I, the cost of goods
The cost of export commodities can include production costs, processing costs and procurement costs of three. For trade-oriented export enterprises (foreign trade enterprises), the cost of goods in general, that is, procurement costs, refers to the foreign trade enterprises to suppliers of goods purchased price (VAT invoice on the taxable amount). In the export price, the normal cost of procurement accounts for the largest proportion, and therefore become an important part of the price. Generally speaking, the price quoted by the supplier is the procurement cost of foreign trade enterprises, but because the value-added tax is a pass-through tax, the need for the buyer to bear the tax, so the price quoted by the supplier contains value-added tax, as the export of goods to implement the policy of tax rebate, the foreign trade enterprises due to the purchase of goods borne by the state tax in full or by a certain percentage (with a difference in the rate of the refund of the commodities) to refund. If the full refund of goods, such as: the levy rate of 17%, the tax rebate rate of 17% of the goods, the cost of goods that is the cost of purchases without tax. Because the tax borne by the purchaser, the state full refund to the enterprise, do not need to be borne by the enterprise. Another point to emphasize here is that if the goods for domestic sales, the cost of goods is also the cost of purchases excluding tax, because the tax borne by the purchaser, that is, the export enterprise domestic sales tax, passed on to the next purchasing enterprise or consumer to bear. If a certain percentage (with the tax rate difference of goods) tax rebate of export commodities, such as: the tax rate of 17%, the tax rate of 13% of the goods, the cost of goods should be the cost of procurement and the tax rate difference part, because the tax rate difference part of the burden of the enterprise to increase the cost. In other words: the actual procurement cost of the foreign trade export enterprises to purchase export tax rebate commodities should be the export tax rebate part of the tax from the procurement cost to be deducted, so as to arrive at the actual procurement cost.
The actual procurement cost is calculated as follows:
Tax-inclusive procurement cost=purchase cost=purchase cost=price of goods+VAT (VAT=price of goods×VAT rate)
=price of goods+price of goods×VAT rate
=price of goods×(1+VAT rate)
price of goods=tax-inclusive procurement cost / (1+VAT rate)
Export Refund = Goods Price x Export Refund Rate
Actual Purchase Cost = Taxed Purchase Cost - Export Refund
=Goods Price x (1+VAT Rate)-Goods Price x Export Refund Rate
=Goods Price x (1+VAT Rate-Export Refund Rate)
=Taxed Purchase Cost/(1+VAT Rate)x (1+VAT Rate-Export Refund Rate)
This results in the following formula:
Tax-inclusive purchase cost = actual purchase cost / (1 + VAT rate - export rebate rate) × (1 + VAT rate)
Actual purchase cost = tax-inclusive purchase cost / (1 + VAT rate) × (1 + VAT rate - export rebate rate)
Tax rebate = tax-inclusive purchase cost / (1 + VAT rate ) × export tax rebate rate
Financial accounting is a correct reflection of the business process, combined with the financial accounting of the above example.
Example: the tax-inclusive purchase cost of a product (total price and tax) is 117 yuan, including 17% VAT, if the product's tax rebate rate of 13%, then the actual purchase cost of the product is:
Actual Purchase Cost = 117/(1+17%)(1+17%-13%) = 104 yuan
Financial Accounting: Purchase of this product should be recorded as a debit increase of $100 for inventory goods and a debit increase of $17 for input VAT payable. According to this example, the following situations may arise:
1, if the product for domestic sales, domestic sales at the same time as the carry-over cost, in short, 100 yuan from the inventory credit carried over to the cost of main business, then the actual purchase cost of the product is 100 yuan, input tax 17 yuan for offsetting sales tax on domestic sales, the next buyer or consumer to bear the tax.
2, if the product is used for export sales, the tax rebate rate of 17%, in short, 100 yuan from the inventory credit carried over to the main cost of business, then the actual purchase cost of the product is also 100 yuan, input tax of 17 yuan through the tax payable credit carried over to the account receivable for export tax refunds, the tax is refunded by the state to pay the export enterprise.
