Work:
(1) engineering design stage
According to relevant international and domestic data, although the engineering design cost accounts for 1% of the total investment, it actually affects the engineering cost by more than 80%, which shows that the design stage is the key to control the engineering cost. In reality, there are some problems in the design process, which affect the cost control of investment projects:
First of all, neither the owner nor the design unit really embodies the concept of design control, and the quota design has not been widely used.
Secondly, the construction drawing design lacks competition and comparison. Owners often attach importance to the preliminary design scheme, many units participate in the design, and there are many preliminary design schemes for comparison and selection. Although bidding has been carried out for construction drawing design, there are few agreements on cost control in the setting of bidding conditions. Even if there is, there are only a few economic indicators such as steel consumption, and there is often only one set of design and construction drawings, which lacks comparison.
Third, design units and designers are mixed. Designers generally seek insurance in construction drawing design, covet convenience and pay too much attention to safety factor, which leads to too conservative design and high cost; Some designers lack design experience, are brainless and irresponsible, and mechanically apply standard atlas; The design is rough, not deep enough, and even there are mistakes and omissions, resulting in more designs during implementation; For personal gain, individual designers collude with some equipment and material suppliers to induce owners to improve their design level and use a large number of high-grade new materials and equipment without principle.
Finally, the drawing review goes through the motions. Due to the limited technical strength of the owner, the owner often does not organize the drawing review by himself. The compulsory drawing review procedure mainly focuses on the safety factor and pays little attention to the cost. Even some drawing review companies are recommended by design units, and they are consortia, which engage in one-stop service and go through the motions, thus losing their significance.
In order to control the project cost from the source, the specific measures are as follows:
First of all, establish the concept of design control and implement standard design and quota design. Popularizing standard design is conducive to greatly reducing project cost, saving design cost and speeding up design progress. Quota design is the main means to control the project cost. According to the owner's capital situation and the functional requirements of the project, the quota design is truly realized by optimizing the design scheme, equipment selection, parameter matching and benefit analysis.
Secondly, pay attention to design scheme optimization, design bidding and design scheme election. By comparing the design schemes provided by more than two design companies, using the value engineering optimization design scheme and the technical and economic evaluation analysis of the design scheme, the design scheme with advanced technology, economy and rationality is selected, which can not only meet the functional and technological requirements, but also reduce the project cost.
Third, the three-level audit strictly controls the review of drawings, promotes design optimization and controls design changes. First of all, the design unit should do a good job of reviewing the drawings before, which can reduce the mistakes and omissions in the drawings and make the construction drawing budget more accurate in the design stage. Secondly, the owner should review the design drawings according to the concept of quota design control, and use new materials (new technology) and high-grade decorative materials with caution; Finally, select a responsible company to strictly audit the construction drawings, not only to audit whether it meets the specifications and safety, but also to pay attention to its economy, so as to optimize the design and control the cost.
Finally, establish an incentive mechanism and clarify the design responsibility. If the investment is out of control or lost or wasted due to the reasons of the design unit, the economic responsibility it should bear should be clearly defined in the contract; On the other hand, if the project investment is saved due to reasonable design, it should be given certain rewards and high quality and good price should be implemented. This will help to strengthen the economic awareness of designers, establish a high sense of responsibility of designers, and also help to control the project cost.
(2) Project contracting stage
Project contracting is the premise of project implementation. Generally, be familiar with the drawings first, and do a good job in compiling the bill of quantities and the tender control price. By compiling the bill of quantities, we can better understand the drawings, find some problems that can't be found when examining the drawings, and solve them in advance, so as to more accurately grasp the investment amount, achieve early detection and early improvement, and try to avoid design changes and claims caused by changes in the construction implementation stage. Make the construction drawing budget true and accurate.
(III) Project implementation stage
Usually, the investment of a project is mainly determined by the decision-making stage and the design stage of the project, and the construction stage has relatively little influence on the investment of the project. However, the construction stage is the stage of the formation of building products, the stage of the most investment and expenditure, and the stage of frequent contradictions and problems. Main practices:
1. Reasonably arrange the commencement and completion time of the project. According to the data at home and abroad, if a project is constructed in winter and rainy season, the project cost will increase by about 10%. In order to effectively control the project cost, it is necessary to choose the best season for construction. Engineering construction can avoid winter rainy season as much as possible, which can save a lot of costs
4. Strictly control engineering changes. Due to the long construction period of the project, which is greatly influenced by objective natural conditions and involves complex economic and legal relations, the actual situation of some projects is often inconsistent with the bidding situation, resulting in engineering changes. Changes mainly include changes in quantities, projects, construction conditions and progress. If the project changes, it will definitely involve the project cost. In order to control the project cost and strictly change the project, efforts should be made in the following aspects:
(1) Make technical disclosure of drawings. Before the project starts, the construction unit should carefully check the construction drawings and put forward the problems found in the construction drawings at the meeting to avoid rework and save investment.
