Oxygen is the "power source" of the heart.
Oxygen is the key substance of human metabolism and the first need of human life activities. Breathing oxygen is converted into available oxygen in human body, which is called blood oxygen. Blood carries blood oxygen to input energy to the whole body, and the delivery of blood oxygen is closely related to the working state of the heart and brain. The stronger the pumping ability of the heart, the higher the blood oxygen content; The stronger the blood transfusion ability of the coronary artery of the heart, the higher the blood oxygen concentration delivered to the heart, brain and whole body, and the better the running state of important organs of the human body.
Two. Oxygen fountain
With the increasing demand for fresh oxygen, oxygen fountain bars have been established in big cities such as Los Angeles. In the oxygen fountain bar, people hold transparent oxygen bottles with exquisite external suction devices. With a gentle suction, pure oxygen in the bottles will gush out. Oxygen with lemon or other fragrance can be continuously delivered for 20 minutes. In addition, other oxygen-related products in the United States are constantly emerging, such as various oxygenated water, oxygenated soda water, oxygenated capsules and so on. Emerging oxygen consumption has formed a new trend.
3. Increasing oxygen intake can reduce postoperative infection and stop vomiting.
In June+10 this year, the American New England Journal of Medicine published a new research result. Anesthesiologists in Austria, the United States and Australia report that the risk of postoperative infection will be reduced by half as long as the oxygen intake is increased during and after operation. Because increasing oxygen can improve the immune ability of the immune system, it can provide more ammunition for the patient's "immune army" and kill bacteria in the wound.
The study was conducted on 500 patients in hospitals in Vienna, Austria and Hamburg, Germany. 250 patients in the first group were anesthetized with 30% oxygen during the whole operation and 2 hours after operation, while 250 patients in the other group were anesthetized with 80% oxygen at the same time. Results There were 28 postoperative infections in the first group, but only 13 postoperative infections in the second group.
Nausea or vomiting after anesthesia is quite common and patients feel very uncomfortable. The anesthesiologist who conducted the study said that increasing the amount of oxygen inhalation is effective, non-dangerous and low-cost. The mechanism of oxygen preventing vomiting may be to prevent intestinal ischemia, thus preventing the release of emetic factors. However, it is not advisable to completely replace nitric oxide with oxygen, because it may wake up the patient during the operation.
4. Hyperbaric oxygen even sudden deafness
According to the director of hyperbaric oxygen department of Friendship Hospital, hyperbaric oxygen can not only improve the anoxic state of hearing organs in the inner ear, but also improve the blood circulation of the inner ear, that is, tissue metabolism, and promote the recovery of hearing function. Once you suffer from sudden deafness, you should go to the hyperbaric oxygen department of the hospital immediately, because the curative effect of hyperbaric oxygen on sudden deafness often depends on the initial treatment time, and generally the best treatment effect is within three days (not later than one week) after onset.
5. Hyperbaric oxygen has a good effect on periodontal disease.
Periodontal disease refers to inflammation, deformation and atrophy of gingiva, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, which eventually leads to tooth loosening and falling off. With periodontal disease, there will be gingival congestion, redness, bleeding and deepening of gingival sulcus, which will lead to periodontitis, periodontal pocket overflow, bad breath, loose teeth, and often accompanied by gingival recession.
The conventional treatment effect of periodontal disease is not ideal. In recent years, medical workers have used hyperbaric oxygen to treat periodontal diseases and achieved good results. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can increase the oxygen content and diffusion distance of periodontal tissue, promote the reconstruction of collateral circulation and improve local circulation. Vasoconstruction can relieve local swelling. In addition, hyperbaric oxygen can effectively inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria, especially anaerobic bacteria, improve the blood supply and oxygen supply to periodontal tissues, promote metabolism, facilitate the repair of local tissues, and achieve the purposes of anti-inflammation, detumescence, hemostasis and deodorization.
6. Negative effects of excessive inhalation of oxygen
As early as the middle of19th century, British scientist Paul Burt first discovered that if animals breathe pure oxygen, it will cause poisoning, and so will humans. If people are exposed to pure oxygen with a concentration exceeding 0.05 MPa (half atmospheric pressure), it is toxic to all cells. If the inhalation time is too long, "oxygen poisoning" may occur. The capillary barrier of the lung is destroyed, which leads to pulmonary edema, pulmonary congestion and bleeding, which seriously affects the respiratory function, and then causes hypoxia and damages the expanders. In the pure oxygen environment of 0. 1 MPa( 1 atmospheric pressure), people can only survive for 24 hours, and pneumonia will occur, which will eventually lead to respiratory failure and suffocation. People who stay in the high-pressure pure oxygen environment of 0.2 MPa(2 atmospheres) for at most 1.5 to 2 hours will cause brain poisoning, life rhythm disorder, mental disorder and memory loss. If 0.3 MPa(3 atmospheres) or even higher oxygen is added, people will experience brain cell degeneration and necrosis, convulsion and coma within a few minutes, leading to death.
