Classification of batteries:
Commonly used batteries are lead-acid batteries, cadmium-nickel batteries, nickel-iron batteries, metal oxide batteries, zinc-silver batteries, zinc-nickel batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries and so on.
①Lead-acid battery negative for lead, positive for lead dioxide, electrolyte for sulfuric acid, mainly starter, fixed, traction, power and portable, most of the open or acid-proof type, a small number of colloidal electrolyte batteries. In recent years, sealed lead-acid and other types of battery products in many areas to replace the original use of lead-acid batteries. Lead-acid batteries have a low price, suitable for low-temperature high-rate discharge, is widely used. However, due to the low specific energy of lead-acid batteries, the production process is toxic, polluting the environment, affecting its scope of use.
② nickel cadmium battery negative for cadmium, positive extremely nickel oxide, electrolyte for potassium hydroxide solution. Common shape is square, buckle and cylindrical, open, sealed and fully sealed three structures. According to the manufacturing method of the pole plate, there are pole plate box type, sintered type, pressed into the type and pull pulp type. Cadmium-nickel batteries have a high discharge rate, good low-temperature performance, long cycle life and so on.
③ Nickel metal hydride battery is a new product developed in the eighties, the negative electrode for hydrogen-absorbing rare earth alloys, the positive electrode is nickel oxide, the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide aqueous solution, than the cadmium-nickel batteries, 1.5-2 times the capacity, has a fast charging, excellent high rate of discharge performance and low-temperature discharge performance, inexpensive, non-polluting, known as the green battery.
④ Iron-nickel battery negative pole for iron powder, positive pole nickel oxide, electrolyte for potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. It has a strong structure, durability, long life and other characteristics, lower specific energy, mostly used in mine transportation truck power supply.
⑤ zinc-silver battery negative electrode for zinc, positive pole of silver oxide, electrolyte for potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, has a high specific energy, excellent high rate discharge performance, but the price is high, mostly used in the military industry and weapons systems.
⑥ zinc-nickel battery negative electrode for zinc, positive extremely nickel oxide, electrolyte for potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, has a high specific energy, lower prices, but shorter life, in recent years, zinc-nickel battery cycle life has improved, with the increase in cycle life will be more widely used.
⑦ lithium-ion battery anode is carbon (graphite), anode is lithium cobalt oxide, using organic electrolyte, with high voltage, high specific energy, excellent cycle life, safe and pollution-free, called green power.
Marine batteries must comply with the technical conditions of the marine environment, including the following:
(1) to adapt to vibration and shock. Vibration can make the fixed or connected parts of the electrical equipment loose, so that the parts of the structure is damaged or malfunction. So there should be anti-loosening measures, vibration damping or vibration isolation measures, with a strong vibration and shock resistant mechanical structure.
(2) Adaptation to tilt and sway. Continuous tilting and swaying disrupts the balance of forces in the normal static position and produces additional forces on moving parts, leading to equipment failure or damage.
(3) Adaptation to ambient temperature. Ambient temperature has an important impact on the performance and service life of electrical equipment. Ambient temperature includes air temperature and sea water temperature.
(4) Adaptation to humidity, salt spray, oil mist and mold. The humidity of the ambient air, salt spray, oil mist and mold make the insulation of electrical equipment insulation material insulation performance degradation, so that the metal parts rust and corrosion. Moist salt spray forms a moist leakage film on the surface of the insulating material, and mold secretes organic acids under hot and humid conditions, exacerbating the moistness of the surface. Oil mist and dust adhering to the surface increases the leakage on the surface, and hinders heat dissipation to raise the temperature. Moist water molecules penetrate into the cracks and pores of the insulating material, increasing the leakage current, which leads to a decrease in insulation resistance. Damage to many electrical devices is often caused by thermal breakdown of the insulating material. As the temperature exceeds a certain limit, it will accelerate the aging of the insulating material and lose the insulating property. Therefore, marine cables, wires, windings, etc. to use a higher heat-resistant grade of moisture, salt spray, mold-resistant insulating materials, to use good flame retardant, good mechanical strength and corrosion-resistant materials.
(5) adapt to changes in voltage and frequency of the ship's power grid. Ship power system is an independent limited power grid. Voltage and frequency are affected by load changes, so the voltage and frequency change range is specified, to be able to work effectively within this range.
(6) protection requirements. In order to avoid electrical equipment by external solid and liquid foreign body invasion and failure or damage, thus causing fire hazards, general electrical equipment should be protective shell cover.