The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), founded in November 1949 in Beijing, is the country's highest academic institution in science and technology and the national center for comprehensive research and development in natural sciences and high technology. CAS consists of five departments (Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology, Geosciences, and Technical Sciences), as well as 11 branches (Shenyang, Changchun, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Kunming, Xi'an, Lanzhou, and Xinjiang), 84 research institutes, one university, two colleges, four documentation and information centers, three technical support organizations, and two press and publication units, located in more than 20 provinces (cities). In addition, it has invested in and organized 430 research institutes. In addition, it has invested and organized more than 430 science and technology-based enterprises (including converted units) in 11 industries, including 8 listed companies. The Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the "Academy") was established in 1955 as the highest advisory body of the state in science and technology, responsible for advising on national science and technology development plans, programs and major science and technology decision-making, proposing research reports on major science and technology issues in the country's economic and social development, and making recommendations on the development strategies and medium- and long-term goals of science and technology. It is responsible for advising on national science and technology development plans and major science and technology decisions, making research reports on major science and technology issues in national economic construction and social development, proposing strategies and medium- and long-term goals for the development of academic disciplines, and deliberating and guiding the academic issues of important research fields and institutions. The Academy is composed of academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences are elected from among the most outstanding scientists at home and abroad, and are co-opted every two years. Currently, there are 687 academicians, including 41 foreign academicians. The highest authority of the Academy is the General Assembly of all academicians, and its permanent leading body is the Bureau of the Academy, with the President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as the executive chairman. At present, the Academy has five divisions: Mathematical Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology and Technical Sciences. At the early stage of the establishment of the Academy, academicians were organized to participate in the formulation of the Twelve-Year Plan for Scientific and Technological Development, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's scientific and technological undertakings, and in 1986, at the suggestion of 89 academicians, the Chinese Academy of Sciences set up the Natural Science Fund for the whole country, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) was set up on the basis of the NSFC. In March of the same year, four academicians, namely Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Chen Fangyun and Edward Yang, jointly proposed to strengthen the research and development of high technology in China, forming the National High Technology Research and Development Program. In 1993, the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) was established under the initiative of academicians Wang Daheng, Shi Changxu, Zhang Guangdou, Zhang Wei, Luo Peilin and Hou Xianglin. In recent years, the academy has put forward a series of consulting reports to the State Council and relevant government departments on issues such as development of western China, national security, sustainable development of population and society, development of high-tech industries, science education, and development strategies of academic disciplines, which have provided important references for the state to formulate relevant policies. In the field of basic science research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has gradually established and developed the basic disciplines of natural sciences, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanics, astronomy, life sciences, geology and environment. In the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanics and astronomy, there are now 16 research institutes, including 10 research institutes, 2 research institutes, 3 astronomical observatories and 1 timing center, with nearly 9,000 scientific researchers and administrators. The University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (GSCC) are also important research forces in basic science. At present, there are 4 national laboratories, 11 national key laboratories and 19 key laboratories in the field of basic sciences in these research institutions. In the pilot work of Knowledge Innovation Project, international research teams on quantum structure, core mathematics, polymer science and materials, cross-science theoretical physics and complex systems have been launched. The research teams mainly focus on major scientific frontiers and carry out original and innovative research work, and through the driving role of the teams, first-class scientists who grow up locally in China are cultivated. In order to promote the domestic nanotechnology research, the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCMT) has been established on the basis of the Center for Nanoscience and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), in cooperation with Peking University, Tsinghua University and other universities. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has built major scientific engineering devices such as the Beijing Positron-Negative Electron Collider (BEPC), Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator (HIRFL), Hefei Synchrotron, tokamak and laser fusion devices, and long-wave timing stations, as well as large-scale astronomical observation equipment such as the 2.16-meter Optical Telescope, Multi-Channel Telescope of the Sun's Magnetic Field, and the Mi-Wave Integrated Aperture Radio Telescope. Currently under construction are the Lanzhou heavy-ion gas pedal cooling storage ring, a large-scale non-circular cross-section superconducting tokamak device, a large sky area multi-target fiber-optic spectroscopic astronomical telescope, and a major renovation project of the Beijing Positron-Negative Electron Collider (including spectrometer). In the field of basic science research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has made many significant scientific achievements, such as machine proofs of mathematical theorems, Sin Geometry algorithms for Hamiltonian