(Yue Dechao)
Medicinal fungi refer to a class of fungi that can be used as medicines to treat diseases and have tonic effects. China's use of fungi as medicine has a long history, as early as 2,550 years ago, there is "Shenqu" treatment of dietary stagnation, chest and diaphragm full of indigestion, indigestion, the use of tofu on the growth of mold treatment of sores and sores, etc. Records. China's earliest book of medicines, "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica" (100-200 A.D.), and other books of materia medica through the ages have recorded fungal medicines such as Poria, Poria, Leiwan, Mabo, Ganoderma lucidum, shiitake mushrooms, Cicada flowers, Cordyceps sinensis, and fungus. These medicinal fungi have undergone the test of thousands of years of medical clinical practice and are still widely used today. According to preliminary statistics, there are about 250,000 species of fungi in the world, and about 300 species are known to have medicinal effects. And artificial cultivation as a drug use, only a small part of them.
In the past 30 years, China's medicinal fungi cause in the continuous development, especially since the first national academic conference on medicinal fungi in 1980, the development of the cause of medicinal fungi more rapidly. The application of modern science and technology to study fungal herbal medicine, has been unearthed from the fungi and developed about more than 30 kinds of fungal drug preparations used in clinical applications. Fungal drugs are safe and effective. They are welcomed by the majority of patients.
I. Overview of the cultivation of medicinal fungi
China is the earliest country in the world to cultivate medicinal fungi. For example, as early as 800 years ago, Wang Zhen (Yuan) "book of agriculture" recorded in the simple cultivation of shiitake mushrooms (mushrooms). The main thing is to cut out the flower mouth on the tree pole artificially, and inoculate the infected mushrooms with the natural drift down of the wild mushroom spores. This method was introduced to Japan, where it was further developed about 300 years ago. This method was used until about 60 years ago, when it was replaced by inoculation with spore water. Nowadays, it has been developed to use pure strains of all artificial cultivation methods. Longquan, Jingning and Qingyuan in Zhejiang Province are the birthplace of mushroom cultivation in China.
In 1957, Chen Meipeng and others, in order to save wood and overcome the limitations of the production area, to meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets, began to use wood chips to cultivate shiitake mushroom research, and preliminary success in 1960.
In recent years, all regions of the country, according to local conditions, the use of a variety of agricultural by-products as the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms and a variety of other medicinal fungi as raw materials, and its cultivation methods are also diverse, such as the wild (room) outside the pit, the shade shed, the creek and other segments of wood cultivation, indoor bottles, bags, fungus bricks planted in pots, and other cultivation methods, not only greatly improve the yield, the quality of cultivation than the old way to be far better. At present, Jiangsu has built China's largest shiitake cultivation base, Fujian Gutian has built shiitake production semi-automated workshop. Cultivation production is large, China's shiitake mushroom production up to 40% of the world's output, has crossed into the ranks of the world's shiitake mushroom production power.
Poria has been cultivated for hundreds of years in China. For example, it is recorded in the "Journal of Decision" that "Poria is born on the roots of large pines. In recent times, the villagers are to choose its small, with large pine roots broken and tied to them, and tightly bound, so that the fat seeped into the interior. Then choose the ground of the fertile, Kan and Dizhi, three years to take, then into a large ling carry on". This method of digging up the roots and then using the original ling to introduce seeds is still often used in some mountainous areas. In Su Song (Song) "Tu Jing Ben Cao" (1062 AD) recorded on the harvesting method of Poria: "to iron head cone piercing the ground, such as Poria, the cone is solid and not, and then digging the soil to take it". This is consistent with the "drill field method" of today's Poria mining.
Since 1970, Hubei, Fujian and other places to reform the old method of cultivation of Poria as seed (meat cited), and the use of pure strain mycelium (mycelium cited) inoculation of the new method, obtained better results. Now it is vigorously promoting the artificial inoculation (mycorrhizal introduction) cultivation method.
