Chapter 1 Animals in Various Environments
1, There are about 1.5 million known species of animals.
2. Animals can be divided into two main groups: vertebrates and invertebrates, which are distinguished by the presence or absence of a spine in the body (note: do not write spine as vertebrae).
3, fish can live in the water, the two main features are: one is to swim to get food and defense against enemies, and the second is able to breathe in the water.
4, the body of the carp is in the shape of a pike, which is conducive to reducing the resistance of movement in the water.
5, fish live in the water, can make the fish body up, down, stay in a certain layer of water structure is swim bladder.
6. When swimming, the fish relies on the left and right swings of the trunk and caudal fins to generate forward momentum, on the pectoral, ventral and dorsal fins to maintain balance, and on the caudal fin to maintain, determine the direction of advancement and generate forward momentum.
7, in the difficult to take the object of study directly to do experiments, sometimes with a model to do experiments, that is, imitation of the experimental object to do the model, or imitation of some of the conditions of the experiment for the experiment, such experiments are called simulation experiments.
8. The mouth and the back edge of the gill cover of a live crucian carp are alternately open and closed, and they are breathing.
9. The gills are bright red in color because of the abundance of blood vessels.
10, gill filaments are both numerous and fine, which can expand the contact area between the gills and the water, which is conducive to respiration.
11, water from the mouth of the fish into the gills, and out of the back edge of the gill cover, during which respiration (i.e., gas exchange) is carried out, the process is: the water flows through the gill filaments, the oxygen dissolved in the water enters into the gill filaments of the blood vessels, and carbon dioxide is discharged by the gill filaments into the water, so that the water out of the water through the gill filaments, the oxygen decreases and the carbon dioxide increases.
12, the gills are rich in blood vessels, gill filaments are both numerous and fine, these two features are essential for the fish to breathe in the water.
13, the main characteristics of the fish: the body surface is often scaled, breathing with gills, through the trunk and the tail fins of the swing and fins of the coordinated role of swimming, life in the water.
14, anemones, jellyfish, corals and other animals belong to the coelenterata, its main feature is: the body has a digestive cavity, there is a mouth without anus, food debris from the mouth.
15, squid, octopus, mussels, squid, moth snails and other mollusks belong to the mollusks, its main feature is: the body is soft, shell (can protect the body) or shell degradation.
16, shrimp, crabs, body surface with a hard texture of the armor, called crustaceans.
17, coelenterates, mollusks, crustaceans are invertebrates.
18, dolphins, whales, seals belong to mammals, turtles, turtles belong to reptiles, mammals and reptiles are vertebrates.
19, animals and land life compatible with the characteristics of: ○1 generally have a structure to prevent water loss, such as snakes with scales, insects have exoskeletons; ○0 generally have organs to support the body and movement for a variety of ways of locomotion in order to forage for food and to avoid the enemy; ○3 in addition to earthworms and other animals, generally have the ability to breathe in the air, is located in the body of a variety of respiratory organs, such as locusts with the windpipe breathing, rabbits use lungs to breathe; ○4 generally have well-developed sensory organs and nervous system, able to respond in time to the changing environment.
20; Observation of earthworms: ○1 The structure that distinguishes the front end of the earthworm's body from the back end is the annulus, and the end near the annulus is the front end. There are 13 segments from the head of the earthworm to the annular band***. ○2 When you run your hand over the ventral surface of an earthworm, it will feel rough and uneven. This is because you are touching the bristles, which serve to support the body and assist in locomotion. ○3 On brown paper, the earthworm moves flexibly and quickly because the muscles and the setae work together to make the body wriggle; on a glass plate, the earthworm's movement is difficult and slow because the setae lose their role. ○4 During the experiment, care should be taken to keep the earthworm's body wall moist at all times because the earthworm relies on a moist body wall to accomplish respiration.
The body consists of many ring-like body segments, and such animals are called annelids
21. Earthworms live in humus-rich, moist soil.
22, earthworms are diurnal, feeding on dead leaves, decaying roots and other organic matter of plants.
