definition
Interior design refers to the preparatory work to meet certain architectural purposes (including people's requirements for its use function and visual experience), as well as the value-added preparatory work for deep processing of existing building interior space. The purpose is to make specific materials ready for qualified products in terms of technology and economy under limited feasibility conditions. It requires not only engineering knowledge, but also artistic theory and skills. Interior design evolved from the decorative part of architectural design. He recreated the internal environment of the building. Interior design can be divided into two categories: public building space and home. When we talk about interior design, we will also mention some important terms, such as moving lines, space, color, lighting, function and so on.
Interior design generally refers to any related objects that can actually be built indoors, including: walls, windows, curtains, doors, surface treatment, materials, lighting, air conditioning, water and electricity, environmental control system, audio-visual equipment, furniture and decoration planning.
trait
This paper analyzes the understanding of the meaning of interior design and its relationship with architectural design from different angles and different emphases. Many scholars have many profound insights, which are worth our serious consideration and reference. For example, they think that interior design "is the continuation and deepening of architectural design and the re-creation of indoor space and environment". It is considered that interior design is "the soul of architecture, the connection between man and environment, and the combination of human art and material civilization". Mr. Dai Nianci, a senior architect in China, believes that "the starting point and focus of architectural design is connotative architectural space, and the spatial effect is the goal pursued by architectural art, while interfaces, doors and windows are the necessary subsidiary parts of space. The subordinate part is the material basis of space and plays a decisive role in the perception of the use of connotation space, but it is a subordinate part after all. As for the appearance, it is only the inevitable result of the connotation space. " According to W.Platner, an architect, interior design is "much more difficult than designing a building with these internal spaces", because indoors "you have to deal with people more, study people's psychological factors and how to make them feel comfortable and excited. Experience has proved that this requires more experience and more specialized training than dealing with structures and building systems. " G.Adam, former president of American Association of Interior Designers, pointed out, "Interior design involves more than simple decoration, and their concern has extended to all aspects of life, such as the design of houses, offices, hotels and restaurants, so as to improve the interior design of labor production.
Rate, barrier-free design, the preparation of fire codes and energy-saving indicators, improve the utilization rate of public facilities such as hospitals, libraries and schools. In a word, it gives comfort and safety to all kinds of people in the indoor environment. EoPonomaleva, a Belarusian architect, believes that interior design is to design "an artificial environment with visual limitations to meet people's physiological and spiritual requirements and ensure the needs of life and production activities", and interior design is also "the interdependence and close combination of function, spatial form, engineering technology and art".
Edit the research object in this paragraph.
The object of interior design research is only to study the closed surface and content of the interior space of the building. It is customary to divide interior design according to the following standards: according to design depth [1]: interior scheme design, interior preliminary design and interior construction drawing design. According to the design content, it is divided into: interior decoration design, interior physical design (acoustic design, optical design), interior equipment design (indoor water supply and drainage design, indoor heating, ventilation and air conditioning design, electrical and communication design), interior soft decoration design (curtain design, accessories selection), indoor geomantic omen, etc. According to the nature of design space, it can be divided into residential building space design, public building space design, industrial building space design and agricultural building space design. The most common classifications are public dress (public building space design) and home decoration (residential building space design).