3, if the product is purchased with a VAT invoice, exports are exempt from tax (eg: exports of gold-containing products), input tax of $ 17 is carried forward to the cost of goods sold through the credit of tax payable, and the tax is borne by the enterprise, the actual cost of purchase of the product is $ 117.
4, if the product is used for export sales, the tax rate of 17%, the tax rebate rate of 13%, in short, 100 yuan from the inventory credit carried over to the main cost of business, input tax 17 yuan through the tax credit carried over to the export tax receivable 13 yuan, 4 yuan carried over to the cost of goods sold by the enterprise, then the actual cost of purchasing the product is 104 yuan.
The introduction of the above content, although a very simple question, here is not simply to illustrate what is the cost of goods and financial accounting how to account for the problem, but according to the principle of VAT price-tax diversion to illustrate that due to export tax refunds on the composition of the cost of goods to do some basic analysis, so that foreign trade enterprises export tax refunds for the exchange of foreign exchange costs, the cost of foreign trade enterprises for the exchange of exports Have a correct understanding.
Two, foreign trade enterprises export tax rebate exchange cost
Export tax rebate exchange cost is the cost of commodities exported after the free on board (FOB) per 1 U.S. dollar spent on the actual purchase cost in RMB. The formula is:
Export tax rebate exchange cost = actual procurement cost (RMB) / FOB export net foreign exchange income (USD)
The export tax rebate auditing system sets the exchange cost higher than the reasonable upper limit or lower than the reasonable lower limit, the purpose is to play a supervisory role in the reasonableness of the export tax rebate because it is the only one that can be in the export tax rebate auditing system for the import and export to play the role of The purpose is to monitor and check the reasonableness of export tax rebate because it is the only indicator that can correlate import and export in the export tax rebate audit system. Although this indicator has certain limitations in the audit of export tax rebates, it still plays a very important role in the supervision and checking of export tax rebates.
The reasonable upper and lower limits of exchange costs are set according to whether they are higher or lower than the exchange rate. Generally speaking, the reasonable upper limit of the exchange cost set the highest can not be higher than the exchange rate, if higher, the enterprise export loss. In fact, the maximum upper limit and the exchange rate should maintain a certain distance, so that enterprises have a certain profit, the enterprise can continue to operate. The reasonable lower limit of the exchange cost is to consider the reasonableness of the export business indicators, in addition to high-tech, high value-added and monopoly products, enterprises export ordinary commodities have a certain space of profitability, it is not possible to be profiteering, if it is too low, it may be in the purchase of the tax, or export link of the settlement of certain problems. However, the reasonable upper and lower limits of the proposed just for the general situation, there are certain limitations, there are many times, the exchange cost of doubt is normal, not specifically listed here, the specific issues need to be implemented by the tax authorities. If you want to implement the accurate must really grasp the cost of goods, exchange costs and other basic concepts and the principle of value-added tax and export tax rebates combined with analysis.
Third, the cost
From the business point of view to analyze, import and export transactions across borders, the expenses incurred during the period of a wide range of different methods of calculation, becoming a complex side of price accounting, these costs include: domestic manufacturers of goods to foreign trade companies before the domestic section of freight, insurance, storage and operating costs; foreign trade companies before the official shipment of goods and commodities Related transportation and miscellaneous charges, packaging costs, commodity losses, storage and management fees, etc.; out of the shipment during the quality of the goods certification fees, commodity inspection and customs clearance fees, port port fees, taxes and bank charges, but also includes once the delivery of the export insurance premiums that began to calculate. If the buyer is a middleman, a commission must also be paid.
These costs, in addition to export freight, export insurance premiums and commissions are slightly more complicated to calculate, the other items can be added up, from the business point of view, these costs look more intuitive, but from a financial point of view to analyze the collection of operating expenses, management costs, finance costs (period costs). Because of the costs incurred before the need to calculate the cost of exchange of enterprises to determine the profit and loss of the business, it is necessary to estimate the cost of the business. General business in the procurement cost of the basis to determine an expense ratio, and then according to the actual situation to add or subtract, the expense ratio is generally calculated by (5% -10%), but also some companies to strengthen the management to reduce the cost of the expense ratio is slightly lower.