Nowadays, there are many provinces and districts in the country to carry out the artificial cultivation of Poria, including Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Yunnan, Sichuan, Fujian and other provinces with greater production.
China's cultivation of silver fungus is also the world's earliest countries. According to records, the cultivation of fungus began in 1894 in Tongjiang County, Sichuan Province, and then spread to Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Fujian and other provinces. Later, Japan also followed suit. In the past, it was also cultivated by the old method of natural inoculation with low yield. Nowadays, not only has the excellent pure strain of silver fungus been isolated, but also has mastered the new technology of cultivating silver fungus. Such as inoculation after the pure strain of fungus, but also need to inoculate the appropriate proportion of fungus companion bacteria - ash mycelium, the general ratio of 1000:1 better. Cultivation methods in addition to the section of wood cultivation, but also the success of research and large-scale promotion of bottle planting, fungus bed planting, plastic bag planting and other methods, the yield has been greatly improved. Now there are silver fungus cultivation all over the country. Not only to meet the clinical needs, but also for pharmacology, chemistry and other research to create the conditions.
The cultivation of ganoderma lucidum, first published in the Qing Dynasty "Flower Mirror" (A.D. 1688) a book. At present, many regions in China are engaged in the bottle planting of Ganoderma lucidum and segmented wood cultivation, and has developed to solid and liquid fermentation culture.
Pig ling in the past all rely on wild resources to provide medicinal, Shanxi Gu County, Shaanxi Qinling relevant units, after several years of efforts to obtain the wild into home cultivation of preliminary experience, Yunnan Province in recent years in the development of indoor artificial isolation of cultured nuclei to explore the research and development of hydroponics method of pig ling, the initial success in 1980.
1956-1959 years, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, in the ergot fungus artificial inoculation cultivation of research work and success. On this basis, and has successively studied the method of solid and liquid culture of ergot fungus, but also on the Poria mushroom fermentation culture exploratory research, in the bottle culture to form nuclei.
So far, domestic and foreign on the artificial culture of Cordyceps sinensis technology, process and so on carried out a lot of research, in 1980, Japan Yazaki Nobuo reported the artificial culture of 80 species in the genus Cordyceps, the artificial culture of chrysanthemum Cordyceps containing Cordyceps mycotoxin components has been successful. However, there is little research on Cordyceps (containing cordycepic acid) in Japan. In recent years China's research on the rearing of Cordyceps bat moth larvae and the isolation and culture of Cordyceps bacteria has made some progress. 1983 Shen Nanying had reported that in 1981 had cultured 1 Cordyceps sinensis zygote on solid medium, and then the Qinghai Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute utilized the wild zygote spores, cultivated strains have grown immature zygotes in the test tubes. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbiology and Fujian Qingliu County Hospital, the Naval Medical Research Institute and other units, have been isolated from the wild Cordyceps bacteria on the different strains, and fermentation pharmacology chemistry and clinical efficacy and other research has been through the results of the appraisal, put into production. And the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Jiangxi State Pharmaceutical Factory in 1987, the first to obtain the Ministry of Health New Drug Review Committee of the production certificate. However, it is not yet possible to complete its full life history under artificial culture conditions.
In addition to the cultivation of the above several kinds of medicinal fungi, in the past 30 years, it has also successfully cultivated Zizyphus, thin-covered ganoderma lucidum, Leiwan, Monkey Head, Structural Fungus, Yunzhi, Tree Tongue, Honey Ring Fungus and other kinds of medicinal fungi, such as the substrates or kernels, and applied the fermentation engineering technology to produce the above various kinds of fungi as well as Leucomyces cereus, Anlou Small Pi Umbrella, Mucuna pelliculata, Laminar Reclining Pore Fungus, Bamboo Yellow Fungus, White Stiffy Fungus (or Stiffy Silkworm Pupa), and many others. Mycelium of fungi for medical use.
