Legend, when the Monkey King to protect the Tang Monk went to the West to get the scriptures passing through the Flame Mountain, really can not pass, had to go to Princess Iron Fan to borrow the fan to extinguish the fire. Princess Iron Fan refused to borrow, the two fought, Princess Iron Fan fan fan fan to fan up the sky fire, the result of the Monkey King's tiger skin dress burned. The Monkey King was so anxious that he tumbled to the Kunlun Mountains. At that time, a piece of the burning dress fell from the air to the wind and fire mountain. As it was very windy here, the wind helped the fire, and the stones on the mountain all burned red. Later, people named it Wind Vulcan.
Wind volcano climate is very cold, wet habitat, the foothills around all the year-round immutable permafrost. Its main peak, Totodunsei, is an ice bucket glacier. Due to glacial action, many of the stones here form strange shaped monument forests and stone sea. The wind-volcano geological structure is unique and off the beaten track, which is a good native zone for studying crustal movement and glacial tundra. Since the seventies, by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geography, Plateau Physiology Research Institute, Glacier Permafrost Desert Research Institute, Railway Research Institute, Plateau Institute of Atmospheric Physics and dozens of research units of experts and scholars from all directions gathered in the wind volcano under the building of a world-famous scientific research "city", this "science city" unique, neither high-rise buildings, but also the scale of the modernization of the magnificent This "Science City" is unique in that it has neither skyscrapers nor large-scale modern laboratories, but consists of hundreds of small and large white tents and various natural test sites. Mainly to carry out permafrost mechanics, permafrost melting, thermal radiation, plateau physics, plateau atmosphere, plateau diseases, river hydrology, plateau resources and dozens of scientific research work. Wind and volcano "science city" in recent years has become the scientists to study permafrost mechanics, permafrost melting, thermal radiation, plateau physics, plateau atmosphere, plateau diseases, river hydrology and other "science station". By the Ministry of Railways, the first design institute, the Northwest Institute of Railway Research Institute and other research on the plateau permafrost railroad construction is significant, the world's attention, this unique "Science City" by Chinese and foreign experts, scholars and tourists favor.
The seventh section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the wind volcano is one of the most difficult section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, of which the wind volcano tunnel is the world's first high tunnel. Wind Volcano Tunnel has now been completed, the tunnel is 1,338 meters long, located 350 kilometers from Golmud City, Qinghai Province, on the edge of the uninhabited area of Coco Sicily, which is the key difficult project of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and is the world's highest altitude tundra tunnel. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as the roof of the world, its natural environment and geological features are unique, the wind volcano for the peak of the plateau, the construction of tunnels encountered technical difficulties are also world-class.
The tunnel is located in the region of complex geology, mainly for the soil-bearing ice, full of frozen soil, ice-rich frozen soil, as well as fissure ice, thawing mudstone and other pathological geology. Here the average annual temperature of minus 7 ℃, the lowest temperature in the cold season of minus 41 ℃, the atmospheric pressure of only 55Kpa (only 50% of the plains), the partial pressure of oxygen is lower than the limit of life (& lt; 11Kpa), the air oxygen content than the lowest limit of human survival is also low, is referred to as the "forbidden zone of life". Tunnel permafrost layer up to 150 meters thick, the thinnest part of the cover layer of only 8 meters, the engineering difficulty of the unprecedented.
In the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the construction of the project encountered high cold, low pressure, lack of oxygen, permafrost and ecological fragility of the three major world problems are mainly concentrated here. The 1,338-meter-long Wind Volcano Tunnel, with an elevation of 4,905 meters above sea level at the rail surface, is the world's highest perennial permafrost tunnel, and the natural environment is so harsh that the Western media had predicted that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway could not pass through the Wind Volcano. China Railway Construction Corporation to build tunnels in the environment known as the "forbidden zone of life", the creative application and development of China's unique tundra tunnel construction technology achievements, leading the staff to pass through the wind volcano tunnels 10 months ahead of schedule, so that the world's highest perennial permafrost tunnels do not seepage and leakage, and become a high-quality engineering, creating a miracle in the history of human railroad construction, was recorded in the "World Guinness" record. Wind Volcano Tunnel in October 18, 2001 to start construction, October 19, 2002 victory through Edit word Wind Volcano Tunnel directory
Basic introduction
Construction process
Technological innovation
Related
[Edit paragraph]Basic introduction
Wind Volcano Tunnel is located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, the Koksiri "no man's land", the wind volcano tunnel. Coco Sicily "no man's land" edge, bounded by the Kunlun Mountains and Tanggula Mountains, the total length of 1,338 meters, the import track surface elevation of 4,905 meters, is currently the world's highest elevation of the railroad tunnel. Tunnel is located in the wind volcano pass alpine cold and lack of oxygen, low temperatures, large temperature differences between day and night. The average altitude of about 4900 meters, the average annual temperature of minus 7 ℃, the lowest temperature in the cold season of minus 41 ℃, the oxygen content in the air is only about 50% of the mainland, known as the "forbidden zone of life". Tunnel body is located in all the frozen soil, frozen rock, complex geological formations, set of ice-rich frozen soil, ice-rich frozen soil, fissure ice, mud sandstone and other harsh geology in one.
