White copper rub
, the content of more than 16% or more, the resulting alloy color becomes white as silver, the higher the nickel content, the more white the color. Nickel content in white copper is generally 25%.
Market price in 2008, the price of white copper is 65,500 yuan / ton. 65.5 yuan/kg 0.065 yuan/g
Advantages and disadvantages
Pure copper with nickel can significantly improve the strength, corrosion resistance, hardness, electrical resistance and thermoelectricity, and reduce the resistivity temperature coefficient. Therefore, white copper than other copper alloy mechanical properties, physical properties are exceptionally good, good ductility, high hardness, beautiful color, corrosion resistance
White Copper Shanshui ink cartridge
, rich in deep-drawn performance, is widely used in shipbuilding, petrochemicals, electrical appliances, instrumentation, medical equipment, daily necessities, handicrafts and other fields, and is also an important alloy of resistance and thermocouples. The disadvantage of white copper is that the main added elements - nickel belongs to the scarce strategic materials, the price is relatively expensive.
Nickel-white copper (called nickel-white copper), use: crystal oscillator shell, crystal shell, potentiometer with sliding piece, medical machinery, construction materials, etc..
Classification
A, complex copper alloy:
Added with manganese, iron, zinc, aluminum and other elements of copper alloy is called complex copper (i.e., more than three yuan copper), including iron copper, manganese copper, zinc copper and aluminum copper, etc.. In the complex copper alloy, the second major element symbols and copper content other than the composition of the digital group indicates the content of various elements. For example, BMn3-12 indicates that the nickel content is about 3% and the manganese content is about 12%. Complex white copper has 4 models:
①Iron white copper: models are BFe5-1.5 (Fe)-0.5 (Mn), Bfe10-1 (Fe)-1 (Mn), Bfe30-1 (Fe)-1 (Mn). Iron white copper in the amount of iron added not more than 2% to prevent corrosion cracking, which is characterized by high strength, corrosion resistance, especially resistance to flowing seawater corrosion can be significantly improved.
White Copper Hand Stove
②Manganese White Copper: Model BMn3-12, BMn4.0-1.5, BMn43-0.5. Manganese White Copper has a low resistance temperature coefficient, can be used in a wide range of temperatures, corrosion resistance is good, but also has a good workability.
3 zinc white copper: models BZn18-18, BZn18-26, BZn18-18, BZn15-12 (Zn)-1.8 (Pb), BZn15-24 (Zn)-1.5 (Pb). Zinc white copper has excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, hot and cold processing molding good, easy to cut, can be made into wire, bar and plate, used in the manufacture of instruments, meters, medical equipment, daily necessities and communications and other areas of precision parts.
4 Aluminum Copper: Model Bal13-3, Bal16-1.5, is a copper-nickel alloy based on the addition of aluminum to form an alloy with a density of 8.54-0.3. The alloy performance and the amount of nickel in the alloy and the amount of aluminum in the proportion of the alloy is related to the alloy when the Ni: Al = 10:1, the alloy has the best performance. Commonly used aluminum copper alloy Cu6Ni1.5Al, Cul3Ni3Al, etc., mainly used in shipbuilding, electric power, chemical industry and other industrial sectors in a variety of high-strength corrosion-resistant parts.
Two, ordinary copper alloy:
Copper-nickel binary alloy (i.e., binary copper alloy) is called ordinary copper alloy. In ordinary white copper, the letter B indicates that the content of nickel, such as: B5 indicates that the nickel content of about 5%, the rest is about the copper content. Model B0.6, B19, B25, B30.
Three, industrial copper:
Industrial copper is divided into two categories of structural copper and precision resistance alloy with copper (electrical copper).
