Located in Shengya Township, Turpan City, about 9 kilometers from Turpan City in the east, with highway access, the transportation is very convenient. The altitude is 72 meters.
Sand therapy, i.e., sand burial therapy, is a method for Turpan working people to treat diseases by using the unique local climate and geographical conditions. Turpan basin summer climate is dry, hot, sand therapy for some chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, hemiplegia, etc. treatment effect is better. Sand therapy site is wind into a fixed sand dune, about 200 meters long, 60-80 meters wide, than the height of 8-10 meters. According to years of meteorological data, every year from June 5 to August 20, Turpan high temperature, dry heat, daytime temperature up to 38-42 degrees, the surface sand temperature up to 75-82 degrees. Every day after 5 o'clock Beijing time, the sand temperature of 10 meters deep in the sand pile is still between 60-80 degrees. Sand burial therapy, that is, the sick body parts buried in the sand, the use of sunlight, dry heat, pressure, magnetism [sand therapy sand than the field sand containing magnetic ore 9 times higher] the combined effect of treatment of diseases of a folk treatment method.
Sand therapy was established in 1972, set up for the Turpan Uygur Hospital, sand therapy patients to provide medical advice, treatment, convalescence and specialized institutions for accommodation. Has built a hospital, guest house and other facilities, the existing staff of 16 people, including medical people in 6 people, with 800 beds, up to receive patients more than 900 people, in the masses have a greater impact.
Sand dunes around the farmland and part of the desert scrub, sand dunes 8-10 meters above the ground, can fully receive solar heat. Next to the dunes, there are restaurants and simple rest rooms, which can provide food and accommodation for patients at any time.
For tourism use, Turpan sand therapy has been opened as a tourist attraction for tourists to visit, sand therapy.
For details of the treatment, please call local 118114.
Kan'erjing is known as one of the three major projects in ancient China, along with the Great Wall of China and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The total number of Qan'erjing in Turpan is nearly a thousand, with a total length of about 500O kilometers. The structure of qaner wells is largely composed of four parts: vertical wells, underground channels, surface channels and "waterlogging dams" (small cisterns). Bogda Mountain in the northern part of the Turpan Basin and Kara Wucheng Mountain in the western part of the Basin have a large amount of snow and rain flowing down the valleys and submerging under the Gobi Desert in the spring and summer. People took advantage of the slope of the mountains and skillfully created qanats to divert the submerged underground flow to irrigate farmland. Kan'er does not make the water evaporate a lot due to heat and wind, thus the flow is stable and ensures self-flowing irrigation.
Kan'er wells, as early as in the "Records of the Grand Historian" has been recorded, then called "well canal". Turpan's existing qaner wells, mostly built since the Qing Dynasty. Nowadays, they are still watering a large area of oasis fields. Turpan city outskirts of WuDaoLin qaner wells, five-star township qaner wells, can be visited.
The name of Kanye Well is "Kanyez" in Xinjiang Uygur language. Iranian Persian called "Kanatz" (Kanatz). Soviet Russian called "Kan Yaliz" (k,lplItK). Phonetically, there is a distinction between them, but the difference is not great.
China's Xinjiang Chinese called "Kanye" or simply "Kan". China's mainland provinces called different; such as Shaanxi called "wells and channels", Shanxi called "water lanes", Gansu called "a hundred eyes string of wells", there are places called "underground channels."
Kan'erjing is the development and utilization of groundwater, a very old style of horizontal water collection buildings, applicable to the foothills, alluvial fan edge zone, mainly for the interception of underground diving for irrigation and residential water.
According to the 1962 statistics in Xinjiang, China **** there are more than 1700 qaner wells, the total flow of about 26 meters 3 / s, irrigated area of about more than 500,000 acres. Most of these wells are distributed in Turpan and Hami Basin, such as Turpan Basin *** there are more than 1,100 wells, with a total flow of l8 m 3 / s, irrigated area of 47 million mu, accounting for 67% of the total cultivated area of 700,000 acres of the Basin, the development of local agricultural production and meet the needs of the residents have a very important significance.