The Wind Volcano Tunnel is a key control project of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which started construction on October 18, 2001 and passed through on October 19, 2002, marking an important progress in the battle of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction. Wind Volcano Tunnel is designed as a single-line tunnel, the maximum depth of the tunnel is 100 meters, the minimum depth of 8 meters, the import and export are designed with open holes, 35 meters inlet, 23 meters outlet, the door form adopts the oblique cut type structure, the tunnel structure for the composite lining, the use of 5 layers of successive application of tunnel support lining structure form. Wind Volcano Tunnel successfully broke through the plateau permafrost technical challenges, in the State Ministry of Science and Technology and other units of the organization of the selection activities, was named "2002 public attention to China's top ten scientific and technological events," one of the world's longest "permafrost tunnels".
[Edit Paragraph]Construction Process
On October 18, 2001, the construction of the Wind Volcano Tunnel began. Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Headquarters strengthened the leadership, China Railway Twenty Bureau Group Corporation scientific organization, the relevant units vigorously cooperate, in accordance with the guiding ideology of "relying on science and technology, people-oriented, pay attention to environmental protection", scientific construction, strict management, tenacious and hard work, the work has made important breakthroughs and gratifying results. When the excavation of the tunnel after the first gun blast, chiseling through many tunnels of China Railway Bureau of twenty construction technicians, the first time to see the soil full of ice, for the surprise. Tunnel permafrost layer up to 150 meters thick, the thinnest part of the cover layer is only 8 meters, the construction of the slightest carelessness, will lead to a major collapse. Wind volcano tunnel has more than seven ministerial-level scientific research projects, is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway scientific research projects most of the plateau tundra tunnel, the engineering difficulty has not been encountered before.
Carrying out joint research and breaking through key difficulties
In order to overcome the construction problems of plateau permafrost, the General Command of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction has set up a leading group of scientific and technological research and development with construction, design, construction, supervision and other members, and the Command of China Railway Bureau 20 has set up a research and development group with the commanding officer as the leader, and has made joint research and development efforts with the Railway Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Permafrost Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Southwest Jiaotong University. Joint research, successively in the plateau tundra tunnel design and construction, the development and use of low-temperature early strength concrete adapted to tundra tunnel construction, the use of waterproofing, thermal insulation and other new technologies and new techniques, to overcome the shallow tundra tunnel into the hole, the ice rock light explosion and other technical difficulties, mastered the plateau tundra roadbed and tunnel construction of an effective way.
Adhering to the identification of treatment, to solve the permafrost hot melt
Tunneling in the wind volcano adverse geological areas, the key is to solve the problem of hot melt of the surrounding rock. China Railway Bureau 20 command to overcome the saturated frozen ground construction as the primary goal, drawing on domestic and international experience in tundra tunnel construction, and Shijiazhuang Railway Institute *** with the development, production of two extra large tunnel air-conditioning unit, the formation of the cave air freezer and air-conditioning room, the cave temperature is controlled within plus or minus 5 degrees Celsius, so as to solve the problem of different tundra geological conditions of heat melt, to ensure the smooth engineering progress explored a new way.
Find advanced technology, promote advanced work method
Wind Volcano Tunnel shallow buried layer is long, in order to avoid the collapse, they for different geological spraying and support put forward the work method program. In the ice-rich frozen soil section, the use of large pipe shed and small pipe shed of double-layer over the front of the super-strong support method, the use of hollow anchors and warmed cement slurry anchoring, so that the upper layer of the surrounding rock to form a relatively stable environment. At the same time, the implementation of "weak blasting, fast support, fast initial lining", safe through the ice-rich frozen soil section. And for the fissure ice geology, it adopts the method of "grabbing the grill first, welding the reinforcing mesh quickly, and spraying the protection while welding", which has achieved good results. Also on the thawed mudstone geology to take "water glass for two-liquid grouting, first stabilize the structure of the mountain, to be water glass and cement slurry solidification, and then cautious excavation", soon stopped the thawed mudstone collapse, to ensure the normal progress of the construction.
Emphasis on project quality, improve labor efficiency
They carry out the policy of "start work must be excellent, once into excellent, comprehensive excellence", the project acceptance rate of 100%, the good rate of more than 90%, reducing the quality of the disease, there has not been a grade of safety accidents. Also has purchased more than 400 sets (sets) of first-class plateau construction machinery, the realization of mechanized operations, greatly reducing the labor intensity of workers, improve productivity, accelerate the progress of tunnel construction.