(1), structural copper:
Structural copper is characterized by good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, beautiful color. Structural white copper, the most commonly used is B30, B10 and zinc white copper. In addition, there are aluminum copper, iron copper and niobium copper, etc. B30 copper in the most corrosion-resistant, but more expensive. Aluminum copper albite performance with B30 close to the price is low, can be used as a substitute for B30. Zinc albite copper in the 15th century has been produced in China, known as "China silver", the so-called nickel silver or German silver also belongs to this kind of zinc albite copper. Zinc can be dissolved in copper and nickel, resulting in solid solution strengthening, and corrosion resistance. Zinc-white copper plus lead can be smoothly cut and processed into a variety of precision parts, so it is widely used in instrumentation and medical devices. This alloy has a high strength
White Copper Hand Stove 2
degree and corrosion resistance, elasticity is also better, beautiful appearance, low price. Aluminum in aluminum white copper can significantly improve the strength and corrosion resistance of the alloy, and its precipitates can also produce precipitation hardening effect.
Structural white copper is widely used in the manufacture of precision machinery, chemical machinery and ship components.
(2), precision resistance alloys with white copper (electrical white copper):
Precision resistance alloys with white copper (electrical white copper) has good thermoelectric properties. BMn 3-12 manganese copper, BMn 40-1.5 copper, BMn 43-0.5 copper and manganese instead of nickel, the new copper (nickel-free nickel-free manganese copper, containing manganese 10.8-12.5%, aluminum 2.5-4.5%, iron 1.5-1.5%, aluminum and nickel-free copper. 4.5% aluminum, 1.0-1.6% iron) are manganese-white copper with different manganese content. Manganese white copper is a precision resistance alloy. This type of alloy has a high resistivity and low resistivity temperature coefficient, suitable for the production of standard resistance components and precision resistance components. It is the material used for manufacturing precision electrical instruments, varistors, meters, precision resistors, strain gauges, etc. The high thermal potential of Kang Copper and Cao Copper can also be used as thermocouples and compensation wires.
History of mining and use
I. Smelting history of cloudy copper albite (zinc albite) and nickel albite:
The invention of copper albite is an outstanding achievement in China's ancient metallurgical technology, and China's ancient copper albite is known as the "plate". The Old Tang Book? The Old Tang Book?" in the "public carriage", "since the rest of the first grade by white copper decorated calf car." That is to say, the Tang Dynasty, only for the first grade courtiers pulling the car on the oxen, can be used as a decorative white copper, indicating that white copper in the Tang Dynasty is quite valuable. Here said the white copper when nickel copper rather than arsenic copper, because nickel copper corrosion resistance, suitable for decorating the oxcart, and arsenic copper nature is not stable, long time will be due to the volatilization of arsenic and gradually become yellow.
In ancient Chinese literature, white copper alloy collectively referred to as white copper; this includes three kinds of copper alloy: one is a very high tin content of copper-tin alloy, such as the so-called white copper money "Daxia Zhenxing" copper money (419 ~ 424 years) and the Sui five baht money, by the examination of the high-stannum bronze, does not contain nickel. Another example of Japan's collection of Nara era (7 ~ 8 century) of China's white copper mirror, analyzed by about 25% tin, lead about 5%, is also a high tin bronze; the second is containing arsenic in more than 10% of copper-arsenic alloy, that is, arsenic bronze; third is a copper-nickel alloy that is, nickel-bronze. Three kinds of white copper, nickel white copper is the most important, followed by arsenic white copper.
Yunnan people invented and production of white copper, not only in our country, in the world is also the earliest, which is recognized by domestic and foreign academic circles.
White copper five poisonous flowers
Anciently, the white copper produced in Yunnan is also the most famous, known as "cloud white copper".
By the 4th century A.D., Yunnan had already mined and produced large quantities of white copper. In the Yunnan Province, there are still copper and nickel *** raw ore, which provides raw materials for the smelting of white copper. The book of han" records: "ganwei county southwest of juti mountain out of silver", and there is "juti silver eight two for a first-class (wangmang when the silver unit)" said. But according to modern research, Zhuti Mountain (now southwest of Sichuan Yibin) copper, nickel and not silver, so "Zhuti silver" may be nickel-copper.
