How to formulate enterprise standards? What are the general requirements for enterprises to formulate enterprise standards?

How to formulate product standards \x0d\ Purpose of formulating product standards -( 1) as the basis for organizing production-legal requirements. (2) Criterion-the basis for judging whether the product is qualified. (3) Reflecting social needs, as the goal of enterprise quality management-essence. The "social demand" here includes the needs of all beneficiaries of the supplier, but mainly the needs of customers, which is the premise of meeting the needs of other beneficiaries, so it is usually called "customer demand" or "market demand". Product standards can only be used as the basis for organizing production if they can correctly reflect market demand; Otherwise, the more production, the more backlog and waste. Only when the product standard can correctly reflect the market demand, it is meaningful to judge whether the product is qualified or not. Otherwise, even a qualified product is worthless, because it can't be accepted by the market, which is equivalent to producing waste products. Correctly reflecting market demand is the core issue of product standards-the soul of product standards. \x0d\ Product standard is one of the important contents to express product requirements. When some enterprises adopt the standard GBH 1900 1-2000 to establish and implement the quality management system, the conformity and effectiveness of the quality management system are often affected by ignoring the applicable product standards. Some auditors often ignore the product standards applicable to enterprises, which affects the depth of audit and the overall evaluation of the effectiveness of quality management system. Therefore, this paper discusses the role of product standards in quality management system and the determination of product standards in order to attract attention. Function of product standard in quality management system \x0d\ 1. Product standard is an important embodiment of product requirements. GB/T 19000-2000 family standards clearly distinguish between quality management system requirements and product requirements. Quality management system requirements are universal and applicable to all industries or economic fields; Product requirements are specific requirements, and the exam is only applicable to specific products. GB/T 1900 1-2000 standard wells have no product requirements, but it is a useful supplement to the product requirements. Any enterprise must consider product requirements when adopting GB/T 1900 1-2000 standard; The product characteristics of this enterprise should be reflected in the established quality management system. \x0d\ Product requirements and related process requirements can be included in technical specifications, product standards, process standards, contract agreements and regulations. Among them, product standard is an important embodiment of product requirements and an important part of enterprise standard system. \x0d\ 2。 Product standards have an important legal status. The GB/T 1900 1-2000 standard particularly emphasizes that the organization's quality management system should meet the requirements of applicable laws and regulations. Article 2 of the Standardization Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "Standards shall be formulated for the following technical requirements that need to be unified: (1) Variety, specification, quality, grade or safety and hygiene requirements of industrial products. \x0d\ (2) Design, production, inspection and packaging of industrial products. Methods of storage, transportation and use or production. Safety and hygiene requirements during storage and transportation. \x0d\ (3) Technical requirements and inspection methods related to environmental protection. (four) the design, construction methods and safety requirements of the construction project. \x0d\ (5) Technical terms, symbols, codes and drawing methods related to industrial production, engineering construction and environmental protection. \x0d\ Article 6 of the Standardization Law clearly stipulates: "If the products produced by an enterprise have no national standards or industrial standards, enterprise standards shall be formulated as the basis for organizing production. The product standards of an enterprise shall be reported to the standardization administrative department of the local government and the relevant administrative departments for the record. Where there are national standards or industry standards, the state encourages enterprises to formulate enterprise standards that are stricter than national standards or industry standards and apply them within enterprises. National standards and industry standards are divided into mandatory standards and recommended standards. For a standardized legal system, mandatory standards are part of national laws and regulations. Article 14 of the Standardization Law stipulates: "Mandatory standards must be implemented. The production, sale and import of products that do not meet the mandatory standards are prohibited. Recommended standards, the state encourages enterprises to adopt voluntarily. \x0d\ 3。 Product standards are the basis for enterprises to organize production. According to GB/T 1900 1-2000 standard "7.l Product Realization Plan", enterprises should determine "product quality objectives and requirements". These requirements may be included in the standards or product characteristics of corresponding products and relevant laws and regulations, and product standards are one of its important contents. Only by comprehensively and accurately understanding the content of product standards can we identify the process and determine the resources. Control and management process to provide the basis. \x0d\ (1) product standard is the technical guarantee of product quality, and product standard is a comprehensive reflection of an organization's technical and economic ability. The competition of products in the market is mainly manifested in the quality dispute, that is, the contest between technology and economic ability. For products, the technical indicators of their quality are mainly reflected in the safety, reliability, availability, life and appearance of the products. Product standards not only objectively reflect the basic requirements of the above technical indicators, but also uniformly stipulate the test and inspection