Adhering to the "people-oriented", health protection first
The wind volcano tunnel air thin, severe lack of oxygen gas. In order to ensure that the team on the go, stand firm, win, they start from the geographical environment, climatic conditions, technical difficulties, materials and equipment, medical and health care and other aspects of protection. Has invested funds to set up a high-pressure oxygen warehouse, B ultrasound and other advanced medical equipment "site hospital" and 9 grass-roots site health center, equipped with 34 medical personnel, formed a sound secondary health protection network; they cooperate with scientific research units, developed and built 3 production, life medical oxygen station, to the wind volcano tunnel for diffuse oxygen supply, each oxygen station each time, the oxygen supply, the oxygen supply, the oxygen supply, the oxygen supply, the oxygen supply. Oxygen supply, each oxygen station can produce 20 cubic meters of oxygen per hour, the purity of oxygen reached 94%%, and installed an oxygen bar car in the cave, which is convenient for the operating personnel to inhale oxygen at any time. Solve the problem of more than 3,000 construction workers and civilian laborers using oxygen for construction and life. Created a miracle that none of the construction workers and laborers died of plateau sickness.
[Edit]Scientific and technological innovation
1, plateau permafrost tunnel construction oxygen, oxygen supply technology. Developed and completed the wind volcano tunnel oxygen station, oxygen production is greater than 20m3 / h, oxygen concentration of more than 92%; proposed a new method of tunnel palm surface diffuse oxygen supply and tunnel oxygen bar car oxygen supply.
2, developed SDTK-100 type plateau tunnel special air-conditioning unit so that the temperature inside the tunnel is controlled between ± 5 ℃, to ensure that the palm face of the permafrost thermal disturbance stability and concrete construction quality.
3, the first study of the plateau for many years under the conditions of ice-rich frozen soil, frozen rock tunnel wet spray concrete construction technology and process, developed a low-temperature and early anti-freeze composite quick-setting agent, so that the spray concrete in the negative temperature quickly set and harden, to reach the critical strength of anti-freeze.
4, the study summarizes the years of ice-rich frozen soil shallow buried section excavation, support into a hole construction technology.
5, for the first time, "waterproof board + insulation + waterproof protective layer" waterproofing, thermal insulation structure form, along the entire length of the tunnel full cross-section, the formation of the tunnel secondary lining is completely isolated from the ground; thermal insulation composite structure of the "no nail method of laying" construction. New technology to ensure that the wind and fire tunnel does not seepage, no leakage.
6, research on low-temperature durability of concrete construction technology, successfully solved the low (negative) temperature conditions of concrete hardening in the early stages of not frozen, and the strength of the continuous growth of the problem; obtained a set of harsh conditions in the construction of concrete construction methods and maintenance process.
7. For the first time, the selection, reasonable supporting technology and repair and maintenance methods of mechanical equipment for the construction of plateau permafrost tunnels were studied, which provided a guarantee for the smooth completion of the Wind Volcano Tunnel.
8, through the monitoring of temperature, pressure, deformation, freezing and thawing circle and other construction information, according to the data to guide the construction, to ensure the quality control of the construction of the Wind Volcano Tunnel, put forward a set of plateau perennial permafrost tunnel information technology construction methods and processes.
9, for the first time, the use of salt water water gun mud sealing gun holes of technical measures to achieve the effect of reducing the temperature of the working face and dust reduction, test and analysis, in the permafrost slopes in the maximum blast vibration speed control in 2 ~ 5cm / s is appropriate, in the tunnel tunneling of the maximum blast vibration speed control of the surrounding rock in the 5 ~ 10cm / s is appropriate.
[edit]Introduction
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is 1956 kilometers long, there are 960 kilometers of elevation above 4000 meters, of which 550 kilometers of the section across the plateau perennial permafrost zone. Its highest point is located at an altitude of 5,072 meters, the perennial snow-capped Tanggula Mountain Pass, known as "the closest railroad to the sky" and "the highest railroad in the world". The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council as it enters the 21st century, and it is one of the four major landmark projects of the Tenth Five-Year Plan of the country, and it is the first of the key projects for the development of the western region. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway was opened to traffic on July 1, 2006, at 9:00 a.m. The railroad is one of the four major landmark projects in the country's "Tenth Five-Year Plan".
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway starts from Xining City of Qinghai Province in the north and goes to Lhasa City of Tibet Autonomous Region in the south, of which, the section from Xining to Golmud is 814 kilometers long, which was completed and paved in 1979 and put into operation in 1984. Golmud to Lhasa section, from the western town of Qinghai Province, Golmud City Railway Station, over the southern mountain pass, on the Tibetan Plateau hinterland, through the Nachitai, five beams, Tuotuohe, Yanshiping, over the Tanggula Mountains into the Tibet Autonomous Region, and then through the Amdo, Nagchu, Dangxiong, Sheep Bajing, to the Tibet Autonomous Region's capital city of Lhasa, the line direction with the Qinghai-Tibet Highway is basically parallel. Qinghai-Tibet Railway through the Coco Sicily, the source of the Three Rivers, Qiangtang and other nature reserves, because of its unique environmental protection design and construction, also known as China's first "environmental protection railroad".