The formation conditions of Xinjiang qaner wells
The formation conditions of Xinjiang qaner wells, according to the survey data analysis of about the following three aspects:
1. The possibility of natural conditions
Tulufan Basin is located in the center of the Eurasian continent, the eastern part of the Tianshan Mountains is a typical closed inland basin. Due to the distance from the sea, and surrounded by mountains, and the basin is narrow and low-lying, humid climate is difficult to dip into, rainfall is very little, evaporation is very large, so, the climate is extremely hot, since ancient times, that is, the "fire state" of the name.
According to the 1952-1958 seven-year statistics, the average rainfall of only 19.5 millimeters, the maximum of 42.4 millimeters, the minimum of 5.2 millimeters, the average evaporation over the years for 3608.2 millimeters.
The basin is windy all year round, and the maximum wind is generally 7-8. 1961 saw the emergence of a new windstorm, which was not seen in Turpan for 50 years. Tulufan 50 years have not had a big wind disaster, only more than 8 winds throughout the year, there are 56 times, including the May 31, the gale, the wind was up to more than l2, continued for 17 hours long, resulting in the destruction of the fields, the forest loss, so that the beautiful oasis of a moment of darkness, and the tragedy of it is shocking.
The basin's topography of the high difference, the terrain steep, steep, around the mountains around the Hercynian movement formed at the end of the Paleozoic Era, the rock layer is hard and more fissures, is conducive to the formation of fissure water, the northern part of the Bogda Mountain general altitude of 3,500 to 4,000 meters, the main peak of as high as 5,445 meters, the western part of the Kala Wucheng Mountain, the highest peak is also in the more than 4,000 meters. All for 10,000 years of extreme snow glaciers, the south of the Jueluo Tag Mountain, elevation in 600 a 1,500 meters, the foothills of low, no snow, precipitation is also less, for a very dry stripping bald mountain. Southeast is Kumtag Sand Hill, sand piled up in the high. 300 a 500 meters in the Paleozoic and in the Cenozoic bedrock, extreme drought for a barren land, the central basin of the Flaming Mountains (Astantag) folded belt, by a series of axial for the North West West a South East East dorsal tectonics, exposed strata to the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary conglomerate layers and mudstone is mainly, the dorsal tectonics of the many The dorsal tectonics is cut by a number of pre-formed river valleys, and it becomes a hilly area with an elevation of 5OO-6OO meters, an east-west length of more than 90 kilometers, and a north-south width of 6-9 kilometers on the topography. Flaming Mountains to the basin separated into two parts of the north and south, the basin in the center of Lake Aydin, but the terrain is extremely low-lying, the lake bottom elevation of a 1 54 meters, is one of the world's lowest land. Due to the height of the mountain system around the basin is not symmetrical and the center of the basin is extremely low-lying, plus, most of the mountains in front of the huge accumulation of quaternary sediments. As a result, an inclined plain is formed from north to south. Foothills alluvial, flood fan section mostly for the larger gravel pebbles layer, to the inner plains gradually transformed into finer grained sand or clay stratum. The slope of the ground gradually slows down from north to south. The ground slope of the alluvial fan in the north is generally 1/30 to 1/50, and the ground slope of the plain area in front of the mountain is generally 1/lOO to 1/200.