systems, precise measurements of the mass of τ leptons, synthesis of new nuclides, observation of supernovae, high-temperature superconductivity, preparation and application of carbon nanotubes, nonlinear optical crystals, structure and properties of transition metal atom clusters, and metal-organic chemistry, and so on. At the same time, it has made important contributions to the research and development of China's information, energy, materials, resources, agriculture, medicine, space and national security, as well as the formation of a strategic reserve of science and technology. Academician Wu Wenjun of the Institute of Mathematical and Systematic Sciences and Academician Huang Kun of the Institute of Semiconductors were awarded the National Highest Science and Technology Prize in 2000 and 2001 respectively, Academician Liu Dongsheng of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was awarded the prize for 2003, which was vacant in 2004, Academician Ye Ducheng of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was awarded the prize for 2005, Academician Li Zhensheng of the Institute of Heredity and Developmental Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was awarded the prize for 2006. Li Zhensheng, academician of the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, won the 2006 National Top Science and Technology Award. Life Sciences and Biotechnology In the field of life sciences and biotechnology research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) now has 23 research institutes and research centers, 26 national and academy key laboratories, 12 botanical gardens, 22 herbaria, 9 typical cultures preservation repositories, and 11 field ecology research stations, with more than 6,800 people in scientific research and management. The seven research institutes in Beijing focus on agricultural high technology and ecological environment research; the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, consisting of seven institutes (centers), focuses on population and health; the four research institutes in Southwest China form the Southwest Research and Development Base for Bioresources and Biodiversity Conservation, which focuses on the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of bioresources; and the three research institutes in Hubei focus on the research of The three institutes in Hubei focus on aquatic biology and virology and its biotechnology; and one institute each in Qinghai and Guangzhou conducts research on the biology of the Tibetan Plateau and related research on botany and degradation ecology, respectively. In the field of life sciences, CAS has made many important achievements. For the first time in the world, it artificially synthesized bovine insulin crystals and yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid (RNA); completed the compilation and research of 366 volumes of Chinese flora, fauna, and sporophytes; created the most complete classification system of ferns in China; participated in the Human Genome Project and completed the sequencing of 1% of the total number of genomes; and completed the framework maps of rice genome and Japonica rice genome 4. The framework map of rice genome and precise sequencing of chromosome 4 of japonica rice were completed. Research on locust ecology and management, restoration ecology, pest control, crop variety selection and breeding, aquaculture, innovative drugs, etc. has made important contributions to national ecological security, agricultural economic development and population and health. In biotechnology research, important research results have been achieved in the production of Vc intermediates by two-step fermentation, the enhancement of blackstrap molasses enzyme activity and its industrial application, genetically engineered vaccine for hepatitis B virus, genetically engineered human interferon with ultra-high expression, transgenic fish and somatic cell cloning technology of bovine etc., and some of them have been realized for industrialization. In terms of new drug research,**** more than 50 kinds of new drugs have been created. The antidote drug dimercaptosuccinic acid is the first drug that was copied by the U.S. and approved by the FDA; the anti-malaria drug artemether is the only first new drug exported from China, and it was listed in the World Pharmacopoeia in 1995; and the annual output value of the drugs such as "Dior Cardio" for treating cardiovascular diseases has already reached 1.4 billion RMB. Resource and Environmental Science and Technology In the field of resource and environmental science, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has 24 research institutes, 11 state key laboratories, 14 key laboratories of the academy, and 47 key field observation and testing stations. The field stations belong to the four major networks of ecosystem research, atmospheric background observation, geomagnetic station chain, and special environment and disaster monitoring, which have become permanent scientific observation and research bases of international level. At present, the field of resource and environmental sciences has a scientific research and management team of nearly 9,000 people, and has developed into a relatively complete and comprehensive research system with a full range of disciplines. The field of resource and environmental sciences involves a number of key disciplines such as solid earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, marine sciences, ecology, environmental sciences, geographic sciences and resources, remote sensing, agriculture and so on. Over the years, the majority of scientists and technicians have been actively facing the needs of the country and climbing the scientific peaks, and have achieved important results in the study of early life on earth, evolutionary paleontology, the study of the international boundary layer type, and the summary of fossils of various phyla. Through research on paleoenvironmental changes and processes in the East Asian monsoon environmental system, loess, karst, ice cores, lakes, paleoceanography and the impact of human activities on terrestrial ecosystems as well as marine eco-dynamics, we have reconstructed the laws of natural environment evolution in East Asia; and we have actively and fruitfully promoted the study of global change. Research on the theory of terrestrial oil production, the geochemistry of layer-controlled deposits, the mechanism of East Asian atmospheric circulation and environmental pollution in the East Asian monsoon, and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and its environmental effects have made major theoretical breakthroughs. Based on geographical differentiation, surface water and heat balance, elemental migration and transformation and ecological environment