23, after a heavy rain earthworms will crawl to the ground, this is because the rain will be the air in the soil out, earthworms are forced to crawl to the surface to breathe.
24, earthworms, leeches, and sandworms are annelids because their bodies consist of many body segments (which is the main characteristic of annelids). Body segmentation allows for flexible body movement.
25. The reasons for the constant body temperature of rabbits: ○1 the body surface is covered with hair, which has the effect of heat preservation; ○2 the respiratory system has a strong capacity for gas exchange; ○3 there is a well-developed circulatory system, which has a strong capacity for transporting oxygen; and ○4 there is a well-developed nervous system, which is able to maintain the body temperature at a constant level through regulation.
They can maintain a constant body temperature through their own regulation, and they are all thermostats. The body temperature of other animals will change with the changes in the surrounding environment, belonging to the variable temperature animals
26, the blood circulation of the rabbit includes the body circulation and the pulmonary circulation of the two circulatory pathways, the ability to transport oxygen is conducive to the decomposition of organic matter, to provide the body with sufficient energy.
27, mammals and birds belong to the thermostats, other animals belong to the variable temperature animals.
28, the rabbit's teeth are divided into incisors and molars, incisors are used to cut off food, molars are used to grind food which is compatible with the habit of eating plants, belongs to the herbivore.
29. The teeth of tigers and wolves are divided into incisors, molars and canines. The canines are well developed and used for tearing food, which is compatible with animal-eating habits and belongs to carnivores.
30, the rabbit's digestive tube is long, there is a developed cecum, which is compatible with the rabbit to plant food.
31Rabbits have a well-developed brain and nerves throughout the body, enabling them to sensitively perceive changes in the external environment.
32, the main characteristics of mammals: the body surface is hairy, foetal, breastfeeding, teeth appear differentiated.
33. There are more than 9,000 species of birds in the world.
34. The significance of flight: ○1 Expanding the range of activities; ○2 Facilitating foraging for food and breeding offspring.
35, the feathers used by birds to fly are positive feathers, distributed on the surface of the body, the surface of the two wings, the two wings are the most numerous, and their structure is characterized by: the feather axis is hard, and the plumes are flat.
36, the bird's pectoral muscles are well developed, its role is to pull the two wings to complete the flight action.
37, the domestic pigeon's sternum has a keel protuberance, its role is to bear developed pectoral muscles.
38, birds defecate frequently, the reason is: ○1 digestive system is developed, digestion, absorption, discharge of feces quickly; ○2 rectum is very short, the body does not store feces (conducive to reduce weight).
39, birds have many pairs of well-developed air sacs in the body, one end of which is connected to the lungs, distributed between the internal organs, and some also protruded into the cavity of the bone, the role of which is to temporarily store gases to help breathing.
40, birds every breath, two gas exchange, both gas exchange place for the lungs.
41, birds are suitable for flying characteristics: birds have a streamlined body, which reduces resistance during flight; body covered with feathers; with wings that can fly; developed pectoral muscles; sternum with keel protrusion, long bones hollow; digestive system is developed, digestion, absorption, and discharge of feces quickly; the circulatory system is well-structured, the transportation of nutrients and oxygen; there is a unique air sac, which can help breathing.
42, the main characteristics of birds: the body surface is covered with feathers, the forelimbs become wings, with the ability to fly quickly; air sacs in the body; high and constant body temperature.
43. Insects are the most diverse group of animals, with more than a million known species.
44, Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly.
45, insects are athletic because they have three pairs of feet and can crawl; some have feet that specialize into jumping feet and can jump; most insects have wings and can fly.
46, the site of gas exchange in locusts is between the tiny trachea and the cell.
47, the main characteristics of insects; the body is divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen, the organs of locomotion - wings and feet are borne on the thorax. The thorax has well-developed muscles attached to the exoskeleton.
