Laboratory Laboratory safety education precautions are as follows:
I. General precautions in the laboratory
1, before entering the laboratory, wear a good laboratory suit (chemical resistant clothing), wear good protective glasses, gloves (preferably double-layer), it is strictly prohibited to wear flip-flops, shorts, skirts, Undershirt and other large bare skin clothing into the laboratory.
2, before the start of the experiment, should carefully check whether the instrument is intact, whether the device is correct and stable. In the experiment, you should always pay attention to check the apparatus for leakage and breakage, observe whether the reaction is normal, whether the experimental operation is standardized, etc. All the experiments related operations should be carried out in the fume hood.
3, before the start of the reaction will be other debris removed from the fume hood desktop, in principle, only to retain the experimental instruments and materials, and the table surface should be kept clean.
4. For the reaction which is estimated to be dangerous, there should be sufficient preparation and protective measures, and if necessary, higher level of protective equipment should be used, such as positive pressure respirator, protective face screen, half mask, full face mask, goggles, nitrile gloves and so on.
5, before the experiment, check and prepare the reagents and materials used to see whether the type is complete, whether the amount of material to meet the casting, the drugs and reagents used in the experiment shall not be scattered, abandoned or taken out of the laboratory, the laboratory generated by the waste solids and liquids should be put into the specified trash cans and containers, and are not allowed to be poured into the sewers.
6, the reaction of harmful gases in the experiments and experiments using harmful volatile solvents, should be in accordance with the provisions of the tail gas absorption device, after the completion of the absorption of attention to the absorption system to be treated, to avoid the leakage of harmful gases into the air, affecting health.
7, the end of the experiment to carefully wash their hands, is strictly prohibited in the laboratory to eat or drink, is strictly prohibited in the laboratory wearing headphones to listen to music.
8, the thermometer into the rubber plug, you should first check whether the plug hole size is appropriate, whether the thermometer front smooth, wrapped in paper or cloth thermometer, and then slowly rotate it into the plug hole, holding the thermometer hand should be close to the plug, to prevent the thermometer from breaking and scratching the skin.
9, fully familiar with the safety of fire appliances, such as fire extinguishers, sand buckets and first aid boxes placed in the location, familiar with the method of use, and regular inspection, more care. Safety and fire appliances and first aid medicines are not allowed to casually move the location or diverted to other uses.
Two, fire, explosion, poisoning, electrocution prevention
1, most of the organic solvents used in the laboratory is flammable, therefore, containers containing flammable organic solvents shall not be close to the fire source and the heating device, the laboratory is strictly prohibited to appear open flame. Laboratory shall not store a large number of organic solvents, strong oxidizing agents and strong reducing agents are strictly prohibited to be stored together.
2, flammable organic solvents (especially low boiling point flammable organic solvents) at room temperature also has a large vapor pressure, air mixed with flammable organic solvents when the vapor reaches a certain limit, the formation of aerosols, the occasional electric spark is very easy to combustion and explosion. Most of the organic solvent vapors are more dense than air, will drift along the desktop or the ground to the farther, or deposited in the lowlands, therefore, do not containers with organic solvents for a long time open placed.
3, atmospheric pressure operation should make the full set of devices have a certain buffer zone (such as oil sealing device, balloon, etc.), is strictly prohibited to form a closed system for the reaction. Decompression distillation to use round-bottomed flasks as receiving vessels, not conical flasks or cracked glass instruments, otherwise it will increase the risk of bottle rupture. When operating under pressure (autoclave), you should always pay attention to whether the pressure in the kettle exceeds the safe load, and should be protected.
4, some organic compounds when encountered with oxidizing agents will be violently decomposed, oxidation reaction, and then cause an explosion or combustion, the operation of the relevant knowledge should be mastered, the operation should be particularly careful. When storing drugs, should be potassium chlorate, peroxide, concentrated nitric acid and other strong oxidizing agents and organic reagents stored separately.
5, open the storage of volatile liquid bottle stopper, should be cooled and then open; open the bottle mouth pointing to no one, so as to avoid liquid splash injury. If the stopper is not easy to open, we must pay attention to the nature of the bottle storage, do not open with violence.
6, some experiments may produce dangerous compounds, the operation needs to be particularly careful, must be equipped with protective measures. Some types of compounds are explosive, such as azide, diazonium salt, nitrate, multi-nitro compounds, etc., the use of operating procedures must be strictly adhered to, there should be explosion-proof measures. Some compounds such as ether, tetrahydrofuran (without stabilizers), will be left for a long time to generate explosive peroxide.
7, toxic reagents involved in the reaction should be carefully operated, properly stored materials. Experiments used in the highly toxic substances should be sent and received, registration, use, and to the user must comply with the operating procedures, the user to make detailed experiments and quenching records, experiments used in the vessels must be quenched, cleaned.
8, in the reaction process may produce toxic or corrosive gases in the experiment, need to be connected to the tail gas absorption device, in the absorption device and the reaction bottle in the middle, to add a buffer device, to avoid backsiphonage lead to experimental failure.