characteristics, various natural zoning, ecological environment zoning, agricultural and economic zoning have been completed, which have been widely applied in the construction of national economy. It has provided a number of practical technologies and models in desertification prevention and control, soil and water erosion control, transformation of low and medium-yield fields, restoration and reconstruction of degraded ecosystems, environmental pollution control and seawater aquaculture, and marine medicine. The research results achieved by remote sensing technology, geographic information system (GIS) technology and global positioning system (GPS) technology and the construction of information infrastructure have enabled geo-information science to play a more important role in governmental decision-making and the development of science and technology, economy and society. High Technology Research and Development In the field of high technology research and development, CAS*** has 28 research institutes, 2 technical support units, 1 national laboratory, 43 national key laboratories and key laboratories of the academy, and more than 14,600 scientific research and technical personnel. The main work involves the fields of information technology, advanced manufacturing, optoelectronic science and technology, materials, energy, transportation, chemical engineering and space science and technology, etc., and has made significant contributions to China's research on computers, lasers, synthetic rubber, the "Two Bombs and One Star" and other research. In recent years, the Institute has further strengthened basic research and exploration of high-tech frontiers in the field of high-tech research and development, and continuously enhanced its capability of independent innovation. Meanwhile, in order to strengthen the ability of the Institute to transform scientific and technological achievements and to support the industry, 31 National Engineering Centers and Engineering Centers of the Academy have been established, and a group of high-tech enterprises has been formed under the management of modern enterprise system. The tasks of the high technology research and development work of the Chinese Academy of Sciences are: to engage in basic, strategic and forward-looking high-tech research which is related to China's economic development, national defense construction and social progress; to undertake key technology research and development work in major national projects, and to solve the major scientific and technological problems urgently needed by the country; to improve China's capability of independent innovation in high technology, and to promote the development of high-tech industry continuously. It plays a significant and irreplaceable role in improving the international competitiveness of China's high technology, promoting the development of China's high technology industry, and solving the major scientific and technological problems in China's economic development, national defense construction and sustainable social development. The institutes actively undertake major national scientific and technological tasks such as the National Key Basic Research Program, the National High-Tech Research and Development Program, and the National Key Science and Technology Tackling Program, strengthen cooperation with enterprises, and have achieved a series of significant results. The industrialization of industrial robots, the payloads of Practice 5 scientific experimental satellites and Fengyun series meteorological satellites, miniaturized ultra-strong and ultra-short lasers, nano-materials, organic synthetic chemistry, 400,000 kilowatts of evaporative-cooled motors, Dawning 3000 super server, and the "Longchip" high-performance CPU chip have contributed to the development of China's information technology and automation, chemical and materials industries, as well as to the development of China's economy. A large number of innovative research results, such as information technology and automation, chemical industry and materials, energy and other areas of scientific and technological development for China has written a new chapter. In terms of high-tech industrialization, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in accordance with the policy of running the academy in the new era, adheres to the national strategic needs, strengthens key technological innovation and integration, and strengthens the transformation of scientific and technological innovations, thus directly contributing to the restructuring of China's industries, the maintenance of rapid economic growth, and the sustainable development of the society. At the same time, it actively establishes a platform for the development of high-tech industries, further promotes the marketization, socialization and corporatization of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and further promotes the development of high-tech industries. The enterprises financed by the institute are distributed in 11 industries, of which 219 have been recognized as high-tech enterprises. There are 82 enterprises directly invested by the institute (including the first batch of conversion units), such as the famous Lenovo Group Holding Company, etc.; there are 356 enterprises invested by the research institutes, such as Chengdu Dior Pharmaceutical Group Co. At present, there are already 8 companies invested by the institute or institutes listed both at home and abroad. Among the 31 national and institute-level engineering research centers, 14 of them have completed the transformation of corporate system. In addition, there are 21 science and technology industrial parks under construction and preparation. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has set up the "Chinese Academy of Sciences State-owned Assets Management Company" in accordance with the law, on behalf of the Academy, to exercise the rights of contributor to the wholly-owned, holding and participating enterprises directly invested by the Academy, and to assume the corresponding responsibility for value preservation and appreciation of the operating state-owned assets. In 2001, the operating income of the Academy and its invested enterprises amounted to RMB 43.454 billion; the total profit and tax amounted to RMB 4.299 billion; the foreign exchange amounted to USD 294 million; the owner's equity amounted to RMB 11.722 billion; and the number of employees was about 52,400, among which more than 40,000 people were provided with employment opportunities for the society. The Chinese Academy of Sciences actively promotes the effective combination of science and technology with the economy, attaches great importance to technical and economic cooperation with provinces and municipalities, and in recent years has signed comprehensive cooperation agreements with 23 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and relevant localities (cities) one after another. At the same time, it promotes cooperation with industrial sectors and large and medium-sized enterprises through multiple channels, ways and levels, strengthens technical cooperation in the tobacco, textile, petrochemical and electromechanical industries, and establishes long-term cooperative relationships with large-scale enterprise groups, such as China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), Daqing Oilfield, Shanghai Electrical Machinery Group (SEMG), and Shanghai Radio and Television Group (SRTG), among others. