosis
The phenomenon of relative movement for a solid support under the action of an electric field.
47. hemolysis
When red blood cells in hypotonic solution, due to extracellular fluid into the cell, so that the red blood cells over-expansion and rupture, this phenomenon is called hemolysis.
48. molar absorbance
At the specified wavelength, 1 molar concentration of the solution through the optical diameter of 1 cm colorimetry when the absorbance.
49. colorimetric method
Visible light as a light source, compare the color shades of the solution to determine the concentration of the colored substance contained in the method.
50. body fluids
refers to the aqueous solution in the body, including water and substances dissolved in it? electrolytes, small organic molecules, and proteins.
51.True Lipids
Neutral fats or triglycerides medical `education` forum users.
52.Enzyme activator
A substance that turns inactive zymogens into active ones.
53. hydrolase
Any enzyme that promotes the hydrolytic decomposition of an effector.
54. fluorescence analysis
The use of certain substances by ultraviolet light irradiation that can reflect the characteristics of the substance fluorescence, can be qualitative or quantitative analysis of the method.
55. Standard solution
Also known as reference solution, is a solution whose concentration has been accurately measured.
56.Mie constant
Simply refers to the concentration of substrate required when the reaction velocity v is half the maximum velocity V.
57. isoenzyme
An enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction in the same genus with different physicochemical and biological properties.
58. salting out
The addition of neutral salts to a protein solution to destroy the colloidal nature of the protein and precipitate the protein out of the aqueous solution.
59. Heat stabilization of enzymes
The use of different sources of enzymes with different stability to heat, comparing the changes in enzyme activity before and after the heating of serum to distinguish between the organ source of the enzyme.
60. Isoelectric point
Proteins are amphoteric electrolytes that have a positive charge exactly equal to the negative charge in a given pH solution. At this point, the protein no longer moves in the electric field, and the pH of this solution is called the isoelectric point of the protein.
61.Flagellum
The long, thin, wavy, curved filament attached to the bacterial body is the organ of locomotion.
62. Pods
The sticky, peptone-like material surrounding the outside of the bacterial cell wall, with a thickness of 0.2?m, is known as the pod.
63. bud cell
Some bacteria under certain conditions, in the body of the bacterium to form a refractory strong small body, have a strong resistance.
64.L-type bacteria
Bacteria without a cell wall or with a defective cell wall medical `education' forum users.
65.Phage
A virus that attacks a bacterium, fungus, or spirochete, proliferates in a susceptible host cell and lyses it.
66. plasmid
A circular DNA stored outside the bacterial chromosome.
67. conditionally pathogenic bacteria
Bacteria that reside in certain parts of the body and do not cause disease under normal conditions, but can cause disease when the body's homeostasis is disrupted.
68. exotoxin
Bacteria in the process of growth and reproduction secreted outside the body of toxic substances.
69. endocannabinoids
Toxic substances released from the outer structure of the cell wall of a gram-negative bacterium when the organism dies or lyses.
70.A-hemolysis
Refers to the grass-green hemolytic ring around a bacterial colony on a blood agar plate.
71.Type B hemolysis
Refers to the colorless, transparent hemolytic ring around a bacterial colony on a blood agar plate.
72.Heterostained particles
Refers to the darker staining particles that appear as a result of uneven staining of Corynebacterium diphtheriae organisms.
73.Bacterial antigen
It is a component of the cell wall of the bacterium, which is antigenic, heat-resistant and granularly agglutinated with the corresponding antibody.
74.Flagellar antigen
Flagellar proteins of bacteria, antigenic, heat-resistant, flocculent agglutination with the corresponding antibody.
75.Surface antigen
A polysaccharide component surrounding the bacterial body, which is not heat-resistant and blocks the reaction between the 0 antigen and the corresponding antibody.
76.ETEC
Enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.
77.EPEC
Pathogenic Escherichia coli.
78.EIEC
Invasive Escherichia coli.
79. Non-fermenting bacteria
Refers to a large group of gram-negative bacilli that do not ferment sugars, are exclusively aerobic, and have no budding cells.
80. satellite phenomenon
Refers to the phenomenon of enlarged colonies of Haemophilus influenzae growing around golden grapes.
81. antigen
Refers to substances that stimulate the body's immune system to generate an immune response and produce immune response products, such as antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes, with which specific binding occurs.
82. Complement binding test
Complement can be activated when an antigen binds to an antibody, and this is a test in which two groups of antibodies and antigens compete for complement.
83. Inhomogeneous immunoassay
A technique in which bound and free markers must be separated in an immunologic reaction.
84. Antigen specificity
Refers to the ability of an antigen to bind specifically to a corresponding antibody or sensitized lymphocyte.
85. Complement
Is a group of enzymatically active, heat-resistant globulins found in normal fresh serum of humans and animals.
86.Immunoreactive cells
Cells that can be stimulated by antigens, differentiate, proliferate to form immune effectors, and mount a characteristic immune response.
87. humoral immunity
An immune response involving B cells.
88. cellular immunity
The immune response in which T cells are involved.
89.Allergic reaction
It is a specific response to tissue damage or physiological dysfunction that occurs when the body is restimulated by the same antigen.
90. Antigen-antibody reaction
refers to the specific binding reaction between the antigen and the corresponding body.
91.Immune Adjuvant
An antigenic adjuvant that promotes the production of antibodies medical `education' forum users provide.
92. monoclonal antibody
A specific pure antibody produced by hybridoma cells.
93. precipitation reaction
A reaction in which a soluble antigen and antibody specifically combine in the liquid phase to produce a precipitate.
94.Bidirectional diffusion test
A test in which the antigen and antibody each diffuse toward the other within the agar, forming a line of precipitation at the appropriate ratio.
95. Agglutination reaction
Refers to the binding of particulate antigen to the corresponding antibody and the phenomenon of agglutination visible to the naked eye.
96. Homogeneous immunoassay
Refers to a technique that does not require the separation of bound and free markers in an immunization reaction.
97. fluorescent antibody technique
A technique in which antibodies are labeled with a fluorescent substance for antigen localization.
98. autoimmune disease
A disease in which the body produces antibodies or immune cells against antigenic components of its own tissues, resulting in cellular damage.
99. Immunodeficiency disease
A disease in which the immune system is na?vely developed or the immune response is impaired or incomplete for genetic or other reasons.
100.Unique phenotype
Refers to differences in the antigenicity of immunoglobulins produced by different B-cell lines in the same individual, i.e., the antigenic determinant clusters of the high-variable regions in the variable regions are different.
;