Because of the basin's extremely arid climatic conditions, surface runoff is relatively lacking. To the north of the basin, the Tien Shan water system, which is recharged by snow, ice and rainfall, flows into the basin in the form of dozens of valley rivers. One of the main rivers in order from east to west are Karqi, Kekoya, Ertanggou, Kelanggou, Coal Kiln Gully, Talanggou, Daheyan, Poplar River, such as Ala Gully. The total annual runoff is only 6. 65 million cubic meters, the average annual flow rate of 21. 1 m 3 / s. The largest of the Baiyang River. One of the largest poplar river average annual flow is only 7.29 meters 3 / sec. These rivers are characterized by the flow is not large, flood and dry disparity, and in the mountain pass, because the riverbed through the Gobi gravel zone, most of the seepage into the ground, replenishment of groundwater runoff. But because of the central basin of the flame mountain backslope structure is mostly muddy shale, permeability is very poor, played the role of the underground dam, preventing the groundwater to the south into the basin, so that the flame mountain northern foothills, appeared a lot of return to the formation of diving high water table area. And a series of spring water ditches were formed in all the gaps of the Flaming Mountains. The main ones are: Subei ditch, Lianmuqin ditch, Mutou ditch, grape ditch, Taol ditch, Yaer milk ditch, Dacao Lake and so on. Spring water flow is very rich, *** counting the annual runoff of 3.54 billion cubic meters. These springs out of the Flaming Mountains, and once again repeated seepage into the ground, replenished the southern basin of the Flaming Mountains underground runoff. Finally discharged in the center of the basin of Aydin Lake. The lake area of about 1 OO square kilometers, such as the annual evaporation of 3,000 millimeters, the evaporation of water consumption in a year that is 3.O billion cubic meters. According to the Turpan Water Resources Bureau information, at present the Turpan Basin water wells **** counted 1177, the annual mining average flow rate of l8.57 meters 3 / s. The annual runoff has reached 5.5 million meters. That is, the annual runoff has reached 585 million cubic meters.
Based on the above figures, the amount of water that has been utilized in the springs and qaner wells plus the evaporation of water from the lake surface far exceeds the surface runoff. Even if the spring water as a return to the water theory, can be disregarded, and Qan'erjing mining water and the evaporation of Lake Aydin and the sum is also greater than the surface runoff of the Tien Shan water system. This proves that the source of groundwater recharge, in addition to the riverbed seepage is the main source, there are still Tien Shan mountainous areas of Paleozoic rock fissure water recharge, so that the Turpan Basin's groundwater resources are relatively rich. Together with the ground slope and other circumstances, thus constituting the possibility of digging qaner wells in natural conditions.
2. The need for production development
From the production development conditions, Turpan Basin in the ancient Han and Tang dynasties is the Europe-Asia traffic hole, economic and cultural exchanges, although the region's climate is arid and the surface of the water is very lack of water, but contains a rich source of groundwater and abundant natural springs, resulting in the alluvial fan edge of the land below all the oasis of fertility. The climate is very hot, rich in thermal energy resources, and the frost-free period lasts more than 2,30 days, making it an ideal area for agricultural development. Therefore, since ancient times, people have been utilizing natural springs for agricultural production, not only planting general grain and oil crops, but also the development of cotton, grapes, melons, vegetables and other cash crops.
The agricultural production here is not only economically important, but also politically and militarily important. Therefore, the further development of agricultural production inevitably requires people to develop more underground water sources, that is to say, the history of the development of agricultural production is the history of the working people to develop and utilize the underground water, through thousands of years of production and labor practices and internal and external cultural and technological exchanges of experience, the people have finally and gradually found a way to develop and utilize the best form of underground water --- Qan'erjing. -Qan'erjing.
3. Economic and technological rationality
Tulufan Basin is rich in coal, oil and other mineral energy, but has not been vigorously exploited until today. Therefore, not only in ancient times on the economic and technical conditions of digging qaner wells have great limitations, even today, digging qaner wells in the power machinery and equipment is still very lack of. Electricity supply is also very little, and steel and cement are also transported from far away. These conditions bring great difficulties to the construction of surface water conservancy projects. But qan'erjing water intake form, can save earthworks, but also can be a year-round water supply, and the local people in the hot area for a long time to live, have been repairing the kiln and building the habit and experience of the cave. In addition, people in the digging of spring water production practice, and gradually found that the form of underground channels, not only can prevent sand intrusion, but also can reduce evaporation losses, the application of engineering materials is not much, the operation of the technology is also quite simple, easy for the local people to master. This is to overcome the local economic and technological difficulties have a great convenience, therefore, far in the ancient economic and technological conditions of the situation, the working people of all ethnic groups to use qan'erjing way to exploit the use of groundwater, it is even more seemingly economic and reasonable.