methods, means and rules to meet the requirements of the above indicators. This not only reflects the technical achievements of product quality, but also sets the target for enterprise management, provides technical basis for the evaluation of product quality level, and plays a role in ensuring and promoting the improvement of product quality. \x0d\ (2) Product standard is the inherent requirement of optimizing production order. Quality management and standardization are the products of modern production, and x0d is the inevitable result of the development of productive forces. Once quality management appears, it is organically combined with standardization, and the process of quality management is the process of standard formulation and implementation. Product standardization is an important part of standardization work, and it is an effective means to improve enterprise management, improve process level, ensure product quality, maintain advanced performance and obtain economic benefits. Enterprises take products as the center, and all production technology activities serve the center of "products". Therefore, the degree of product standardization directly affects the production and technical work of enterprises. Without reasonable optimization and simplification of product specifications, \x0d\ will inevitably have complicated varieties and chaotic specifications. Therefore, using the principle of bamboo and the method of reasonable classification, the product type, basic parameters, size and structure are reasonably specified to coordinate the relationship between similar products and realize the serialization of product varieties, which can not only keep the organization in good order to organize production, but also meet the needs of social production and customers. \x0d\ (3) Product standard is an important condition to improve efficiency. When specifying various indicators in product standards, we should not only consider the progress of production technology, but also fully consider the production situation of enterprises, customers' needs and the comprehensive benefits of the country and enterprises, so that enterprises can pay the lowest cost on the premise of ensuring product quality and meeting customers' needs, and customers can use, manage and maintain products at the lowest cost. \x0d\ (4) Product standard is the core of enterprise standardization, and the main purpose of standardization is to improve product quality; Develop product varieties and enhance the market competitiveness of products. In order to achieve these goals, in addition to formulating product standards, it is necessary to formulate a series of basic standards, method standards and safety, hygiene and environmental protection standards. These standards are formulated around product standards and are measures and means for the smooth implementation of product standards. \x0d\ For example, specify the design, process, tooling, purchased parts, \x0d\ raw materials, test and inspection standards formulated by enterprises around product standards, as well as various working methods, procedures and production management standards to ensure that the products produced meet product standards. \x0d\ (5) Product standards are the guarantee to meet customer requirements. In the process of purchasing, product standards are the technical basis for purchasing personnel to control suppliers. In the sales process, product standards are the basis for signing contracts. Quality disputes should be handled according to product standards. In the development of international trade, adopting international advanced product standards can eliminate international trade barriers. The perfect combination of product standards and quality management system requirements can enable the organization to steadily prove its ability to provide products that meet the requirements of customers and applicable laws and regulations, and can continuously enhance customer satisfaction. \x0d\ Determination of product standards \x0d\ 1. Determine the applicable product standards Before organizing product production, an enterprise can determine the product standards applicable to its specific products in one of the following ways: search the existing national standards, industry standards and local standards, and select the applicable text as the basis of its products; Where there are no applicable national standards, industry standards and local standards, the enterprise may formulate applicable complete product standards or individual product standards as the basis for product production according to the situation; Although there are applicable national standards, industry standards and local standards, enterprises can also formulate their own enterprise standards as the basis for organizing production if they want to produce products with stricter technical indicators and higher quality requirements. The state encourages enterprises to formulate enterprise standards that are stricter than national standards or industry standards. \x0d\ 2。 Formulation of product standards applicable to enterprises The formulation of enterprise product standards can be carried out according to the following steps: In the stages of product development, test and design trial production, a product standard scheme (draft) should be prepared and trial-produced according to this scheme. When formulating the product standard scheme (draft), you can search for similar product standards and collect relevant information, and try to refer to international or foreign advanced relevant standards. After the trial production of new products in small batches, the product standard (draft) is one of the important basis for the finalization and identification of new products. After the products have passed the appraisal, the product standards should be further revised and improved, and reported to the local standardization administrative department or relevant administrative departments for the record. After mass production, product standards are the basis for enterprises to organize production. Enterprise product standards should be reviewed regularly, and the review period is generally not more than three years. After the product standard review, the enterprise shall report the review results to the filing department in time. If there are any changes in the review, it should be re-filed. \x0d\ The standard of general technical conditions for a