9, the use of electrical appliances, the human body should be prevented from direct contact with the conductive part of the appliance, can not touch the electric plug with wet hands or hands holding wet objects. In order to prevent electric shock, the device and the metal casing of the equipment, etc. should be connected to the ground wire. Rainy days with high humidity should pay more attention to the safety of electricity; experiments, should first confirm the circuit, and then turn on the power.
Three, the handling of accidents and first aid.
The laboratory if the incident accident, should immediately take appropriate measures and report to the laboratory in charge.
1, fire: once the fire, should remain calm and collected, do not panic, should immediately take a variety of appropriate measures to control the spread of fire, in order to reduce accidental losses. First of all, should immediately extinguish all nearby sources of ignition, cut off the power supply, and remove the nearby flammable substances. Bottle solvent fire can be used to extinguish the blanket or wet towel cover off. Small fire can be wet cloth or yellow sand cover off. Fire should be reported to the fire alarm, while the following fire extinguishing equipment according to specific circumstances.
a.? Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. Is the most common type of laboratory fire extinguishers, it's steel cylinder containing compressed liquid carbon dioxide, when used to open the switch, carbon dioxide gas will be ejected to extinguish organic and electrical equipment fire. Use should pay attention to, a portable fire extinguisher, a hand should be held in the spray carbon dioxide horn cylinder handle. Because the pressure of carbon dioxide out of the sudden drop in temperature also plummeted, the hand is easy to be frostbite if you mention the horn tube.
b.? Foam fire extinguishers. Internal sodium bicarbonate solution containing foaming agent and aluminum sulfate solution, the use of the cylinder body upside down, the two solutions that are mixed to generate sodium bicarbonate, aluminum hydroxide and a large number of carbon dioxide reaction. The pressure inside the fire extinguishing cylinder suddenly increases, and a large amount of carbon dioxide foam is sprayed out.
No matter what kind of fire extinguisher, should start from the fire around, to the center of the fire, the following cases can not use water to extinguish the fire.
1) metal sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, calcium carbide and sodium peroxide on fire, water will produce hydrogen, expanding the fire, and there is a possibility of explosion, dry sand should be used to extinguish the fire.
2) than the density of water, flammable substances, such as petroleum ether, toluene or acetone, etc. on fire, can not use water to pour, this will make the fire spread, available foam fire extinguishers.
3) burning metal or molten material on fire, dry sand or dry powder extinguishers should be used.
4) electrical equipment or electrified system on fire, should quickly cut off the power supply, available sand, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, prohibit the use of water or foam fire extinguishers and other conductive liquids to extinguish the fire.
5) If the clothes on fire, do not run, should be thick coat or wet blanket wrapped so that extinguished. More serious, clothes on fire should lie on the ground (so as not to burn the flame to the head) roll out, or with a fire blanket tightly wrapped until extinguished, burns serious emergency medical units.
2, cuts: the wound is small, take out the wound in the glass or solids, rinse with distilled water and then coated with red potion, tied with gauze to stop the bleeding, or band-aid bandages to stop the bleeding and disinfection. Large wounds should first press the main blood vessels to prevent massive bleeding, and rush to the medical unit for treatment.
3, burns: light wounds coated with oil or tannic acid ointment, serious wounds coated with scalding ointment and then sent to the medical unit.
4. Reagent burns to the skin
a. Acid. Immediately wash with a large amount of water, then wash with 3% to 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, and finally wash with water, disinfected in severe cases, swabbed dry and coated with scalding ointment and sent to the medical unit.
b. Alkali. Immediately wash with a lot of water, then wash with 2% acetic acid solution, finally wash with water, disinfect if severe, swab dry and apply scald ointment and send to medical unit.
c. Bromine. Immediately wash with plenty of water, then wipe with alcohol until there is no bromine, then apply glycerin or burn ointment.
d. Sodium. Visible small pieces of sodium are removed with forceps, and the rest is treated as for alkali burns.
5. Splash of reagent in the eye, in any case wash it first by the following methods, first aid and send it to the medical unit.
a. acid. Wash with plenty of water (laboratory and corridor eyewash) and then with 1% sodium bicarbonate solution.
b.? Alkali. Wash with plenty of water, then 1% boric acid solution.
c.? Bromine. Wash with plenty of water, then with 1% sodium bicarbonate solution.
d. Glass. Remove broken glass with tweezers and wash in a basin with water, do not rub by hand.
6. Poisoning. If a person is found to be poisoned, an antidote should be given according to the nature of the poison and sent to a medical unit immediately.
a. Corrosive poisons. For strong acid, first drink a lot of water, and then take aluminum hydroxide paste, egg white; for strong alkali, should also drink a lot of water, and then take vinegar, sour fruit juice. Whether acid or alkali poisoning are again to milk infusion, do not eat emetic.
b. Irritants and neurotoxins. First take milk or egg white to make it immediately dilute or ease, and then a spoonful of magnesium sulfate (about 30g) dissolved in a glass of water to induce vomiting. Sometimes a finger can also be inserted into the throat to induce vomiting, and then immediately sent to the medical unit.
c. For gas inhalation, move the person outdoors and unbutton the collar of the shirt to allow breathing. Inhalation of a small amount of chlorine or bromine, can be used to rinse the mouth with sodium bicarbonate solution.