48. Role of the exoskeleton: ○1 Protecting and supporting the soft internal organs; ○2 Preventing evaporation of water from the body.
49, insects, spiders, centipedes, shrimps, crabs are arthropods; *** the same characteristics: body consists of many body segments; body surface has an exoskeleton; feet and antennae divided into segments.
50, vertebrates in the frog, toad belongs to the amphibian, its main features: larvae live in the water, breathing with gills, known as tadpoles, tadpoles through the metamorphosis of the development of adult frogs, and thereafter the adult frogs camp amphibious life, breathing with the lungs, and at the same time with the skin to assist respiration.
51. The places of gas exchange in amphibians are the lungs and the skin.
52, World Water Day March 22
53, enough food, water, shelter is the basic environmental conditions (land-living animals)
Chapter 2: Animal Locomotion and Behavior
1, the activities carried out by the animal in favor of survival and reproduction of offspring is the behavior of the animal, often manifested in a variety of movements.
2. The mammalian locomotor system is composed of bones and muscles.
3. Bones act as levers in locomotion; joints act as fulcrums in locomotion; and skeletal muscles act as power in locomotion.
4. Joints are generally composed of articular surfaces, joint capsules and joint cavities, and the articular surfaces are in turn composed of joint heads and joint sockets, with a layer of articular cartilage on the surface of the articular surfaces.
5, the joints are both strong and flexible, the structure that makes the joints move flexibly is the articular cartilage and synovial fluid, the articular cartilage can reduce the friction between the bone and the bone; the structure that makes the joints strong is the joint capsule and ligaments.
6. Skeletal muscle consists of two parts: muscle belly and tendon. The thicker part in the middle is the muscle belly, which can be contracted; the thinner, milky-white part at both ends is the tendon, which can be attached to different, two or more bones.
7. A skeletal muscle must span one or more joints.
8. Skeletal muscle has the property of contracting when stimulated.
9. When a skeletal muscle is contracted by a stimulus from a nerve, it moves the bones around the joints, and so the body moves.
10, the completion of a movement, at least two groups of muscle groups under the innervation of the nervous system, cooperate with each other, *** with the completion.
11, flexion of the elbow, biceps muscle group contraction, triceps muscle group diastole; extension of the elbow, triceps muscle group contraction, biceps muscle group diastole; hands naturally down, biceps muscle group, triceps muscle group are diastole; hands down lifting water, biceps muscle group, triceps muscle group are contraction.
12, exercise is not only the motor system to complete, exercise needs to have an energy supply, need to digest, respiratory, circulatory system, as well as the control and regulation of the nervous system.
13, the significance of movement for the animal: conducive to foraging and enemy avoidance, in order to adapt to the complex and changing environment.
14, animal behavior is diverse, such as feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migratory behavior, aggressive behavior, storage behavior, social behavior. (Combined with examples, to be able to determine which of these behaviors. (Note: aggression is a fight between animals of the same species).
15, from the point of view of the way of behavior acquisition, the behavior of animals can be divided into two categories: innate behavior and learned behavior. Behavior that is born and determined by genetic material is innate behavior; behavior that is acquired by life experience and learning on the basis of genetic factors and provided with the role of environmental factors is learned behavior.
16, the newborn baby kangaroo climbed to the nursery bag to eat milk, the loss of fledgling American cardinals to feed the goldfish, belong to the innate behavior; earthworms walk the labyrinth, the great tit steals milk, chimpanzees to take food, belong to the learned behavior.
17. Animals with social behavior are ants, bees, termites, monkeys, baboons, sheep, elephants and deer.
18, the characteristics of social behavior: the formation of a certain organization within the group, members of a clear division of labor, cooperation, and some also form a hierarchy. 19. There are female termites, male termites, worker termites and soldier termites in a termite colony. The female ants lay eggs and reproduce offspring; the soldier ants defend the colony; the worker ants build nests and feed the females, males and soldier ants; and the male ants mate with the females.
