1. Optical radiation
Optical radiation is the light and heat radiated by a fireball with a temperature of millions or tens of millions of degrees during a nuclear explosion. Can cause skin burns, retinal burns and flash blindness; If you inhale hot air, it will also cause respiratory tract burns. Light radiation can also melt, carbonize and burn wood, cotton, rubber and plastic products, and make gunpowder burn and melt; It can also detonate explosives and cause fires.
2. Shock wave
Shock wave is a high-pressure air churning caused by the violent expansion of the high-temperature fireball formed at the moment of explosion and the compression of the surrounding air. It propagates around at supersonic speed. With the increase of distance, the propagation speed gradually slows down, the pressure gradually decreases, and finally it becomes sound waves. The direct killing of shock wave is due to the overpressure squeezing the internal organs and auditory organs of human body, and the dynamic pressure generated makes the human body thrown out and hit the ground or other objects. Indirect injury refers to the injury caused by objects destroyed by shock waves (such as collapsed houses) or objects thrown on human bodies. Shock waves can also destroy fortifications, buildings and weapons and equipment.
3. Early nuclear radiation
Early nuclear radiation refers to R-rays and neutron streams released within ten seconds before a nuclear explosion. The former travels at the speed of light, while the latter can reach several kilometers to tens of millions of meters per second. Both lines have strong penetration ability. Early nuclear radiation can lead to radiation sickness in humans and livestock.
4. Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
R and X-rays released at the moment of nuclear explosion interact with surrounding molecules and atoms to produce a large number of charged particles. These particles move at high speed, forming a strong instantaneous electromagnetic field around the explosion center and spreading in all directions in the form of waves. This is a nuclear electromagnetic pulse. Nuclear electromagnetic pulse has high field strength, wide spectrum and fast propagation speed (light speed), and its range of action is far greater than optical radiation, shock wave and early nuclear radiation. It can induce great instantaneous voltage and current in the conductor, which will disturb or destroy unprotected electronic equipment, circuits and components.
5. Radioactive pollution
Radioactive pollution is the pollution caused by radioactive fallout from nuclear explosion to the ground, water, air, food, human body and weapons and equipment. For the exposed personnel, various rays of radioactive substances will make them suffer from radiation sickness. Radioactive pollution enters people's mouth, nose and body tissues through air, water or food, and can also cause radiation sickness.
6. Comprehensive destructive power of nuclear weapons
When a nuclear explosion occurs, all the above-mentioned killing and destruction factors occur almost simultaneously. Therefore, the killing and destruction of personnel and weapons and equipment is often the result of the comprehensive action of many factors.
7. The power of nuclear weapons
The destructive power of nuclear weapons is directly related to their power. Two parameters are often used to describe the power of nuclear weapons:
(1) the power of nuclear weapons
The power of nuclear weapons refers to the total energy released during explosion, which is usually measured by TNT equivalent. It represents the weight of TNT explosive needed to produce the same energy; Commonly used tons, thousands of tons or millions of tons of TNT equivalent, sometimes referred to as "equivalent", 1 ton TNT explosive releases about 4 183 mj of energy. The nuclear weapons currently equipped by foreign troops have formed a complete series of different powers. Extra-large equivalent nuclear weapons, such as the SS-9 intercontinental strategic missile of the former Soviet Union, with a single warhead equivalent of 25 million tons; The smallest nuclear weapon, such as the American w54 special nuclear mine, has an equivalent of only 10 ton.
(2) the specific power of nuclear weapons
The specific power of a nuclear weapon is the ratio of its power to its weight, and the unit is TNT equivalent ton/kg or simply ton/kg. Specific power is a sign of the development level of nuclear weapons. The higher the value, the higher the level of development.
1945 The specific power of the two atomic bombs dropped by the United States on Japan was 0.3 ~ 4.5 tons/kg. 1989 The equivalent of w88 nuclear warhead of Trident 2 D5/MK5 submarine-launched missile produced in the United States is 4.75 million tons, and its specific power is 2.35 thousand tons/kg.
At present, some nuclear weapons have "equivalent adjustability", that is, the power of the same nuclear bomb can change within a certain range. For example, the American B6 1 nuclear bomb has four kinds of equivalents, and the adjustment range is 0.5 ~ 34.5 kilotons, which can be flexibly adjusted directly on the aircraft carrier according to tactical needs.