Currently recognized as China's (and the world's) earliest record of white copper, found in the 4th century A.D. in the Eastern Jin Dynasty Chang Qu's "Huayang Guo Zhi? South China Zhi", Volume IV. The text reads, "Mantis County is also named for the mountain, which produces silver, lead, white copper, and miscellaneous medicines." Mantis County is the area around Huize, Qiaojia and Dongchuan in present-day Yunnan. Here is rich in copper, and neighboring Sichuan Huili nickel ore, between the two places are connected by stagecoach, from the resources, can be sure that Mantis County produced nickel-platinum copper for nickel-platinum copper. This is the earliest reliable record of nickel-white copper.
These historical records show that China's Yunnan Province produced white copper very early, but at that time it was directly refined from ores containing copper and nickel. Although China's smelting of copper albite has a long history, but there is no refining of pure nickel metal. Yunnan produced arsenic ore, that is, the mineralogy of the "arsenic nickel ore". 1929, last night, Wang had analyzed the chemical composition of an ancient white copper stationery; proved that it contains 6.14% nickel, 62.5% copper, and a small amount of tin, zinc, iron, lead and so on.
China's ancient manufacturing of white copper devices, not only sold throughout the country, but also exported abroad. Groupe test, as early as in the Qin and Han Dynasties, in the western Xinjiang Daxia country, there will be white copper casting currency, containing nickel up to 20%, and from its shape, composition and analysis of the historical conditions at the time, it is likely to be transported from China. Tang and Song Dynasty, China's nickel-white copper has been exported to the Arabian region, when the Persians called the white copper for the "Chinese stone". About the 16th century later, Chinese white copper transportation to the world, won wide praise, it is exported through Guangzhou, by the British East India Company trafficked to Europe for sale. The English word "Paktong" or "Petong" is the transliteration of the Cantonese word "white copper", which means white copper from China, i.e. copper-nickel alloy from Yunnan. nickel alloy from Yunnan.
Ming dynasty records about nickel-white copper more and more, indicating that the origin of nickel-white copper is concentrated in yunnan, sichuan province.
Nickel-platinum copper in the Qing dynasty literature has more, more detailed records. Qing dynasty, yunnan has appeared specializing in refining white copper factory and production of white copper workshop. Division Li-Chai's "Dian system" and the Guangxu years of the "renewed Yunnan Tongzhi draft" said, Dingyuan County (now Muding County) has a large Maoling white copper factory, Ma Tai white copper factory; Dayao County has a Maomi white copper sub-factory, etc.. Its production. According to the "continued Yunnan Tongzhi draft" relevant records projected, Dingyuan DaMaoLing white copper factory a year probably produced 20,000 to 30,000-40,000 pounds of copper.
In addition, Sichuan Huili is also an important source of nickel-platinum copper in the Qing Dynasty, Lima River, Jiu Dao ditch, Qingshui River and Lixi and other copper mines, and to Lixi copper plant has the longest history, the largest scale, the Qianlong period has been the refining furnace 216, with an annual output of about 37 tons of copper.
Qing Jiaqing years, Tanzui in the "Dian Hai Yu Heng Zhi" in the production of white copper workshops in Yunnan: "white copper basin, only the Dian system most of the world, since the four Paifang (now the middle of Justice Road in Kunming) and above are all its stores. Copper out of Dian, Dian craftsmen can not be large gongs, small gongs, must be bought from Jiangning, Jiangning craftsmen from Dian with white copper, and can not be as good as Dian basin, soil and water reasons. White copper utensils are very much, although good is not unique, and unique only basin, so expensive for the sea." Here said the Yunnan white copper basin, in order not to dirt, a test that is the new characteristics of
A white copper warmer in the Qing Dynasty
Said China a best.