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with the State Economic and Trade Commission and the Ministry of Education***, has organized the implementation of the "joint development project between industry, academia and research", and has established a variety of cooperative relationships with more than 3,000 enterprises. In order to strengthen cooperation with localities, industries and enterprises, 170 localities (cities), counties and a number of enterprises in 29 provinces (municipalities) across the country have selected and assigned scientific and technological deputies, and at the same time, localities and enterprises have received selected cadres for short-term work in the Academy. According to incomplete statistics, the Academy and local cooperation projects in 2001 for the formation of local sales revenue of 15.2 billion yuan, 3.3 billion yuan of profits and taxes. In addition, the social benefits created amounted to RMB 11.4 billion. Team Building and Cultivation of Talents The Chinese Academy of Sciences has a high-level scientific and technological talent team, with 256 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, accounting for 39.8% of the total number of academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and 53 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, accounting for 8.6% of the total number of academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. There are 37,000 professional and technical personnel in the academy, including 14,000 senior professional and technical personnel, 14,000 intermediate professional and technical personnel, and 0.75 million junior professional and technical personnel. There are more than 20,000 postgraduates and more than 1,000 postdoctoral fellows in the academy. In the 1950s, a large number of outstanding talents from home and abroad gathered in CAS and made historic contributions to the development of the "Two Bombs and One Star", and in the 1980s, in order to cultivate young and middle-aged scientific and technological backbones and solve the problem of the talent gap, CAS took the lead in launching a series of new initiatives in the country, and in the early 1990s, the "Hundred Talents Program" was launched. In the early 1990s, the "Hundred Talents Plan" was launched to attract and cultivate outstanding discipline leaders, and the structure of the talent team of the whole Academy was adjusted and optimized. Since the implementation of the pilot project of knowledge innovation, the Academy has carried out personnel system reforms such as controlling the total number of personnel with the optimization of the team structure as the core, establishing a new type of employment system in line with the international standards, and establishing a distribution system with a "triad" structure, which laid a good foundation for the reform and development of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1999 and 2001 saw the launching of the "Introduction of Foreign Outstanding Personnel" program. In 1999 and 2001, the "Program for Introducing Outstanding Foreign Talents" and the "Program for Overseas Eminent Scholars" were launched respectively, which increased the attraction of outstanding young scholars from abroad. At present, scientific and technological personnel under 45 years old account for more than 75% of the total number of scientific and technological personnel in the scientific and technological posts of the knowledge innovation project of the whole academy, and the talent team of the whole academy shows a good trend of lean personnel, reasonable structure, constantly improving innovation ability, and constantly improving international and domestic status. In order to maintain the innovation vitality and competitiveness of the talent team, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has started to send outstanding scientific and technological personnel and management backbone to study abroad since 1978, and so far 16,000 visiting scholars and postgraduates have been sent to more than 40 countries and regions to study abroad and visit for further training, and nearly 10,000 of them have returned to work in China upon completion of their studies. At the same time, a network of continuing education has been initially formed within the Academy, with the School of Management and Cadres of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as the leader and a number of bases outside Beijing as the support. Cultivating and sending high-level scientific and technological talents to the country is an important contribution of CAS to the country and society. In 1951, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with the universities, began to implement a unified plan to recruit graduate students, and in 1977 it took the lead in resuming graduate enrollment, which had been interrupted due to the "Cultural Revolution", and in 1978, with the approval of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), it set up the Graduate School of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). Over the past 50 years, CAS has trained and sent more than 70,000 postgraduates to China, including the first Doctor of Science, the first Doctor of Engineering, the first female doctorate and the first double-degree doctorate, etc. The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was formally established with the approval of the Ministry of Education and the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council in 2001, and the disciplines and specialties conferring doctoral degrees cover all fields of science and engineering, as well as all disciplines of science. The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was officially established in 2001 with the approval of the Ministry of Education and the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council, and the existing doctoral degree-granting disciplines basically cover all the disciplines of science, as well as a considerable number of doctoral degree-granting points of engineering and technology disciplines and a certain number of humanities