In addition, excessive oxygen inhalation will also promote life aging. Oxygen entering the human body reacts with oxidase in cells to generate hydrogen peroxide, which in turn becomes lipofuscin. This lipofuscin is a harmful substance that accelerates cell aging, accumulates in myocardium, ages myocardial cells and reduces heart function. Accumulation on the wall of blood vessels leads to aging and hardening of blood vessels; Accumulate in the liver and weaken liver function; Accumulate in the brain, causing mental decline and memory decline, and people become dementia; Accumulate on the skin and form senile plaques.
The method of large-scale production and application of oxygen is fractionation of liquid air. First compress the air, then freeze it into liquid air. Because the boiling points of rare gases and nitrogen are lower than that of oxygen, the remaining liquid oxygen after fractionation can be stored in high-pressure steel cylinders. All oxidation reactions and combustion processes need oxygen, such as removing impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus during steelmaking. When the mixture of oxygen and acetylene burns, the temperature is as high as 3500℃, which is used for welding and cutting steel. Oxygen is needed for glass manufacturing, cement production, mineral roasting and hydrocarbon processing. Liquid oxygen is also used as rocket fuel, which is cheaper than other fuels. People who work in anoxic or anoxic environment, such as divers and astronauts, oxygen is indispensable to maintain life. However, the active state of oxygen, such as OH and H2O2, has serious damage to biological tissues, and the damage of ultraviolet rays to skin and eyes is mostly related to this effect. It is one of the components of air, colorless, odorless and tasteless. The density of oxygen is higher than that of air, and it is 10 1325pa under standard conditions (0℃, atmospheric pressure) .429g/l. It is soluble in water, but the solubility is very small. About 30mL of oxygen can be dissolved in 1L water. When the pressure is 10 1kPa, oxygen turns into a light blue liquid at about-180℃ and turns into a snowy light blue solid at about -2 18℃.
2. Utilization of Nitrogen Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth, the main component of nitrogen fertilizer and one of the main components of various compound fertilizers. It can be made into ammonia, and then further made into various fertilizers through ammonia processing. Nitrogen can be used to fill light bulbs, as an easily oxidized, volatile and flammable substance and as a protective gas in reactors, to prevent food from rotting due to oxidation, mildew or bacteria in food industry, to prevent oxidation in welding, to help carburize and remove carbon in metallurgical industry, and to be used as a foaming agent in plastic and rubber molding (see foam). Liquid nitrogen is used for freeze drying, as a refrigerant for protecting blood and living tissues in medicine, and as a deep refrigerant for instruments or parts in machinery industry.
There are two forms of nitrogen transportation: most nitrogen is directly transported to users through pipelines; A small amount of nitrogen is compressed into high-pressure gas and transported in steel cylinders.
Nitrogen pressurization is commonly known as NOS, which is the abbreviation of "nitroso oxygen system", but what is NOS? Simply put, it is a system that forcibly injects nitrous oxide (N2O) into the engine. As we all know, the only way to make the engine generate more power is to let the engine suck in more air and match it with a proper proportion of fuel, so as to produce higher oil-gas explosion efficiency. Turbocharging systems such as Turbo or Super Charger rely on the supercharger to compress the air and send it to the engine, so that the engine can generate more power under the condition of constant exhaust volume. The basic principle of NOS modification is the same, but the structure of NOS is much simpler. NOS is not just compressed air, but makes the engine more efficient through nitrous oxide mentioned earlier.
Why can sending nitrous oxide into the engine improve power? Nitrous oxide will be decomposed into two nitrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule after being heated, and the oxygen molecule can increase the concentration of oxygen molecules in the mixed gas, making the explosion pressure of the mixer stronger. Nitrous oxide is also called nitrous oxide, but many people are used to calling it nitrous oxide. This is because nitrous oxide is quite similar to the gas widely used in anesthesia in medicine, so the nickname nitrous oxide comes from this.
3. Argon function
Non-evaporable Zr-Al getter 16 and molecular sieve were used as purifying agents. At a certain temperature, the getter can form stable compounds or solid solutions with trace impurities such as O2, N2, H2, H2O, CO and CH4. In argon, this is a device for refining argon.
Application of 1 to remove nitrogen is sometimes accompanied by deoxidation and absorbed by metal getter. Metal getters include calcium, titanium, uranium, zirconium and aluminum.
Metal calcium is used as getter, which absorbs nitrogen and oxygen at the same time, the reaction temperature is 650-680℃, and the outlet impurities are 20-50 PPm.
Zirconium aluminum 16 can absorb oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons together with titanium.