On nickel-silver smelting technology, the literature is very vague. Sichuan Huili Li Mahe, Xiaoguanhe, Lixi and Qing mine sites such as ancient smelting nickel-white copper research shows that the ancient smelting of nickel-white copper temperature of 1300 ℃ ~ 1400 ℃, the process is very complicated, need to be repeated many times after the calcination and smelting; Huili refining of white copper is actually a copper-nickel binary alloy, and Yunnan copper is a copper-nickel-zinc ternary alloy, is the use of the Huili copper white copper with copper, zinc and brass and smelting It is smelted by using Haili white copper with copper, zinc and brass. Because of nickel copper generally in Yunnan Kunming and Huize and other places to blend the composition and color, and then exported to other provinces or export, so the "Yunnan white copper" is known in the world.
Second, the imitation of Western countries:
17 to 18 centuries, nickel-plated copper was imported into Europe in large quantities, and was valued as a treasure. Called "Chinese silver" or "Chinese copper", the modern chemical process in the West had a huge impact. 16th century, some European chemists, metallurgists began to study and imitation of Chinese copper. The French Jesuit priest Duhold wrote in his 1735 book The Chinese Empire: "The most extraordinary copper is the white copper, whose color is the same as that of silver, and which is found only in China, and only in the province of Yunnan."
In 1775, the British publication of the "age", there is "the British East India Company in Guangzhou, Frederick made a peculiar research and valuable discovery through the factual record", mentioned that the British want to experiment with imitation of the East India Company from Guangzhou to buy the Chinese white copper. The text says: "In the summer of last year, a ship arrived in England from China, and he (Burleigh) sent with it the white copper which he had obtained from Yunnan ...... for the purpose of engaging in experiments and imitations of this Chinese white copper, under the direction of Moore, Secretary of the Society for the Advancement of Craft Manufactures and Commerce in England." Next, Engistrom, a chemist working as a superintendent in the Swedish government's mining department, published a paper in 1776 on the study of Yunnan white copper, with samples analyzed for nickel to copper content of 5 or 6 to 13 or 14, and found that Chinese white copper was a copper-nickel-zinc ternary alloy. He claimed that it was very expensive to buy this alloy from China, and thought that since the same mineral was found in some mines in Sweden, it should not be very difficult to imitate it.
In 1822, the British University of Edinburgh chemist Fei Fu published his analysis of the results of Yunnan white copper, the alloy ratio of 40.4% copper, nickel 31.6%, zinc 25.4%, iron 2.6%. And said that no one in England at that time know how to imitate this Chinese copper.
A year later, the British Thompson was the first to produce and the Chinese Yunnan alloy similar to copper. In the same year, the Heininger brothers in Germany succeeded in imitating Yunnan white copper. Immediately the West began large-scale industrialized production, and this alloy was renamed "German silver" or "nickel silver", and the real Yunnan copper, but was forgotten.
When the western countries imitation Yunnan copper success, China's copper exports greatly reduced. To the late 19th century, German silver has replaced China's white copper to occupy the international market, China's white copper mining and metallurgy industry declined. However, the whole country is still very fond of Yunnan white copper. Until the 1920s and 1930s, Kunming City, there are still a lot of copper store, its products are bright color, soft and hard texture moderate, durable, not floating dirt. Among them, the "Jiangnan Bao" copper store was the most famous, with products such as water pipe, pipe, ink cartridge, basin, etc. Especially the basin was the most famous, and it was exported to Jiangnan and Beijing-Tianjin. Before liberation, yunnan folk marrying a daughter in the dowry is still to have a white copper basin for the glory, if the product is "jiangnan treasure" store made, the buyer is more honor. The price of used goods is still three or four times higher than other products.
Three, arsenic white copper smelting history:
In addition to nickel white copper, there is an arsenic white copper in ancient China, which is an arsenic-copper alloy. This arsenic white copper is the outstanding contribution of the ancient Chinese alchemists. But they called it "medicinal silver", meaning that the elixir of silver. Pointing this "medicine silver" than smelting nickel copper to be more difficult, and it is easy to arsenic poisoning. Therefore, the alchemists have paid a great price for this achievement.