In summary, the formation of qaner wells in the Turpan area has three basic conditions, namely:
① In the local natural conditions, due to the drought and little rain, the lack of surface water, people have to produce, life will have to pay attention to the development and utilization of groundwater. At the same time, the local groundwater is rich in reserves because of high mountain recharge. Ground slope and steep, conducive to the construction of qaner wells project, the extraction of a rich source of groundwater, self-irrigation of farmland and solve the problem of human and animal drinking.
② In the development of production at that time, due to political, economic and military requirements, as well as the dissemination of Eastern and Western cultures at that time, forcing people to further seek to increase the amount of groundwater extraction, expanding the irrigated area to meet the needs of the development of agricultural production. Therefore, the spring structure must be improved, to take the extension of the hole to increase its water output. This gradually formed a prototype of the water extraction method of Kanye wells.
③ In the economic and technical at that time, although the level of economic and technical conditions is very low, but the structural form of qan'erjing project can make the amount of earthworks greatly reduced, and construction equipment is extremely simple, the operation of the technology is easy to grasp for the local people, so the qan'erjing way of extracting water in the level of the economic and technical conditions at that time is a more ideal form.
The origin of Xinjiang qaner wells doctrine
On the origin of Xinjiang qaner wells, according to the current investigation of the information, basically can be divided into "imported" and "self-created" two types of learning. In the "said" can be divided into "foreign introduction said" and "domestic introduction said" two kinds of, is divided into the following:
1. said that the passers
(1) Foreign introduction of said
This doctrine mainly that the Qan'erjing is in the 17th century from Persia (now Iran) into Xinjiang, based on:
① name is basically the same: Uygur called "Qan'erz" Persian called "Qanaz", the language is basically the same. The language is basically the same.
② characters have evidence: as far away as 1,780 years (Qing Dynasty, Qianlong) Persians Suliman (Solimen) came to Turpan, building brick tower (now Sugong Tower) can be evidence.
But this doctrine has the following problems:
① The name is the same, but it may be Xinjiang into Persia.
② characters, although there is evidence, but only 180 years ago and we visited the local five-star commune in l962, the old Kanye craftsmen Axiom (86 years old at the time), he believes that as early as 300-400 years ago, there is a Kanye well.
(2)Domestic importation theory
This theory mainly believes that qaner wells were imported into the Xinjiang Bailongdui Desert area through Dunhuang from Dali in present-day Shaanxi Province, and then imported into Turpan, which is based on the following:
①According to the historical records: there was a well ditch in present-day Shaanxi Province in 109 B.C. in the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty (141 B.C. - 87 B.C.) in the historical records, and in the Han Dynasty (141 B.C. - 87 B.C.) in the Western Region (141 B.C.) in the Western Han Dynasty (161 B.C.) in the Western Han Dynasty. The western region of the biography on the Western Han Dunhuang attack on the Wusun, in the present day Bailongdui desert southeast of the foothills of the Tushan, there is access to the spring water of the Diogu Hou wells (Dajing Liutong Drainage).
In addition, when the Western Han Dynasty attacked Dawan (the present-day Samar Dry region of Central Asia in the Soviet Union), the local people did not yet know how to dig wells. Before the Yuan Dynasty history are not documented documentation of qan'er wells, until 1 2 6 2 years (more than 7 oo years ago) the Yuan Dynasty Liu Yu wrote the "Western Ambassador" only have the "wells and canals" as evidence of the record, indicating that the domestic wells and canals as early as the structure, Central Asia is very late in the water wells.
② according to the name of the old Kanye wells and digging Kanye wells in the name of the tool and the discovery of ancient Kanye wells in the antiquity of testimony: such as a lot of Kanye wells is the name of the Han Chinese: Qian Sheng Guikan, Ximenkan, Dongmenkan, the big long water Kanye ......; tools such as the name of a single reel, the horse reel and the repair of the reservoir in Shanshan, Shanshan Erbao found buried underground in the very ancient, Kanye wells, copper water pipe, etc., in the water wells. In the copper water pipe, etc., indicating that the qaner well is the Han people first came to digging.