Edit this paragraph classification
According to the function of the building, the interior design is classified as follows: 1. The interior design of residential buildings mainly involves the interior design of houses, apartments and dormitories, including front hall, living room, dining room, study room, studio, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom. 2. Interior design of public buildings
1) Interior design of cultural and educational buildings. It mainly involves the interior design of kindergartens, schools, libraries and scientific research buildings, including the interior design of foyer, lobby, atrium, classroom, activity room, reading room, laboratory and computer room. 2) Interior design of medical buildings. It mainly involves the architectural interior design of hospitals, community clinics and sanatoriums, including the interior design of outpatient clinics, examination rooms, operating rooms and wards. 3) Interior design of office building. It mainly involves the interior design of offices, conference rooms and lecture halls in administrative office buildings and commercial office buildings. 4) Interior design of commercial buildings. It mainly involves the interior design of shopping malls, convenience stores and catering buildings, including the interior design of business halls, specialty stores, bars, tea rooms and restaurants. 5) Interior design of exhibition buildings. It mainly involves the interior design of various art galleries, exhibition halls and museums, including the interior design of exhibition halls and galleries. 6) Interior design of entertainment buildings. It mainly involves the architectural interior design of all kinds of dance halls, karaoke bars, KTV and amusement halls. 7) Interior design of sports buildings. It mainly involves the interior design of various gymnasiums and swimming pools, including the design of supporting auxiliary rooms for competitions and training in different sports. 8) Interior design of traffic building. It mainly involves the construction of stations, terminals and docks of highways, railways, waterways and civil aviation, including the interior design of waiting rooms, waiting rooms, waiting rooms and ticket offices. 3. The interior design of industrial buildings mainly involves the interior design of workshops, living rooms and auxiliary rooms in various factories. 4. The interior design of agricultural buildings mainly involves various agricultural production houses, such as planting greenhouses and feeding houses.
The historical origin and development of editing this paragraph.
biographical notes
Modern interior design, as a new discipline, is only a matter of recent decades, but people consciously decorate and even beautify the interior of their lives and production activities, giving the indoor environment a desired atmosphere, but it is earlier than interior design.
It has existed since the beginning of human civilization. From the beginning of architecture, the development of interior came into being at the same time, so studying the history of interior design is to study the history of architecture.
A Brief History of China Architecture
According to Liang Sicheng's Architectural History of China, it can be roughly divided into six periods: ancient times, Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Five Dynasties, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are also five periods: primitive society, slave society (Xia, Shang and Zhou), early feudal society (Warring States, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties), middle feudal society (Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin and Xixia) and late feudal society (Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties).
A brief history of world architecture
Prehistoric architecture, ancient architecture (ancient Egyptian architecture, ancient Greek architecture, ancient Roman architecture), medieval architecture (Byzantine architecture, Roman architecture, Islamic architecture, Roman architecture, Gothic architecture), Renaissance architecture (Baroque architecture, classicism architecture, Rococo architecture), industrial revolutionary architecture (that is, modernist architecture).
Edit this paragraph to study learning methods.
First, to meet the needs of people and interpersonal activities as the core, consider their different requirements for different groups of people and different users: space design; We need to pay attention to the requirements of people's behavioral psychology and visual feelings. Different spaces give people different feelings. Second, to strengthen the overall environmental concept, the conception, style and environmental atmosphere of interior design need to be considered from the overall environment, cultural characteristics, architectural functional characteristics and other aspects. Macro environment; (natural environment) sky, atmosphere; Mountains and rivers, forests, plains and grasslands; Climate and geographical features, natural scenery, local materials. Meso-environment; Urban and rural environment (urban and rural, neighborhood, outdoor environment); Architecture and Outdoor Interior Design of Community Neighborhood
Environment; Historical context, folk customs, architectural functional characteristics, modeling style; Micro-environment; (Indoor environment) The indoor environment of various buildings; Indoor functional characteristics, spatial organizational characteristics, style. Third, the combination of science and artistry Another basic point of modern design is to attach great importance to science, artistry and their combination in the interior design environment. Science; Including new materials, structural composition, construction technology, facilities and equipment with good sound, light and thermal environment, and artistic changes in design means (computer design): while emphasizing materials and technical means, we attach great importance to architectural aesthetic principles and pay attention to creating an expressive and infectious indoor space image with visual pleasure and cultural connotation. Scientific and artistic; Different types and functional characteristics of indoor environment may be emphasized, but from the macro overall design concept, they still need to be combined. In short, it is to achieve the balance and integration of physiological requirements and psychological requirements. 4. Pay equal attention to the sense of the times and historical context. Historical context: It can't be understood simply from the form and symbol, but broadly involves the planning ideas, plane layout, spatial organization characteristics, philosophical thoughts and viewpoints in design. V. Dynamic sustainable development concept: 1), market economy and competition mechanism. 2) Changes in shopping behavior and business methods. 3), new decorative materials, efficient lighting, air conditioning equipment. 4) Revision of fire protection codes and building standards. It will make modern interior design leave room for renovation in space organization, plane layout, decoration and installation of facilities. Sustainable development: All kinds of human activities in the future should focus on the sustainable development of ecology, environment, energy and land use.