The significance of cultivation of medicinal fungi
Since ancient times, China has used many kinds of fungi as medicines, and they have been included in the medical books of past generations, and they are an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. They have experienced the test of medical practice for more than a thousand years. At the same time, China is also the world's earliest cultivation of medicinal fungi and the production of fungal drug preparations more countries. Especially in the past 30 years, the application of modern science and technology research on medicinal fungi, so that the cause of medicinal fungi rapid development. Some medicinal fungi by modern medicine research proved that its function is multi-faceted, and the efficacy of safe and reliable.
China's fungi resources are extremely rich, and was explored as a medicinal fungi development and utilization of only a very small part of them. Because the wild resources are far from meeting the needs of clinical medicine, therefore, the significance of cultivation of medicinal fungi is not only to solve the problem of drug sources, but also to explore and develop and utilize the motherland's treasure trove of medicine, to look for new medicines in order to obtain greater social and economic benefits.
Three, medicinal fungi cultivation research status
China in the past 30 years, the cultivation of medicinal fungi cultivation research has made great achievements, some traditional cultivation of fungi such as ergot, shiitake mushrooms, fungus, Poria, etc. carried out methodological reforms, the use of pure strains of all artificial inoculation cultivation of a new method, instead of the past natural inoculation of semi-artificial cultivation of old methods, and gained great success. Now all the cultivation of medicinal fungi, are using pure strains of artificial cultivation of new methods, and has been popularized and promoted, the rapid development. In Xiagang Township, Jiangyin County, Jiangsu Province, the largest Shiitake mushroom cultivation base in China was built in 1985 - the Changjiang Shiitake Mushroom Farm was put into production, and a semi-automated workshop for Shiitake mushroom production was built in 1986 in Gutian County, Fujian Province. At present, the research of medicinal fungi cultivation is working hard to realize the factory and automation. And more research on cultivation of medicinal fungi is to apply modern biotechnology deep fermentation method for cultivation. This method not only can greatly shorten the production cycle (4-15 days), and can be systematically and massively cultivated and produced in factories, or applied to biosynthesize medicines with medical value, such as ergot neosporin, ginkgo biloba sporoglucosan, shiitake mushroom polysaccharides, yunzhi polysaccharides and so on, whose quality is easy to be controlled and low-cost, and which can obtain greater social and economic benefits.
According to incomplete statistics, at present, has built the fermentation production of fungal drugs factory or workshop, the country has about 30 more than one, and engaged in the research of medicinal fungi unit is more, the production of fungal drug preparation of about 30 kinds.
Four, the cultivation of medicinal fungi
Use of fermentation to cultivate medicinal fungi, can greatly shorten the growth cycle, suitable for factory production, easy to control the culture conditions, production potential, for extensive research, development and utilization of medicinal fungi opened up a new way.
Artificial cultivation, a traditional production method, China has valuable experience since ancient times, although it has certain shortcomings and limitations, but for some wild medicinal fungi, but also should try artificial cultivation.
(a) artificial cultivation
1. Segmented wood cultivation
It is a method of imitating the growth of wild medicinal fungi. That is, the use of artificial cultivation, in the section of the wood to grow a fruiting body or nucleus. This method is suitable for mountain cultivation. Cultivation in mountain forests should be based on the growth characteristics of medicinal fungi in accordance with local conditions to choose the site and species, the use of appropriate cultivation process, the process is: preparation of wood, select the cultivation site, inoculation, management, harvesting and processing. Such as in the selection of land, fungus to choose the high mountains halfway up the hillside, there are appropriate shade trees, leeward and high humidity place. Poria likes warmth, so choose a ventilated and dry place. Requirements for tree species, fungus to broad-leaved trees, Poria is selected coniferous pine. Although the growth environment and cultivation process of fungus and silver fungus is similar, but also has its own characteristics. Silver fungus production requirements to cut the "pulp tree", that is, draw new branches, sap flow when cut, while the fungus is required to cut the "pulp tree", that is, the tree leaves yellow, trunk nutrient accumulation when cut. Segmented wood cultivation, in addition to fungus, psyllium and Poria are widely used, in the mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum is also vigorously promoted.