3 according to the Soviet expert survey comments, the Soviet Union hydrogeologist B-H-Kunin l957 l959 to Xinjiang after the examination that Turpan's qaner wells with the Soviet Union in Central Asia and Iran along the qaner wells on the structure and operation of the way are different.
Therefore, it is believed that Xinjiang qanerjing is more than two thousand years ago by the Han Chinese working people invented and created, and through the people of Xinjiang in the long-term production and practice to carry forward. It has its home in Dali, Shaanxi Province, and has been settled in Xinjiang since the Western Han Dynasty.
But this statement has the following doubts:
a. Shaanxi wells and canals is the project of conveying surface water, not the development and utilization of groundwater project, there is still some difference.
b. The Chinese name of the qanats tools can only prove that in digging the qanats it was the Han people who participated in the manufacture of the tools, it does not necessarily prove the history of the qanats, and the qanats with Han names or names are not necessarily the earliest qanats.
c. buried qaner wells only copper water pipe bag to prove that the history of earlier and for the Han people dug, also insufficient. Because the Turpan sandy wind, buried early, not necessarily the earliest qaner wells.
In addition, similar to this doctrine, there are people who think it is Lin Zexu (1785 a l850) invented qaner wells, there is also a time problem. Because Lin Zexu is only l00 years of history, can only show that he advocated for qaner wells, but with little relation to the origin.
2. self-creation said
Self-creation said that the main Kan'er well is the local working people of all ethnic groups in the development of agricultural production and drought in the fight, after practice and gradually created, the reasons for:
① working people began to use spring irrigation, in the process of digging and extending the spring, found that can increase the amount of water, the longer and deeper the formation of nullahs, nullahs and then deeper is earth Too large, and frozen and collapsed easily buried for the sand, so the development of drilling holes to extend the depth of the water, the formation of the earliest corridor, the extension of the corridor out of the earth after transporting the soil and a sense of difficulty, followed by the emergence of the earth's shafts, which in the process of continuous development of the formation of the original Qan'erjing.
② Local natural conditions are extremely arid, the ground water is very scarce, the objective conditions force people to pay attention to the development and utilization of underground water sources, in order to ensure the development of agricultural production and residential water requirements. And in the Tianshan Mountains in other areas of the north and south in this regard is not as prominent as Turpan. At the same time, there is no such steep slope of the ground like Turpan area, is conducive to the use of groundwater extraction and utilization of the way Qan'erjing.
3) It is believed that the qaner wells in Turpan have a history of more than 2,000 years, and that there were qaner wells in the area as early as before the Han Dynasty (206-220 B.C.E.).
The problems with this doctrine are:
a. The history of more than two thousand years lacks the necessary evidence (because it is earlier than the Shaanxi wells and ditches and there is no documentary evidence).
b. Why is the name of Qan'erjing similar to that around Central Asia?
Based on the above, the various origins of qanats have different points of view. We through the investigation and analysis of the origin of the qanats put forward the following preliminary experience and understanding:
① From the name of the qanats: Xinjiang, the USSR, Iran have a similar voice. It seems to be similar to each other and interconnected.
② From the structure of kanji: Xinjiang, the Soviet Union, Shaanxi, all have some of their own characteristics, which seem to be independent of each other and different from each other.
③ From the distribution of qaner wells: Xinjiang Turpan Basin is indeed more arid areas, if qaner wells are imported, why in the South Xinjiang or Gansu other imported road through the arid areas, but did not adopt qaner wells very early?
④ From the Qan'erjing tools and equipment: it can be proved that the working people of all ethnic groups participated in this work, and the Han people, mainly, carried out the production of tools for drilling wells.
⑤ From the natural conditions: Turpan is indeed the most arid and water-scarce area, and is very rich in groundwater. At the same time, the slope of the ground is the steepest area. It is favorable for the excavation of qaner wells.
According to the above preliminary understanding and experience, we think:
Self-created say seems to be in line with the law of the development of things, but can not deny that the role of a certain role in the incoming say. (Such as the name of the qanats, the tools used and the introduction of well-drilling technology, etc.).