Edit the design process of this paragraph.
How to design an ideal home to face the future new home, there will be many design ideas in your mind. Not everyone can completely put their ideas into practice, even if they finally draw the design drawings in their minds, they can't guarantee their rationality and feasibility. Therefore, if you are not an architect, you'd better turn to a professional designer to help you make the most suitable design scheme for your new house. However, if you must believe that you have the ability to conceive, people who want to reflect their design intentions can refer to the information provided below. 2. How to read design drawings and floor plans of residential buildings? The floor plan of residential buildings is an important basis for buyers to understand the floor shape, orientation and orientation of residential buildings and the spatial positions of rooms, stairs, walkways, doors and windows and fixed equipment in residential buildings. Interior design often appears when people buy or choose houses.
In this case, that is, the house to be purchased has not been completed, so people should understand the basic situation of the house according to the plan, elevation, section, perspective, performance and model of the house. In addition, the floor plans of all floors of residential buildings are the same, so they can be displayed with one floor plan. For property buyers, the floor plan of residential buildings is very important. You must know and see it. Residential building plan is a horizontal section of residential building drawn according to a certain proportion. Residential building plans are generally more detailed, usually with a larger scale, such as 1: 100 and 1: 50, indicating the actual detailed dimensions. However, some small-sized residential floor plans do not use special symbols to mark internal ancillary equipment, but are for design, construction and construction personnel. Some real estate development and sales enterprises, in order to let buyers have a more comprehensive understanding of the basic situation of the house, often describe the size and spatial position of the furniture that should be arranged indoors on the floor plan, and some will also use colors to distinguish and display it. The logo of furniture has no unified symbol, but the drawing method is more intuitive, which is convenient for people to associate and identify. Note: The opening mode of windows and the positions of water, heating and gas risers on the plan are generally not marked. How to look at the facade of the residential building? The elevation of residential building is a schematic drawing of the front, back and side of residential building according to a certain proportion, which shows the external form of residential building, and explains the length, width and height dimensions of the building, the ground elevation, the form of floor, the position and form of balcony, the position and form of doors and windows, the design form, material and construction method of external wall decoration, etc. In painting, lines and white walls are generally used, and light and shade can also be added to show a certain three-dimensional sense. What do you think of the section of the residential building? Residential building profile refers to the longitudinal (longitudinal) profile of the building drawn according to a certain proportion. In other words, use an imaginary plane to cut the residential building vertically like chopping wood. The section shows the number of floors, indoor facade layout, floors, floors, walls and other positions and sizes. Some of them are also equipped with graphic symbols of longitudinal sections of furniture. How to treat the perspective and performance of residential buildings? The perspective view of residential building shows the main image of the internal space or external shape of the building similar to the actual residential building itself. It has a strong sense of three-dimensional perspective and shows the shape, volume, spatial layout, color and external environment of the house very intuitively. Generally used in residential design and residential sales. A perspective view from a height is also called a "bird's eye view" or a "top view". Generally speaking, residential perspective should be drawn strictly in proportion. Due to some needs and difficulties in surveying and mapping calculation, some perspective views are not necessarily drawn strictly to scale, and artistic treatment is carried out in drawing. This kind of drawing is usually called residential building performance drawing. A beautiful residential architectural drawing is a work of art with strong artistic appeal. At present, computer-drawn renderings are widely used, which are characterized by real perspective effect.
Style classification
The formation of interior design style is different trend of thought of the times and regional characteristics, and it gradually develops into a representative interior design form through creative conception and performance. Typical styles are usually closely related to local cultural factors and natural conditions, and the characteristics of conception and modeling are also needed in creation. External and internal factors that form style. Although style is expressed in form, it has profound connotations such as art, culture and social development. In this profound sense, style does not stay or is equivalent to form. The styles of interior design can be divided into traditional styles, modern styles and mixed styles.