2. Wood chips bottle planting
The main raw materials are sawdust, wheat bran or chaff. Because sawdust is a by-product of wood processing plant, so the development of medicinal fungi bottling production, is a way of comprehensive utilization of wood by-products. There are many kinds of wood, with different textures and different compositions, so if you don't understand the species and use it blindly, it will directly affect the cultivation effect of medicinal fungi. General broad-leaved tree wood chips, especially the species of the family Crustaceae, the most suitable for the growth of medicinal fungi, it is not only hard and corrosion-resistant texture, and the preparation of the culture medium is nutritionally adequate, in the process of growth of mycelium after inoculation of nutrient consumption is slow. Containing fungicidal substances of camphor and oil-containing pine species are not suitable for bottling of raw materials (except for the culture of Poria). General wood shavings bottled planting, more applied to the plains indoor, and the shell family tree material in the plains source difficulties, so should also be adapted to the local conditions of the local material. To be cultivated by experimenting and selecting sawdust of other broad-leaved trees with convenient sources. If you do not know the type of sawdust, it should be dried first, and then used after the oil and volatile substances are decomposed and dispersed. In the culture material mixed with some bran or chaff to increase the nitrogen source component is more conducive to mycelial growth. At present, Henan Nanyang application of cottonseed husk instead of wood shavings for the culture medium, after the test effect is also better.
(B) fermentation culture
The chemical analysis and clinical practice has proved that the fungi to the entity into the medicine, in their mycelium also contains the same active ingredients with the entity, also has the same therapeutic effect. All such medicinal fungi, can be used to fermentation culture method. Fermentation culture can be divided into solid fermentation culture and liquid deep fermentation culture.
1. Solid fermentation culture
is a solid material to do the culture material to cultivate mycelium, and then extracted and processed for a method of pharmaceuticals. It doesn't need complex equipment and advanced operation technology, and the investment is also less, more suitable for grassroots units. All the culture materials suitable for cultivation can be used for solid fermentation, solid fermentation production is to grow full of mycelium culture materials and mycelium into the drug together, so the requirements of the culture materials must not contain toxic and harmful ingredients. Suitable materials for solid fermentation are corn meal, rice bran, soybean meal, wheat bran and so on. Containers used for the production of shallow disk (curved disk) flat bottle (Ke's bottle or eggplant bottle), mushroom bottles and so on. Currently with this method of production are monkey head fungus, honey ring fungus, cloud cheese, ergot fungus and white fungus, etc..
2. Liquid deep culture
It is characterized by inoculation of mycelium in the culture medium, giving appropriate aeration and stirring, so that the bacteria multiply in large quantities at the same time, the production and accumulation of effective substances. The cultivation process is generally carried out in the fermenter. Therefore, a fermenter and equipment for compressed air, as well as equipment for filtration, concentration, extraction, etc., are required. The seeds are first cultivated in shake flasks and then expanded to be cultivated in tanks. The specific production process is as follows: slant seed → small shaking bottle seed (primary) culture → large shaking bottle seed (secondary) culture → propagation tank (seed tank) (tertiary) culture → fermentation tank culture. The medium composition is generally simple, available soybean cake powder, sesame cake powder, silkworm chrysalis powder, fish meal and other animal and plant raw materials for organic nitrogen source, add some sugar to supplement the carbon source and then give a small amount of inorganic salts can be. The advantage of deep culture is that the cultivation volume is large, easy to artificially control, short cultivation cycle, not subject to climate and seasonal restrictions, year-round production. For example, it takes one and a half months to cultivate Ganoderma lucidum substrate under cultivation conditions, while the fermentation production cycle can be completed in 5-7 days under deep culture of mycelium. It is suitable for industrialized production and has a bright future.