Based on historical conditions, Turpan is the main channel of ancient Eurasian transportation (Silk Road), economic and cultural exchanges in the region, the East and the West of the cultural and technological importation of the formation of qaner wells will play an important role. Therefore, we believe that Qanerjing is formed under comprehensive conditions, but tend to say that self-creation is the main, the introduction of the negative, that is: the main internal causes, external causes.
But because of these materials only for our preliminary investigation, there is a lack of historical evidence, so the formation and origin of Qan'erjing, is still a need for further research.
The current situation of qan'erjing
In recent years, the qan'erjing in Turpan has been on the decline. In the 1950s, there were as many as 1700 qaner wells in the whole Xinjiang, but with the continuous drying up, the number has dropped to more than 860 in the late 1980s. In Turpan, there were at most 1,273 qaner wells, but now only about 725 exist.
The reason for this is the serious destruction of the ecosystems on the periphery of the oases in the Turpan area. According to the latest satellite remote sensing monitoring data show that the region strongly develop desertified land area has accounted for 46.87% of the total area, while the non-desertified area accounts for only 8.8% of the total area. Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce, the groundwater level is declining, and the flow of water from the Qaner wells is decreasing year by year.
With the economic development of Turpan, machine wells are widely used. The machine wells have low investment and high efficiency, and the exploitation is extremely random. The region has thousands of wells from the ground to pump a lot of water, and the region's 1.1 billion cubic meters of available water resources, groundwater accounted for only two hundred million. Comparatively speaking, the high cost of qaner wells, maintenance is difficult, resulting in declining utilization; in surface water utilization, some rivers upstream of the construction of reservoirs, dams cut off the flow of downstream water sources will be stretched to the limit. The built Kekeya Reservoir and Kanye Reservoir, on its downstream of nearly a hundred Kanye directly caused by the survival of the crisis.
In addition, the Tuha oil field development efforts continue to increase, just a Tuha oil field, the annual use of Turpan 5 million cubic meters of water. Oil field water consumption is very large, coupled with the drilling of extremely deep wells, the deep underground water is pumped out in large quantities, Qaner wells water source indirectly affected. In particular, the drilling of oil wells in the vicinity of the qanats puts the qanats at risk of contamination; in 1997, the Tuha Oilfield experienced the phenomenon of oil seepage when oil wells upstream of the qanats intersected with the qanats. Due to the lack of deeper monitoring tools, it is still difficult to determine the deeper impact of the oil field on water quality.
The views on the decline of qanats are sharply divided. One view is that from a purely economic point of view, there is no longer a need for qanats to survive. In today's rapid technological development, the well is too backward, easy to dry up in summer, winter water is easy to flow away for nothing, can not store. And reservoirs can store water, ecological regulation at any time. Should be left to the natural demise of qaner wells, the survival of the fittest, by reservoirs and other water conservancy facilities in its place.
Another viewpoint is that Qanyi wells is China's ancient working people left a rare and precious human heritage, has a very high historical value and scientific value, especially in the emphasis on ecological development today, Qanyi wells have an incomparable value of tourism development. If this human heritage disappears because of today's short-sightedness, we will be ashamed of future generations.
Is it survival or destruction? The fate of Qanerjing hangs in the balance. In the Turpan area for 30 years, the deputy commissioner of the administrative office of Cai Binghua pained: "Let it go on, not more than 30 years, Kanye wells will no longer exist."
The attitude of local people is: reservoirs should be built, machine wells should be played, qaner wells should be protected. It is reported that the Turpan area will be included in the agricultural water wells in addition to a part of the repair and maintenance, but also organized a "qaner wells Research Society", and will set up a "qaner wells monitoring station", at any time to observe qaner wells, such as changes in water level and water quality. For the protection of qaner wells into the legal system management track, Turpan area as early as 3 years ago has drafted "Turpan qaner wells water resources regulations" and other relevant laws and regulations, reported to the regional people's Congress for approval of the implementation, but so far has not seen the approval. It is understood that the region is also ready to report to the State and the autonomous region to establish the Qan'erjing Nature Reserve, in order to avoid new development and construction in the new damage.