Three. Classification of nuclear weapons
(1) According to the principle of energy release, nuclear weapons can be divided into fission nuclear weapons and fusion nuclear weapons:
1, fission nuclear weapon (atomic bomb)
A heavy nucleus (such as uranium -235 and plutonium -239) splits into two or more lighter nuclei with similar mass, which is called nuclear fission. Nuclear weapons made by using the principle of self-sustaining fission chain reaction of uranium -235 or plutonium -239 nuclei are called fission nuclear weapons, usually called atomic bombs.
Usually, the fission charges of uranium -235 and plutonium -239 in atomic bombs are in a subcritical state, and no nuclear explosion will occur. When initiating, conventional explosives are used to make the fission charge in subcritical state reach supercritical state instantly, resulting in self-sustaining fission chain reaction and releasing reaction energy in the form of explosion.
According to the initiation mode, atomic bombs can be divided into gun type and implosion type. The former's nuclear charge consists of several subcritical uranium -235 or plutonium -239. The explosion of chemical explosives makes it approach, reach supercritical state and realize nuclear explosion. The latter uses the detonation of chemical explosives to compress fissile material in subcritical state through implosion, so as to increase its density and reach supercritical state, thus realizing nuclear explosion.
2. Fusion nuclear weapons (thermonuclear weapons, hydrogen bombs)
Light nuclei meet and coalesce into heavier nuclei, which is called nuclear fusion. Fusion reaction can only occur at extremely high temperature (tens of millions of degrees), so it is also called thermonuclear reaction. The energy released by fusion reaction is higher than that by fission reaction, and the energy released by complete polymerization of 1 kg deuterium (symbol: d) and tritium (symbol: t) mixture is more than four times that of 1 kg uranium -235 fission.
Nuclear weapons made by using the fusion reaction principle of hydrogen isotopes deuterium, tritium and other light nuclei are called thermonuclear weapons or fusion weapons, usually called hydrogen bombs. At present, the conditions of thermonuclear reaction can only be provided by atomic bomb explosion. Therefore, at present, all hydrogen bombs use the atomic bomb as the "fuse" to trigger the fusion reaction, which is called "primary". A thermonuclear reaction occurs in a hydrogen bomb, and the heavy nuclear fission induced by high-energy neutrons is called the main body of the hydrogen bomb, also called the auxiliary body. The first stage and the second stage of the hydrogen bomb are packed in the same shell according to a specific combination.
3. Neutron bomb (enhanced radiation bomb)
Nuclear weapons with high-energy neutrons as the main killing factor and relatively weakening the effects of shock wave and optical radiation are called neutron bombs, or "enhanced radiation bombs" or "weak shock wave and strong radiation bombs".
Neutron bomb is a small, low-equivalent hydrogen bomb, which uses deuterium and tritium as fusion materials and the bomb with the lowest nuclear fission equivalent as "trigger", so that neutron radiation is greatly enhanced and shock wave, optical radiation and radioactive pollution are relatively weakened. According to the calculation, when the 1 neutron bomb with the equivalent of 1000 tons explodes at the height of 150 meters, its instantaneous nuclear radiation killing radius can reach 800 meters, which is equivalent to the 1000 tons/atomic bomb, while the damage radius of shock wave to buildings is about 550 meters.
The characteristic of neutron bomb trigger is that it can release more energy with less fissile material to meet the high temperature required for deuterium-tritium fusion reaction. Generally speaking, its technical points are: replacing uranium 235 with plutonium 239 with a small critical mass to reduce the charge to1/3; Add a small amount of deuterium and tritium mixture to the fission trigger. The explosion process of neutron bomb is roughly as follows: firstly, the explosion of chemical explosives triggers the fission reaction of plutonium -239; Then the fission reaction of plutonium 239 triggers the fusion reaction of deuterium-tritium mixture in the "trigger zone", producing a large number of high-energy neutrons, promoting the fission of plutonium 239, releasing more neutrons, and further raising the temperature of the "trigger zone". This process is called "neutron feedback"; This kind of trigger for neutron bomb is called "enhanced atomic bomb"; Finally, the high temperature and high pressure produced by fission reaction triggered the fusion reaction of deuterium and tritium in the fusion material region.
Neutron bomb is a tactical nuclear weapon, which can effectively kill people and deal with armored cluster targets. The damage to buildings and weapons and equipment is very small, and the radioactive pollution is also very light. Suitable for local defense operations.
(2) Nuclear weapons can be divided into strategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons and theater nuclear weapons from the perspective of operational purposes; From the way of delivery, it can be divided into nuclear missiles, nuclear aviation bombs, nuclear artillery shells, nuclear deep-water bombs, nuclear mines, nuclear torpedoes, nuclear mines and so on. ：
Nuclear missiles are missiles with nuclear warheads, which can be launched from land, air, water and underwater. According to its operational purpose, it can be divided into two categories: strategic nuclear missiles and tactical nuclear missiles.