20. In the "hierarchical society" of the Alpine baboons, there is a hierarchical order based on individual size, strength, health and ferocity, with the fiercest and strongest male baboon as the leader.
21. The rights of the alpha male baboon: priority for food and mates, priority for nesting sites, other members are submissive to him and do not dare to fight back against his attacks; responsibilities: responsible for directing the actions of the whole community and defending the group with other male baboons***.
22, animal movements, sounds and smells can convey information (give examples, to be able to determine which of the above belongs to).
23、An ant finds food and returns to the nest, other ants can find food by the odor of the secretion.
24, the males of butterfly moth insects fly over to mate with the females after sensing the odor of the sexual exogenous hormones secreted by the females of the same species by the receptors on the olfactory sense on their antennae. Therefore, agricultural pests can be trapped and killed by using extracted or synthetic sex pheromones as an attractant.
25, a group of individual animals to other individuals to send a certain message, the individual receiving the message to produce a certain behavioral response, this phenomenon is called communication.
Chapter 3 The Role of Animals in the Biosphere
1, American science writer Rachel? Carson published the book Lonesome Spring in 1962.
2. The food chain is made up of producers and consumers, reflecting the relationship between the two eating and being eaten.
3. In an ecosystem, multiple food chains are interlocked and connected to each other, forming a food web.
4. There is a relationship of interdependence and mutual constraint between various organisms in the food chain and food web.
5, in the ecosystem, the number and proportion of various organisms is always maintained in a relatively stable (with an increase or decrease) state, this phenomenon is called ecological equilibrium, is a dynamic equilibrium.
6, human beings can not arbitrarily kill a certain animal, because it will affect the survival of other organisms, so as to affect the ecosystem in which the animal lives, and destroy the ecological balance.
7. In an ecosystem, the number of animals cannot grow indefinitely because ○1 when the number of a certain animal increases, the number of animals that feed on that animal will also increase; ○2 there is limited space and food needed for survival.
8. From the point of view of ecology, people's production activities must be carried out according to ecological laws.
9, animals can promote the material cycle of the ecosystem, means: ○1 animals feeding on living things, digesting and decomposing organic matter in the body, releasing energy, and excreting carbon dioxide, urine, etc., and return to nature; ○2 animal feces and remains are decomposed, and carbon dioxide and other carbon dioxide formed return to nature.
10, the role of animals in nature: ○1 to maintain ecological balance; ○2 to promote the material cycle of the ecosystem; ○3 to help plants pollinate and spread seeds.
11, the use of organisms as a "production plant", the production of certain substances needed by mankind, this kind of organisms are called bioreactors. The most ideal bioreactor in animals is the breast bioreactor, that is, human beings through the genetic modification of certain animals, so that the breasts of these animals can produce and secrete certain substances that people need.
12. The key technology to make an organism a bioreactor is to make the genetic modification of that organism.
13. The advantages of using bioreactors to produce substances needed by human beings are: ○1 It can save the cost of building plants and buying instruments and equipment: ○2 It can reduce complicated production procedures and environmental pollution: ○3 It can save a lot of land resources for building factories, which can be used for greening and landscaping the environment.
14, bionic is to imitate the biological (animals, plants, microorganisms, etc.) of some of the structure and function of the invention of a variety of instruments and equipment. Such as: fireflies and cold light, bat echolocation and radar, turtle's back armor and thin shell construction.
15, through the genetic modification of certain animals (such as cows, sheep), so that the udders of these animals can produce and secrete some of the substances that people need
Chapter IV widely distributed bacteria and fungi
1, a bacterial or fungal reproduction of the formation of a visible collection, known as a colony. (Note: All bacteria or fungi in a colony are of the same species).
2, the characteristics of bacterial colonies: small colonies, smooth and sticky surface or rough and dry.
3, the characteristics of fungal colonies: colonies are generally larger, looser, fluffy, flocculent or cobwebby, generally showing red, brown, green, black, yellow and other different colors.