Deoxidation is carried out by chemical method, and commonly used deoxidizers are manganese oxide and Ag-X molecular sieve.
Manganese oxide is used to absorb oxygen, and the working temperature is 150℃, and the oxygen is removed to 2PPm.
Deoxygenation with Ag-X molecular sieve at room temperature to 3PPm.
Copper oxide and Pd-X molecular sieve for dehydrogenation and hydrogen removal
Removing hydrogen with copper oxide? The reaction temperature is 350-400℃, and the hydrogen removal rate is 0.65438±0 ppm.
Pd-X molecular sieve for hydrogen removal? The reaction temperature is 350-400℃, and the hydrogen is removed to 65438±0 ppm.
4 carbide removal,
The metal agent Zr-Al 16 can remove carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons at the same time, which can reach 1PPm.
Function and use of acetylene
In liquid and solid state or under gas and certain pressure, there is a danger of violent explosion, which can be caused by heat, vibration, electric spark and other factors, so it cannot be stored or transported after pressurized liquefaction. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in acetone. When the temperature is 65438 05℃ and the total pressure is 65438 05 atm, the solubility in acetone is 237 g/L, and the solution is stable. Therefore, in industry, after acetone is absorbed by porous materials, acetylene is pressed into steel drums or steel cans filled with porous materials such as asbestos for storage and transportation.
Two π bonds in acetylene molecule
The mixture of air and acetylene is explosive in the range of 2.5% ~ 80%. If a proper amount of air is supplied, it can burn safely and emit white light, which can be used as a light source in places without power supply. Burning in oxygen, the flame temperature of oxyacetylene is as high as 3200℃, which can be used for cutting and welding metals.
The chemical properties are very active, and it is easy to produce addition reaction, resulting in a variety of important chemical products. In the presence of mercury chloride, it is added with hydrogen chloride to produce vinyl chloride;
HC≡CH+HCl→H2C = CHCl
Adding with acetic acid in the presence of zinc acetate to generate vinyl acetate;
HC≡CH+CH3COOH→H2C = CHOCOCH3
In the presence of nickel carbonyl, it reacts with carbon monoxide and water or alcohol to produce acrylic acid or acrylate. Vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid and acrylate are all raw materials for producing polymers. Hydrogen in acetylene molecules is weakly acidic and can be replaced by metals to form acetylene compounds. For example, cuprous acetylide CuC≡CCu, or silver acetylene AgC≡CAg is reddish brown, and acetylene can be precipitated immediately when it is pumped into the ammonia solution of cuprous salt or silver salt. This reaction can be used for qualitative analysis of acetylene.
In industry, methane is partially burned, methane or lower alkanes are pyrolyzed at high temperature, or calcium carbide (calcium carbide) is hydrolyzed. Acetylene made from calcium carbide has a bad smell because it contains impurities such as phosphine.
5. Functions and uses of propane
Propane reacts with excess chlorine at higher temperature to produce carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene (Cl2 c = ccl2); The mixture of 1- nitropropane CH3CH2NO2, 2- nitropropane (CH3) 2ch2no2, nitroethane ch3ch2no2 and nitromethane CH3NO2 is formed by reacting with nitric acid in the gas phase. Propane can be separated from oilfield gas and cracked gas in industry. It can be used as raw material for producing ethylene and propylene or solvent for oil refining industry. The mixture of propane, butane and a small amount of ethane can be used as civil fuel after liquefaction, that is, liquefied petroleum gas.
6.carbon dioxide
use
Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
1. Fire extinguishing Because carbon dioxide does not burn, it does not support the combustion of general combustible materials, and the density of carbon dioxide is higher than that of air, so carbon dioxide is often used for fire extinguishing. Isolate the air with carbon dioxide to achieve the purpose of fire fighting.
2. The carbon dioxide (dry ice) of refrigerant solid directly turns into gas when it melts, and absorbs heat during the melting process, thus reducing the ambient temperature. Therefore, dry ice is often used as a refrigerant.
3. Artificial rainfall Spraying dry ice in the air by plane can condense water vapor in the air, thus forming artificial rainfall.
Carbonate Beverages
4. Industrial raw materials In the chemical industry, carbon dioxide is an important raw material, which is widely used to produce soda ash, baking soda, urea, lead white carbon pigment and so on. In light industry, more carbon dioxide is dissolved by high pressure, which can be used to produce carbonated drinks, beer, soda and so on.
5. Food stored with carbon dioxide can effectively prevent the growth of bacteria, molds and insects in food, avoid deterioration and peroxide harmful to health, and keep fresh and maintain the original flavor and nutritional components of food due to hypoxia and the inhibition of carbon dioxide itself. For example, a Swedish company introduced a new method to store meat in packaging, containers and storage rooms filled with 100% carbon dioxide gas. (/news/jsdt 0 1/200443082720 . htm)