(2) Implement the change procedure. For the necessary engineering changes, it is necessary to perform the change procedures and check at all levels to ensure the necessity, authenticity and legitimacy of the engineering changes.
3. Strictly control materials. Material is the most important part of the project, which can generally account for 65% ~ 75% of the whole construction and installation project cost. It can be said that the most effective way to control the cost is to turn off the priceless materials (equipment). For priceless materials (equipment), especially new materials and new processes, the price is difficult to determine. The main reasons are as follows:
(1) Objectively, new materials (new processes) need to be shared in the cost because of their large investment in the research and development stage. We can't simply check or compare the reference price with the manufacturing cost, nor can we substitute the raw material (process) price; At the same time, producers often adopt high-priced commercial marketing strategies. Therefore, the price of new materials (new processes) is generally higher than the original.
(2) Asymmetric market information and imperfect market development. Because new materials (new processes) are often proprietary, the exclusive operation in the market is monopolistic, with little reference and poor comparability. The limited market information available to buyers and the great changes in the building materials market make it more difficult to control the material cost or check the price through market research.
(3) Subjectively, the owner's management personnel (mainly those responsible for purchasing) lack the necessary professional knowledge and professional and responsible attitude, materials and products change frequently during the construction process, and they don't know the material market in time, which is prone to material contract traps.
In view of the above reasons, the specific methods for determining the prices of new materials and new processes are as follows:
First, optimize the design, demonstrate the feasibility of adopting new materials (new technology), and use new materials with immature technology, unstable quality and high price positioning with caution.
Second, access to information through multiple channels. The market economy provides various channels for the supply of materials, and the varieties and prices of materials are varied. The budget personnel and site management personnel of the construction unit should pay close attention to the market conditions, reasonably determine the material price through market inquiry, comprehensive price comparison, providing evidence, price limit and calculation, and effectively control the project cost.
Third, establish a database of new materials and technologies. Led by audit institutions, combined with the strength of social audit intermediaries and various construction units, the quotation information of new materials and new processes encountered at ordinary times is analyzed, sorted out and comprehensively evaluated, and then input into the information base for reference by relevant units.
Fourth, strengthen the training and management of managers and strictly control the replacement of new materials. Efforts should be made to improve the professional level of managers, strengthen their sense of responsibility and dedication to work, improve the internal control system of material change, identify the traps of material contracts and material substitution, and ensure the quality and low price of new materials used.
4. Control the measurement of engineering quantity: the engineering measurement should be checked in the hidden process, and the changed engineering quantity should be calculated clearly in advance, leaving no room. The supervisor and the owner's engineer should carefully review the changed project price report in time, and resolutely refuse to recognize the increased project quantity caused by the construction unit itself.
5. Reasonably handle engineering claims. In the process of project implementation, engineering claims often occur. The main reasons for engineering claims are: (1) the parties' breach of contract. Often manifested as failure to perform obligations in accordance with the contract; (2) Force majeure. During the construction process, it was found that it could not be confirmed by on-site investigation, and the relevant information provided by the owner could not be reflected. (3) Contract defects. The contract documents are not rigorous or contradictory, and there are omissions or errors in the contract; (4) Other reasons, etc. Engineering claims should follow the following principles: (1) Engineering claims must be based on construction contracts. Construction contracts and facts are important manifestations of fairness and justice in engineering claims; (2) The handling of engineering claims must be timely and reasonable. Failure to deal with engineering claims in time will have an impact on both parties; When handling claims, we should not only consider laws, regulations and rules, but also consider the actual situation in the construction process, and always adhere to the principle of rationality; ⑶ Strengthen active control and reduce engineering claims. In the process of construction, we should put the work ahead, reduce the occurrence of claims and reduce the project cost.
(4) project settlement stage
Project settlement refers to the activity of agreeing on the contract price of the construction project and settling the completion price of the project according to the contract. The settlement methods of the project price include: monthly settlement, one-time settlement after completion, and subsection settlement. Doing a good job of project completion settlement is the last link of investment control in the construction stage of completion settlement, and it is a document that comprehensively reflects the actual cost and investment effect of the project. In project settlement, we should pay attention to the following matters: First, check the quantity of construction drawings and engineering changes, and whether the quantity is accurate; Second, we must check the situation of the project, whether there are any missing items or wrong items, and whether the applied quota is reasonable and accurate; 3. Whether the project price settlement is true and compliant, and whether there are problems of overestimation, over-calculation and over-settlement of the project cost; Especially for priceless materials, market inquiry should be made.