Traditional style
Traditional indoor style refers to the indoor style with historical and cultural characteristics. Generally speaking, compared with modernism. Emphasize the inheritance of history and culture and the continuation of humanistic characteristics. Traditional styles are usually called Chinese style, European style, Islamic style and Mediterranean style. The characteristics of the same traditional style in different periods and regions are not exactly the same. For example, European styles are also divided into: Gothic, Baroque, Classical, French Baroque, English Baroque and so on. Ming and Qing styles, Sui and Tang styles, Huizhou styles and Western Sichuan styles.
agile
Modern Style Modern Style —— China Bank Building
[4] that is, modernist style. Modern style originates from Bauhaus School founded by 19 19, which emphasizes breaking through the old tradition, creating new buildings, paying attention to function and spatial organization, giving full play to the formal beauty of structural composition, being concise in modeling, opposing redundant decoration, advocating reasonable composition technology, respecting the performance of materials, paying attention to the texture and color configuration effect of materials themselves, and developing non-traditional asymmetry on the basis of functional layout. Attach importance to actual process operation and emphasize the connection between design and industrial production.
Mixed style
Also known as mashup style. That is, the combination of traditional and modern styles. It can also be a combination of different traditional styles. Such as: the combination of Chinese and western.
Edit the interior design genre in this section.
The school of interior design mainly refers to the art school of modernist interior design.
High-tech school
High-tech or weighing school pays attention to the expression of "high industrial technology", which has several obvious characteristics: first, they like to use the latest materials, especially stainless steel, aluminum-plastic plates or alloy materials, as the main materials for interior decoration and furniture design; Secondly, the combination of interior design.
Exposing structures or mechanical organizations, such as exposing indoor water pipes and air ducts, or using transparent household appliances with bare mechanical parts; Functionally, it emphasizes the audio-visual function or automation facilities of modern rooms, with household appliances as the main furnishings, exquisite and delicate component nodes, and indoor artworks as abstract artistic styles. Typical examples of high-tech schools are Pompidou National Art and Culture Center and Hongkong China Bank.
person with foresight
Ming School, also known as Yinpai School, prides itself on the precise and bright effect of new materials and modern processing technology in interior design. Mirror glass, stainless steel, polished granite and marble are mostly used as decorative materials in the interior. In the aspect of indoor environment lighting, projection, refraction and other new light sources and lamps are often used to form a radiant and dazzling indoor environment against the background of metal and mirror materials.
the white race
White School Barcelona Museum of Modern Art
[5] The works are mainly white, with extraordinary style and obvious unnatural effect, and are called "Chun Xue" in contemporary architecture. Representative figures are Peter eisenmann, Michael Graves, Gowasu Graves, John Hezhuk, You Ke and richard meier. Their design ideas and theoretical principles are deeply influenced by de stijl and Corbusier, and they like pure architectural space, volume, cubism composition and light and shadow changes in the sun, so they are also called retro-modernism of early modernist architecture.
Descartes school of abstract painting
At the beginning of this century, the Dutch-centered modern art school is strictly a branch of cubism painting school, which holds that art should eliminate its connection with any natural objects, and only the smallest visual elements such as point, line, surface and primary colors are truly universal and eternal artistic themes. The representative figure of interior design is Ritter Wilder, a carpenter. He fully expressed de stijl's thoughts in furniture and artistic display. The appearance of de stijl reversed Bauhaus's artistic trend of thought, and the absolute abstract visual language he created and the design works of his representative figures had an extremely important influence on modern art, modern architecture and interior design.
minimum programme
Also translated as minimalism or microminism, it is an art school that rose in the 1960s after the Second World War, and can also be called "minimalist art". As a reaction to abstract expressionism, it went to extremes and was presented in the interior design of the viewer's face in its original form or form.
The former is a way of expression, aiming at eliminating the oppression of the author on the viewer's consciousness, minimizing the sense of violence when the work appears in the form of text or symbol, opening up the imagination space of the work itself in artistic concept, allowing the viewer to participate in the construction of the work independently, and finally becoming the author of the work without specific restrictions.
