A, the life cycle of equipment has the following three kinds:
(1) Material life of equipment, also known as natural life. Refers to the time from putting equipment into use to scrapping due to physical wear and tear.
(2) The technical life of equipment is also called effective life. It refers to the time from the equipment put into use to the emergence of new equipment with better performance and higher efficiency due to technological progress, which makes the original equipment lose its use value before reaching its material life.
(3) Economic life of equipment. It refers to the time from the time when the equipment is put into use to the time when it is stopped because of the aging of the equipment, the sharp increase in the use cost and the unreasonable economic continuation.
Secondly, three theories of equipment life cycle are analyzed and studied.
The theory of equipment life cycle is based on the basic principles of system theory, cybernetics and decision theory, combined with the business policy, objectives and tasks of enterprises, and analyzes and studies the following three aspects of equipment life cycle:
1. equipment life cycle technology theory: relying on technical progress, strengthen the role of equipment as a technical carrier, study the fault characteristics and maintenance characteristics of the whole life cycle, improve the effective utilization of equipment, and adopt applicable new technologies and diagnostic maintenance technologies, thus improving the reliability and maintainability of equipment.
2. The theory of equipment life cycle economy: study the economic law of equipment wear, grasp the technical and economic life of equipment, and make technical and economic analysis on equipment investment, repair and renewal, so as to achieve the most economical purpose of life cycle cost and improve the comprehensive efficiency of equipment.
3. Theory of equipment life cycle management: Because the person in charge and the owner in each stage of equipment design, manufacture and use are often not single, their management strategies and interests will be very different. Therefore, it is necessary to study the dynamic management of the combination of the three, emphasize the management and control of the whole life cycle of equipment, and realize timely information feedback, so as to realize comprehensive integrated management.
Third, the division of equipment life cycle.
Due to the wear and tear of the equipment, the use value and economic value of the equipment will gradually decrease, making the equipment have a certain life cycle. According to different angles, the life cycle of equipment can be divided into natural life, technical life and economic life.
1. Natural life of equipment
The natural life of equipment, also known as physical life, refers to the total time that the equipment can no longer be used or scrapped due to physical wear and tear. The natural life of equipment is mainly determined by tangible wear and tear. Proper use and regular maintenance of equipment can prolong its natural life, but it can't fundamentally avoid the wear and tear of equipment.
2. Technical life of equipment
The technical life of equipment, also known as effective life, refers to the time from putting equipment into use to being eliminated due to backward technology. With the rapid development of science and technology, people demand higher and higher quality and accuracy of products, and at the same time, advanced mechanical equipment with more perfect performance is constantly emerging, which leads to the elimination of the original equipment. Although it can still be used, it can no longer guarantee the accuracy, quality and technical requirements of products. It can be seen that the technical life is mainly determined by the intangible wear and tear of equipment, which is generally shorter than the natural life, and with the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the technical life of equipment is getting shorter and shorter.
3. Economic life of equipment
The time from the equipment put into use to the economically unreasonable continued use due to wear and tear is called the economic life of the equipment. The economic life of equipment is related to factors such as annual depreciation expense and annual maintenance expense. The longer the service life of the equipment, the less the annual purchase fee (annual depreciation fee) allocated by the equipment. However, with the increase of equipment service life, equipment needs more maintenance fees to maintain its original functions; Moreover, the operating costs of equipment, raw materials and energy consumption will also increase, and the annual operating time, production efficiency and quality will decline. Therefore, the decrease of annual depreciation expense of equipment will be offset by the increase of annual operating cost or the decrease of income.
Four, equipment life cycle management should pay attention to the problem:
Equipment life cycle management is the so-called comprehensive management, which aims to improve the comprehensive efficiency of equipment and optimize the life cycle cost. The scientificity of integrated management method in equipment management is mainly reflected in the whole process of integrated management. By adopting effective control means, an interconnected, interconnected and coordinated management control system is formed. Attention should be paid to the following issues:
(1) Plan control to overcome blindness. Planning plays a guiding, guiding and coordinating role. The enterprise management work plan must be highly targeted and operable, with clear objectives, scale, speed, methods and safeguard measures, and reasonable organization of manpower, material resources and financial resources. Once the plan is put into practice, it should be carried out to the letter, so as to ensure that the management work in each stage of inspection, maintenance and repair runs within the scope of the plan and achieve the purpose of the plan.
(2) Responsibility control, strengthening the compliance with responsibilities. In equipment management, responsibilities should be clear. If managers do not have a strong sense of responsibility, they will turn a blind eye to the problems existing in the equipment. It is very important to clarify the management responsibilities of equipment management, departments and teams, and it is necessary to formulate specific responsibilities at all levels in combination with the actual situation of enterprises. At the same time, it is necessary to take various forms to strengthen the consciousness of all kinds of personnel at all levels in seeking politics, safeguarding rights and doing their duty, and to start their internal motivation to abide by their duties.
(3) System control to avoid disconnection. In equipment management, the system is the law to do a good job in equipment management. Only by adhering to the system meticulously can we avoid the random phenomenon of "out of line". Practice has proved that the original record data management, file management, quota standard and contract responsibility system involved in equipment management and maintenance can be stipulated from the aspects of time, content, organization method and standard, and implemented layer by layer to ensure that system control runs through the whole process of comprehensive management, and the effect is very obvious.
(4) Program control, to achieve sectional success. Any management activities always follow certain procedures, so does equipment management. The latter cycle is carried out on the basis of the previous cycle, and the quality of the first-level management in each cycle has been improved. Following this requirement, we should grasp the five stages of "deployment-guidance-inspection-supervision-evaluation" in equipment management, so that each stage can form a complete dynamic control without interruption, and the order of each stage can not be reversed every week. Moreover, if a certain period does not achieve the expected effect, it can be repeated in turn from a certain control stage according to the actual situation, and then it will be repeated again to a higher level until the whole process of program control is effectively completed.
(5) Reward and punishment control plays a driving role. The practice of unclear rewards and punishments and "settling accounts after autumn" in equipment management is not only not conducive to stimulating the enterprising spirit of managers, but also will dampen their enthusiasm. It is necessary to proceed from the reality of "paying attention to actual results" and "paying attention to long-term" in management work, and "rewarding merit".