Arsenic white copper is used arsenic ore (arsenic, andrographis, etc.) or arsenic (As2O3) point of red copper and get. Copper in the combined arsenic less than 10%, was golden yellow, alchemists call it "medicine gold" (i.e., arsenic brass); when the amount of arsenic is equal to or greater than 10% (arsenic white copper), it becomes white as snow, as brilliant as silver, known as "medicine silver".
Smelting arsenic copper history can be traced back to the early Western Han Dynasty, is the same as the alchemy at the same time. According to the Song people compiled "on the seat of the rotten talk" records: Emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty in the Maoshan Mountain practice of the three alchemist masters Sanmao Jun Danyang (now Xuancheng, Anhui Province, around the area) suffered a natural disaster failed, so the calcined arsenic powder pointing of Danyang produced by the copper for the silver in order to save the hungry people. So later alchemists called this "medicinal silver" called "Danyang silver".
Yinsheng engraved white copper ink cartridge
Early, China's arsenic white copper smelting use of andrography or orpiment point made around the Eastern Jin Dynasty, China began to refine arsenic white copper, known as the "point white". Jin Dynasty famous alchemist Ge Hong in the "hold Park Zi? Jindan chapter" in a clear record of the use of andrographis point of copper for "gold". The southern dynasty qi and liang period of medicine master tao hongjing in his "famous doctor" also mentioned "xionghuang get copper can be made of gold" "refining service method are in the immortal scripture."
Ge Hong and Tao Hongjing probably got arsenic brass with low arsenic content, and the alchemists may refer to it as "male gold". This period of the "immortal secret art of health" and other works also mentioned the point of copper for the "white" of the elixir formula, but the use of drugs is more complex.
During the Kaihuang period of the Sui Dynasty, there was an alchemist named Su Yuanlang, known as Qingxiazi, who studied at Jiuqu (Maoshan Mountain) and claimed to have received the true secrets of Siming Daimaojun. He wrote a book called "Treasure Theory", in which it was recorded that arsenic could be used to "turn copper into silver". For the first time proposed the use of arsenic point white copper, which is arsenic white copper smelting technology, a major progress.
Tang Suzong Qianyuan years (A.D. 758 ~ 760 years), there is an alchemist, Taoist Jinling son, he wrote a "Dragon and Tiger Dan know-how", there is a "point of Danyang Fang", exhaustive description of the point of arsenic-white copper method: "take the former pieces of frost, every two points a catty ...... Danyang (referring to red copper) can be divided into two. refers to the red copper) can be divided into two crucibles, each crucible can be only eight two, how much for the gained at first glance can be, has been under the not too much, and not less, less is dry in the crucible. Each one or two of the drug is divided into six pills, three pills per degree of successive points. To be gold juice such as water, with something straight to the bottom of the crucible, to be into the end, that is, the charcoal stirred, more drums three or two dozen. And then throw the medicine, so all over the similar, that is, diarrhea into the pool of China, so that scattered as beads, and urgently stirred with a willow branch, so that broken, not as beads also get. And according to the previous point three pills, also into the pool. Look at the color white, if the point of the drug is not necessary, will burn but the fire, the thing is not white, more must focus once again, to the extent of white."
From this, we can learn that the Jinlingzi is first andrographis rose refined into arsenic, and then the latter made into small pills, one by one thrown into the molten copper juice, with the charcoal constantly stirring, until the copper juice becomes white. In this process, As2O3 was first reduced by charcoal into a single arsenic, immediately dissolved into copper, so gradually generated arsenic white copper (Cu3As). Some people according to this account of the simulation experiment, successfully refined 9.92% of arsenic containing arsenic white copper. This record shows that China's alchemists in the Tang Dynasty in the middle of the technology has reached a fairly mature arsenic white copper. But it is a long period of time for the alchemist's true secret, master and apprentice, external top secret. Recently in Qinghai DuLan hot water Tubo tomb also found in the late Tang Dynasty arsenic white copper in kind, is a copper arrowhead containing arsenic 15.8%. This shows that arsenic white copper in the Tang Dynasty has been applied to some extent.