Decorative artistic ornaments
Art Deco is an artistic style that emphasizes decoration and influences the style of architectural design. Its name comes from 1925 World Expo and International Exhibition of Decorative Arts and Modern Industry held in Paris. When1968+0920s became the main artistic style in Europe, it was not popular in America, about 1928, and it didn't become popular in America until the1968+0930s when modernism prevailed. Although 1925 coined the word Art Deco in the Expo, it was not widely used until 1960, and its practitioners did not cooperate as a unified design community. It is considered to be eclectic, influenced by various resources and given many names.
Post-modern style
Various theorists have their own different understandings, some think that it only refers to a certain design style, and some think that it is the name of the whole era after modernism. In the use of this name, architectural theorists around the world have not yet reached a unified standard and understanding. Generally speaking, it can be said that the period from 1940s to 1960s was the monopoly period of modernist architecture and internationalist style, and the period from 1970s to now was the post-modernism period. At the end of 1960s, 30 years after internationalism monopolized architecture, products and graphic design, the world's architecture became more and more similar, local and national characteristics gradually faded, and the appearance of architecture and cities became more and more dull. In addition, in brutalism and Le Corbusier, the past humanistic architectural form was gradually replaced by inhuman internationalist architecture. A group of young architects have emerged in the field of architecture, trying to change the face of internationalism.
, triggered a great revolution in the construction industry. American architect Stern proposed that postmodern architecture has three characteristics: decorative; Symbolic or metaphorical; Integration with existing environment. Postmodernism has a rebellious mentality against the pure rationality of modernism. Postmodernism emphasizes the historical continuity of architecture and interior design, but it does not stick to the traditional logical thinking mode, explores and innovates modelling technique, and pays attention to human feelings. It often sets exaggeration, deformation, column shape and broken arch in the interior, or combines the abstract forms of classical components in new ways, that is, it adopts unconventional mixing, superposition, dislocation, fission and other means and symbols and metaphors in order to create new styles. Postmodern style can not be evaluated only by the visual image we see, but also by the design ideas.
deconstruct
Deconstruction-Disney Concert Hall
[6]1A post-modern architectural trend of thought in the late 1980s. It is characterized by breaking the whole (deconstruction). The main idea is to deal with the appearance, and form the deformation and displacement of the relationship between architectural elements, such as floors and walls, or structures and contours, through nonlinear or non-Euclidean geometric design. All kinds of deconstruction "styles" produced by the visual appearance after the building is completed are characterized by unpredictable stimulation and controllable chaos. One of the manifestations of postmodernism.
neo modernism
An architectural style in the late 20th century and early 20th century, which first appeared in 1965. The new modern architecture responds to the complex architectural structure and eclecticism of post-modern architecture through new simple and civilian design. Some critics point out that this spirit of reflection on the current architectural style "is exactly what contemporary China architecture lacks", which "leads architects to substitute imitation for creation and mediocrity for innovation". The term "new modern architecture" is also used to refer to current architecture.
Edit the basic idea of interior design in this paragraph.