certain product formulated by the state or industry is a general requirement of the same sex for a certain product and a requirement that all specific products in the same product must meet. However, the general technical standards may not meet the specific requirements of different occasions, and enterprises need to formulate some supplementary technical requirements or specific product standards according to the general technical standards and specific conditions. \x0d\ The technical requirements, inspection and test methods and inspection rules of products are the core contents of product standards. \x0d\ (1) product standard technical requirements \x0d\ ① fully reflect the use requirements and basic characteristics of the product, and consider health at the same time. Safety, physiology, environmental protection and other factors. \x0d\ ② The standard performance requirements are specified in terms of environmental adaptability, usability, physical and chemical properties, stability, health, safety and environmental protection, energy consumption index, appearance and sensory requirements, material requirements, process requirements and other requirements according to actual needs. \x0d\ ③ Quantify as much as possible, and generally specify its nominal value (or rating) \x0d\ (2) Three principles for selecting product standards \x0d\ ① Purpose principle. Most of the characteristics of products are stipulated by the design and technology of products, and the product characteristics (that is, technical content) stipulated by standards are only a part of product characteristics. Therefore, according to the purpose of formulating standards, some necessary technical contents must be selected and specified in the standard \x0d\. \x0d\ ② Performance characteristic principle. In order to achieve the purpose of the standard, in principle, the requirements should be stipulated according to the performance characteristics, and the greatest freedom should be given to the technical development. \x0d\ ③ Testability principle. Standards should specify those characteristics that can be tested and confirm them through tests. Some requirements are too empty; If there is no specific content or it cannot be confirmed according to the current technical level, it should not be stipulated in the standard. The standard should not use vague terms such as "better" and "stronger" to increase the operability of the standard. \x0d\ (3) Inspection or test methods of product standards \x0d\ ① All contents specified in technical requirements; Generally, corresponding inspection or test methods should be specified, and some routine inspection or test methods can be exceptions (such as appearance inspection, etc.). ). \x0d\ ② Usually, a technical requirement only specifies one repeatable inspection or test method. When more than two inspection or test methods must be specified, one of them shall be specified as arbitration method. \x0d\ ③ Cite the existing inspection or test method standards as far as possible. \x0d\ ④ Equipment used for inspection or testing. The precision grade of the instrument should be indicated, and the manufacturer or trademark name should not be indicated. \x0d\ ⑤ Fully consider the accuracy of inspection or test results. \x0d\ (4) The inspection rules and quality evaluation procedures of product standards are the methods and means to determine whether the product quality meets the requirements of the standards. Therefore, only one of the criteria is selected. \x0d\ ① Inspection rules and quality evaluation procedures mainly include inspection classification, inspection items included in each type of inspection, grouping and batch rules, sampling scheme, sampling or sampling method, judgment rules and reinspection rules, etc. \x0d\ When "Inspection Rule" is selected, inspection is generally divided into factory inspection and type inspection. At this time, routine inspection, ex-factory inspection and ex-factory inspection all belong to the category of ex-factory inspection; Type inspection, first article inspection, periodic inspection and routine inspection all belong to the category of type inspection. \x0d\ When "Quality Evaluation Procedure" is selected, inspection is generally divided into appraisal inspection and quality conformity inspection. Appraisal inspection is similar to the type inspection in the inspection rules, but the quality consistency inspection is very different from the ex-factory inspection in the inspection rules. The quality conformity inspection shall be divided into four groups (A.B, C, D), which are mainly determined according to whether destructive tests are carried out on the inspection objects. Group AI is a batch inspection of products, which belongs to the category of ex-factory inspection, while group CJ is a periodic inspection, which belongs to the category of type inspection. \x0d\ ② Type inspection is a comprehensive inspection of various quality indicators of products, which is used to evaluate whether the quality of products fully meets the standards. Ex-factory inspection is the final inspection of formally produced products at the time of delivery, to evaluate whether the products meet the quality requirements confirmed by type inspection at the time of delivery. The products can only be delivered after passing the factory inspection. \x0d\ The ex-factory inspection items are part of the type inspection, and some destructive tests and long-term tests made in the type inspection are generally not regarded as ex-factory inspection items. Type inspection is not stipulated in the product standards of many raw materials. \x0d\ ③ According to product characteristics; Be sure to conduct a full inspection or sampling inspection, or conduct a full inspection of some projects and conduct sampling inspection of other projects. Sampling items shall specify the sampling conditions and methods. For some characteristics that may have serious consequences (such as hygiene and safety), try not to use sampling inspection. \x0d\ During sampling inspection, the composition, sampling and sampling rules of the product inspection lot shall be specified. Different types of sampling schemes should be specified according to needs. The specific sampling scheme shall determine relevant elements according to relevant sampling standards, such as inspection level (IL), qualified quality level (AQL) and unqualified classification. \x0d\ \x0d\