Song Dynasty "Spring Records" Volume 10 contains a "Danyang silver" story: "Xue camel, Lanling people, tasted the foreigner calcined arsenic powder method, is the name of Danyang. Yu tasted from but Zhan Shi visit, because of the clear medicine. Take the medicine post copy two money dagger phase language said: 'This is my January to raise the road food material, this can be transformed into copper two two for rotten silver ...... 's medicine is white and add light to the bright, take the jujube meat for the round, once the molten copper juice into, that is, casting the medicine in the crucible, a moment in the copper in the evil class such as the iron poop glue with the pot surface to the elimination of the stone churning , pouring groove, really rotten silver, although after a hundred fires, soft and unchanged." Obviously, this describes the process of refining arsenic white copper, the medicine used is arsenic (arsenic trioxide), the use of jujube meat at high temperatures generated by the carbon will be reduced to arsenic arsenic, so that its copper and copper to generate the so-called "rotten silver"; add saltpeter, nitrous oxide as a slagging agent, in order to remove the deoxidized products generated by the chemical reaction. This record talks about the alchemist to calcined arsenic powder for copper silver, but also said that this is a kind of wondrous technology. Indicates that until the Song Dynasty, refining arsenic white copper still belongs to the alchemist's a "square technology".
After the Yuan and Ming, this "medicine silver" is gradually known to the common people, arsenic white copper refining methods gradually spread. Yuan people's work "Ge Bi Rough Talk" on the refining of arsenic white copper records. The Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen "Compendium of Materia Medica" said: "white copper out of Yunnan, red copper to arsenic refining for white copper." Song Yingxing "Tian Gong Kai Wu? Hardware" also said: "Copper to arsenic and other drugs refining white copper ...... where red copper rises yellow and then melted to create a device, with arsenic liter for white copper. Labor costs times harder, the extravagant thing." All recorded arsenic white copper smelting. Arsenic white copper and nickel white copper because of the similarity in appearance, so in the Ming Dynasty literature, often confused with two kinds of white copper.
But so far, have not found the ancient alchemists produced arsenic white copper in kind. This is probably because of this "medicine silver" smelting technology only a few people master, production is very small, long lost; two is easy to deteriorate (which arsenic will gradually volatilize away, and become brownish-red), but also toxicity; three is the arsenic copper in the market is often used to pass off as silver, is prohibited, can only be a small amount of secret refining; four is difficult to refine, cost more, expensive. More costly and expensive.
China since ancient times, there are two independent development of the copper system. Arsenic white copper is unique to our country. This smelting technology is a valuable cultural heritage of China.
The use of copper alloy
In the copper alloy, copper alloy because of excellent corrosion resistance, and easy to shape, processing and welding, widely used in shipbuilding, petroleum, chemical industry, construction, electric power, precision instrumentation, medical equipment, musical instruments and other departments for corrosion-resistant structural parts. Some white copper also has special electrical properties, can make resistance components, thermocouple materials and compensation wire. Non-industrial white copper is mainly used to make decorative crafts.
How to distinguish between copper and silver jewelry
Since copper jewelry from the color, workmanship and other aspects of pure silver jewelry is almost the same. Some unscrupulous merchants take advantage of consumers do not understand the psychology of silver jewelry, the white copper jewelry as pure silver jewelry to sell, so as to obtain profiteering. So, how to identify is pure silver jewelry or copper jewelry?
It is understood that the general sterling silver jewelry will be marked with S925, S990, XX silver and other words, while the white copper jewelry does not have such a mark or mark is very unclear; silver jewelry with a hand weighing no drop feeling, with a needle can be scratched on the surface of the silver marks; and the copper texture is tough, is not easy to scratch out the scars; the color of silver silver was slightly yellowish silver white, which is easy to oxidize the cause of the silver oxidation, oxidation shows a dark yellow, while the color of white copper is a pure white. The color of white copper is pure white, with a period of time will appear green spots.
In addition, if a drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid on the inside of the silver jewelry, it will immediately generate a white mossy silver chloride precipitate, while white copper does not appear this situation. [1]