The principle of modern interior design, starting from the requirements of creating modern functions and the spirit of the times, emphasizes the following basic viewpoints: First, to meet people's needs and interpersonal activities as the core, "serving people, which is the cornerstone of the social function of interior design." The purpose of interior design is to serve people by creating indoor space environment. Designers always need to put people's needs for indoor environment, including the use of materials and spirit, in the first place in design. Because of the complicated contradictions and numerous problems in the design process, designers need to clearly realize that people are the foundation and serve people. The common principle of serving people, which aims at ensuring people's safety and physical and mental health, takes meeting people's needs and interpersonal activities as the core of design, is often ignored intentionally or unintentionally because of many local factors in design. Modern interior design needs to meet people's physiological and psychological requirements, and needs to comprehensively deal with many relationships between people and the environment, interpersonal communication and so on. On the premise of serving people, comprehensively solve the requirements of use function, economic benefit, comfort and beauty, and environmental atmosphere. In the process of design and implementation, it will involve many problems such as materials, equipment, quota regulation and coordination with construction management. It can be considered that modern interior design is a comprehensive system engineering, but the starting point and destination of modern interior design can only be to serve people and interpersonal activities. Starting from the "functional cornerstone" of serving people, designers need to be meticulous and put themselves in people's shoes to create a beautiful indoor environment. Therefore, modern interior design pays special attention to the research of ergonomics, environmental psychology and aesthetic psychology, so as to scientifically and deeply understand the design requirements of indoor environment in terms of human physiological characteristics, behavioral psychology and visual feelings. According to different people and different users, different needs should be considered accordingly. In the organization of indoor space, the choice of color and lighting, the contrast between indoor environment and atmosphere and the corresponding use nature, etc., it is necessary to study people's behavioral psychology and visual feelings. For example; The towering indoor space of the church has a sense of mystery, the regular indoor space of the conference hall has a sense of solemnity, and the gorgeous colors and colorful flashing lights in the entertainment places give people a psychological feeling of excitement and laziness. We should make full use of existing material and technical means and corresponding economic conditions to create an indoor artificial environment that first meets the needs of people and interpersonal activities. Second, strengthen the concept of environmental integrity. The conception of modern interior design and the creation of interior style and environmental atmosphere need to focus on the overall environment, cultural characteristics and functional characteristics of the building. Modern interior design, understood from the overall concept, should be regarded as a "link in the chain" in the environmental design series. The "inside" of interior design and the "outside" of outdoor environment (including natural environment, cultural characteristics and location, etc. ) can be said to be a pair of complementary dialectical unity contradictions. It is precisely for better interior design that it is increasingly necessary to have enough understanding and analysis of the environment as a whole, starting from the interior, but focusing on the "outside". One of the disadvantages of current interior design-similarity, lack of innovation and individuality, and lack of necessary understanding and research on the environment as a whole, thus making the design foundation mediocre and the design concept limited and closed. It seems that ignoring the analysis of the relationship between environment and interior design is also one of the important reasons. Modern interior design, or indoor environment design, here "environment" has two meanings: the first meaning is that indoor environment refers to indoor space environment, visual environment, air quality environment, acousto-optic heat and other physical environment, psychological environment and many other aspects. In interior design, attention should be paid to the design of visual environment (otherwise it would not be interior design), but it should not be limited to visual environment. We should also attach great importance to indoor sound, light, heat and other physical environment, air quality environment, psychological environment, etc., because people's feelings about whether the indoor environment is comfortable are always all-round. Even if it looks beautiful, it is difficult to give people a pleasant feeling in a stuffy room with a high noise background. Complaints from some foreign-related hotels are concentrated, which are often the low-frequency noise of elevators and boiler rooms at night and the noise of sanitary ware pipes in toilets. Affect rest. Many hotel lobbies, purely from the visual experience, excessively choose bright and hard decorative materials, from the floor to the wall, from the railings of stairs and corridors to the countertops and cabinets of the service desk, which makes the reverberation time in the lobby too long, the speech intelligibility is poor, and of course the cost is high. When American interior designer Fisher visited teaching, he also had a similar evaluation of a hotel where he stayed. Another meaning is that interior design is regarded as a natural environment-urban and rural environment (including historical context)-community neighborhood, building outdoor environment-indoor environment, which is an organic part of this environmental series and a "link in the chain". There are many causes and effects between them, or factors that restrict and promote each other.
Interior design principles
1. Functional principles: including meeting and ensuring the use requirements, protecting the main structure from damage, and decorating the building facade and indoor space; 2. Safety principle: No matter the wall, floor or ceiling, its structure requires a certain strength and rigidity to meet the calculation requirements, especially the connection nodes between various parts, which are safer and more reliable. 3. Feasibility principle: The reason for design is to turn the design into reality through construction. Therefore, interior design interior design
Must be practical, and strive for convenient construction and easy operation. 4. Principle of economy: The design standard should be determined according to the actual nature and use of the building. Don't blindly raise the standard, simply pursue the artistic effect, resulting in a waste of funds, and don't unilaterally lower the standard and affect the effect. It is important to achieve good practical and artistic effects through ingenious structural design at the same cost.