A nuclear bomb is a bomb with a nuclear device, which is usually thrown by an airplane and slowed down by a parachute to ensure the safety of the bombing airplane. The only nuclear weapon used in actual combat in the world is1two nuclear bombs dropped by the United States on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August, 945.
Nuclear shells are nuclear-loaded shells launched by artillery and are often used as tactical nuclear weapons. For example, the nuclear warhead of American XM-785 155 mm howitzer has a power of 2000 tons of TNT equivalent.
Nuclear mines are mines loaded with nuclear charges, which are used to attack cluster armored targets. They can blow up large pits in the narrow area where the enemy is attacking, causing large-scale pollution and curbing the attack of enemy tanks and mechanized troops. 2000 tons of nuclear mines can destroy tanks and armored vehicles within 200 meters of the explosion center.
Nuclear torpedoes are torpedoes equipped with nuclear devices, which are carried by submarines and used to attack large surface ships, fleets, merchant fleets, ports, bases, large coastal projects and other targets. American MK-48-5 torpedo has nuclear charge type.
Nuclear depth bomb is a kind of bomb with nuclear device, which is used to attack underwater targets such as submarines. A nuclear deep-water bomb with TNT equivalent of 10000 tons can sink or seriously damage submarines within 1 km when it explodes underwater. American nuclear depth charges are still in service.
Nuclear mines are mines with nuclear charges, which are used to destroy enemy ships or hinder their actions. 1 ~ 20000 tons of nuclear mine explosion can cause moderate damage to ships of 700 ~ 1400 meters.
(3) Several kinds of nuclear weapons to be developed abroad.
1. nuclear directed energy weapon
Directed energy weapons powered by nuclear explosion energy are called nuclear directed energy weapons. This kind of weapon uses the huge energy released by nuclear bomb to excite or drive to produce high-energy laser beam, particle beam, electromagnetic pulse, plasma and so on. And make it launch directionally, so that it can attack the target selectively, with more concentrated energy and controllable special killing and destruction purposes.
Nuclear directed energy weapons mainly include the following types:
(1) nuclear excited X-ray laser
The device that excites the laser working substance to generate X-ray laser with the huge energy generated by nuclear explosion is called nuclear excited X-ray laser. The mechanism test of this laser was carried out in the mid-1980 s, and it has not yet been made into a weapon system. If this laser can be successfully developed, it will have the advantages of light weight and instantaneous emission. It can only be used at high altitude. It may be used to destroy incoming large-scale volley nuclear missiles or attack space-based platforms.
(2) Nuclear electromagnetic pulse bomb
A nuclear weapon that uses a large number of directional or non-directional strong electromagnetic pulses generated by a nuclear explosion above the atmosphere to destroy the enemy's communication system is called a nuclear electromagnetic pulse bomb, or EMP bomb. It is an important part of the "third generation nuclear weapon" being researched and developed by the United States, and it is still in the stage of exploration and pre-research.
Its function can be exemplified as follows: an ordinary hydrogen bomb with a power of one million tons of TNT equivalent explodes at high altitude, and the maximum electric field intensity can reach 1 ~ 65438+ million volts/meter, and the main spectrum range it can cover on the earth's surface is 100 ~ 100Hz (a nuclear explosion with a height of 400 kilometers). Such a strong electromagnetic pulse acts on electronic systems, equipment and communication systems, which can produce very high instantaneous induced voltage and current, thus causing damage or instantaneous electromagnetic interference.
2. Other nuclear weapons
(1) Shock Wave Bomb
Special performance hydrogen bomb with shock wave effect as the main destructive factor. Its exact name is reducing residual radioactive bombs, abbreviated as RRR bombs.
1980, the United States announced that it had successfully developed a shock wave bomb, saying that the radioactive settlement of this bomb was more than one order of magnitude lower than that of a pure fission weapon with the same power, and the destructive effect of light radiation was also significantly reduced.
The destructive effect of shock wave bombs is similar to that of conventional weapons, which can destroy the enemy's solid military targets with nuclear explosions on the ground or near the ground, resulting in less radioactive settlement; Soon after the explosion, our troops can enter the explosion area. So it is more suitable for use in the battlefield.
(2) Inductive radioactive bomb
Some added nuclides (such as cobalt -59 or zinc -64) are irradiated by neutrons released by nuclear explosions, which induces a large number of radioactive isotopes with long half-lives, thus enhancing radioactive pollution of nuclear weapons.
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