Four, the cost of foreign exchange of export enterprises
Based on the above cost of export commodities (actual purchase costs) and fees, we can calculate the total cost of export commodities for export tax rebates and according to the agreed foreign currency quotes (usually use the FOB price) we can be calculated in accordance with the bank's purchase price of the total revenue from export sales and the total cost of export commodities according to the comparison of the different indicators can be derived from the transaction of exchange costs and profits and losses. The exchange cost and profit/loss of the transaction can be compared with different indicators.
Export exchange cost, also known as the exchange rate, refers to the cost of RMB per dollar of net income after exporting goods. Usually the cost of foreign exchange and the prevailing foreign exchange rate for comparison, the cost of foreign exchange is lower than the price of the license can be capital preservation or profit, higher than the price of the license means a loss. The formula is:
Export exchange cost = total cost of export goods (yuan) / FOB export net foreign exchange income (U.S. dollars)
For example, the day of the yuan against the dollar to buy the license plate price of USD100 = RMB811, if the cost of foreign exchange is calculated to be 8.05 yuan, you can make a profit, while the other goods export exchange cost of 8.15 yuan, you will be a loss.
The above example only reflects the cost of foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate comparison to calculate the profit and loss of a method, in fact, the enterprise in accordance with the provisions of the export contract or letter of credit to the external delivery and delivery to the bank that embodies the transfer of ownership of the goods, the establishment of the export contract or letter of credit to collect the payment of the right to establish the financial sector should be to the bank to hand over the single date as the establishment of the export sales of the basis, that is, according to the export invoice and the contract and the contract of export sales. Basis, that is, according to the export invoice and other content of the contract, "export sales" and foreign exchange accounts receivable (payable) accounting. This means that the enterprise sales account is not the time of the actual settlement of the time, but according to the median price or the prescribed price to the sales account, so that the actual amount of foreign exchange settlement is not fully consistent, if and then add or subtract the gain or loss on exchange, then the amount of profit and loss and the above example of the calculation of the amount of the exact same. Through this issue can illustrate a problem, master these basics can be touched to analyze the reasons why each indicator is not the same.
Fifth, the cost of export tax refunds and the difference between the enterprise's exchange costs
Through the above content can be seen that the cost of export tax refunds and the enterprise's exchange costs have certain differences, that is, the cost of export tax refunds exchange costs are not provided to the tax rebate management system, because of export tax rebate auditing system is oriented to all foreign trade enterprises, the cost level of each foreign trade enterprise is not consistent, it is impossible to calculate each enterprise's cost level. Because the export tax rebate audit system is for all foreign trade enterprises, the cost level of each foreign trade enterprise is inconsistent, and it is impossible to calculate the cost rate of each enterprise, which cannot comprehensively consider the actual situation of export enterprises. In addition, it is also considered that the purpose of setting the exchange cost for export tax rebate and the purpose of calculating the exchange cost for export enterprises are not exactly the same, and the purpose of setting the exchange cost for export tax rebate is to find out the problems existing in export tax rebate, such as the problem of high quotation, tax fraud, and so on. Export enterprises to calculate the exchange cost, can be said to be the basis of the entire trade, it determines whether a transaction is feasible, the degree of profitability of the transaction and the level of the offer, to make an accurate and reasonable costing, first of all, must be a clear understanding of the export process of a variety of domestic and foreign costs and expenses, and then based on the expected profit to make the correct offer, and finally based on the offer calculated by the income and total cost of the comparative indicators accounting for the The profitability of the transaction.
Normally the exchange cost of the tax rebate is lower than the enterprise's exchange cost, lower in terms of expenses. If the tax rebate exchange cost is equal to the foreign exchange rate is bound to lose money, because there is no consideration of the cost part, then the cost is how much of a loss, so the need to set the upper and lower limits on the cost of export tax rebate exchange.
The content of the above introduction is common sense should be mastered, in order to more clearly understand its meaning, did not take into account the export tax rebate of excise goods, if the excise tax rebate of goods, according to the principle of the above introduction can be clearly analyzed should be returned to the excise tax deducted from the cost of goods.