disciplines. University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) is a comprehensive national key university founded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 1958, focusing on cutting-edge science and high-tech, as well as management and humanities with science and technology as background. Over the past 40 years since its establishment,**** it has trained nearly 50,000 high-level talents for the country. The University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) is also one of the first universities to be authorized to enter the national "211 Project" and to be one of the world-renowned high-level universities. International Cooperation and Exchanges The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) regards international scientific and technological cooperation as a necessary condition for promoting the development of modern science and technology, and has established cooperation and exchange relations with scientific research institutions, institutions of higher learning, international organizations and enterprises in more than 60 countries and regions around the world, and signed more than 70 cooperation agreements at the academy level, and carried out multilevel, multiform and all-around international cooperation. At present, international scientific and technological cooperation personnel exchanges more than 10,000 times a year, the hospital has more than 380 scientists in international organizations at different levels of leadership positions, and more than 140 foreign experts and scholars have been hired to serve as honorary positions and visiting professors of the hospital and institutes. The international cooperation work focuses on the substantive cooperation around the major projects of the State and the Academy, and hundreds of achievements have been made, including the construction of the Beijing Positron-Positron Collider, the prevention and control of sandstorms, the sequencing of 1% of the human genome, the cooperation between the Chinese and Japanese university groups, the German-Marburg Group of Young Scientists, the Sino-French Laboratory of Automation and Applied Mathematics of Information, the China Center of the British Petroleum International Corporation, the Sino-Russian Joint Center for Space Weather, and other projects with remarkable achievements. and other projects have made remarkable achievements and played an important role in the scientific and technological work of the whole Academy. In addition, CAS has successfully held a series of major international conferences, strengthened cooperation and exchanges with international organizations such as the Third World Academy of Sciences, absorbed foreign capital and foreign loans, expanded its influence in the international scientific and technological community, and accelerated the cultivation of talents. In recent years, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has made contributions to the promotion of basic research and high-tech innovation, and to the service of national economic construction and social development through international cooperation and exchanges in the pilot knowledge innovation project. Scientific Publishing and Literature Information Literature service and publishing is an important foundation and support condition in scientific research, and a basic element to enhance the vitality of scientific research and innovation. After more than 50 years of construction, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, relying on modern information technology, has initially formed a networked scientific and technological literature and information service system based on the whole academy, facing the whole country and being open and interconnected, with the academy's Literature and Information Center as the center, and the four regional disciplinary literature and information centers in Shanghai, Lanzhou, Wuhan, and Chengdu as the sub-centers, which are connected to the libraries of the relevant research institutes of the academy as well as the major domestic and foreign large-scale libraries and information institutes. The system is open and interconnected, based on the whole academy and facing the whole country. The total amount of literature collection reaches more than 33 million volumes (pieces), and it has built the most large-scale collection system of natural science basic disciplines and high-tech literature in China. It has also built a natural science literature retrieval system and international on-line retrieval terminals including a variety of Union Catalogs, abstract magazines and literature databases, and it provides services to hundreds of thousands of users both inside and outside the academy every year. Within two or three years, it will basically become a national scientific digital library of the largest scale and status in the field of natural sciences for the whole society. In terms of publishing, CAS has also initially formed a scientific publishing group centered on the Science Press and a newspaper system with Science Times as the main body, with the scope of publishing ranging from traditional paper publications to modern digitized e-publications, and from academic monographs and popular science works to various magazines and newspapers. Relying on the high-level scientific research work of top researchers of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and facing the whole country and the world, they publish thousands of scientific and technological books and electronic publications, including academic monographs and popular scientific works, as well as more than 290 scientific and technological journals every year, among which there are many well-known publications with international status and influence in academics. The close integration and synergistic development of literature services and publishing work will construct a platform of informatization, digitization and networking for CAS to become a national knowledge base, think tank and talent pool, and an important part of the national information infrastructure.
The Academy organizes higher self-study education, and carries out entrance without examination, according to the plan and teaching materials of Beijing higher education self-study examination, adopts the teaching form and method of full-time university, and each may course participates in the examination organized by the state. The results of qualified, by the Beijing higher education self-study examination. Passing grades, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Higher Education Self-study Examination and the main examination institutions jointly issued a graduation certificate, the State recognizes the qualifications, and obtains international recognition
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