4, the general method of cultivating bacteria or fungi: first of all, we must configure the medium containing nutrients, the configured medium will be autoclaved, and can be used after cooling. The process of placing a small amount of bacteria or fungi in the culture medium is called inoculation. The inoculated petri dish is usually placed in an incubator that maintains a constant temperature, or it can be placed indoors in a warm place for cultivation.
5, culture with the petri dish and medium, before inoculation must be high temperature treatment. Its purpose is to kill the petri dishes, culture medium mixed with bacteria and fungi spores, discharge outside the experiment other environmental pollution.
6, in the soil, water, air, plants and animals in and out of the body, cold poles, hot springs, can be found in bacteria or fungi, bacteria and fungi can be seen widely distributed.
7, bacteria and fungi need to survive the conditions: moisture, suitable temperature, organic matter (that is, nutrition), some need oxygen, some do not need oxygen.
8, the latter part of the 17th century, the Dutch Levin? Hook made a microscope that could magnify 200-300 times, and first observed bacteria.
9. The French scientist Pasteur designed an experiment that proved that the spoilage of broth was caused by bacteria from the air, negating the idea that bacteria occur naturally. He was called the "father of microbiology".
10, Pasteur proposed the preservation of wine and milk pasteurization method, the content of high temperature sterilization.
11, bacteria are very small individuals, only with a high power microscope or electron microscope can be observed.
12, bacteria have different forms such as rods, spheres and spirals.
13, Bacteria are unicellular organisms and each bacterium lives independently.
14, bacterial cell structure consists of a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA (without a well-formed nucleus). Some bacteria also have a pod membrane or flagellum, while others do not.
15, the structural characteristics of bacteria: a cell wall, no nucleus, chloroplasts, genetic material - DNA.
16, bacteria and plant and animal cells, the main difference is: there is no organized nucleus.
17, most of the bacterial nutrition is heterotrophic, because there is no chloroplasts, can only use the readily available organic life, the organic matter into simple inorganic matter. Very few bacteria are autotrophic in their mode of nutrition.
18, the mode of reproduction of bacteria is fissionary reproduction, the number of bacteria formed is 2nm, (m is the number of pre-division, n is the number of consecutive divisions of bacteria).
19, some bacteria can form spores. Spores of the cell wall thickening, small and light can be scattered with the wind, fall in the appropriate environment can sprout into bacteria. Spores are the dormant body of bacteria, have a strong resistance to poor environment. A spore can only form a bacterium. (Some bacteria cannot form spores).
20, steamed bread spoiled long mold, fruit on the long "hairy", that is the fungi in the mold.
21, the main characteristics of fungi: ○ 1 have single-celled (yeast), there are multi-cellular (mold, mushrooms); ○ 2 cells have formed nuclei; ○ 3 can produce spores, spores can develop into a new individual, that is, the spore reproduction; ○ 4 there is no chloroplasts, the nutritional mode is heterotrophic.
22, Penicillium and Aspergillus is: Penicillium is green (because the spores are green), the mycelium of the spores is broom-like; Aspergillus is black, yellow, brown, green and other colors, the mycelium of the spores is radial.
23, in the summer and fall in the early morning or after the rain, in the wet trunk or grass easy to pick mushrooms. This suggests that fungi are suited to living in warm, moist, organic-rich environments.
24, brewing, making bread, steamed buns are inseparable from yeast.
25, the difference between yeast and bacteria is that there are formed nuclei,
26, the spores of mushrooms grow on the surface of the gills.
Chapter 5 The Role of Bacteria and Fungi in Nature
1. Bacillus subtilis rots pears and bananas.
2. Bacteria and fungi act as decomposers in the cycle of matter, breaking down organic matter in plant and animal remains into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts, which in turn can be absorbed and utilized by plants to make organic matter through photosynthesis. It can be seen that bacteria and fungi play an important role in the cycle of carbon dioxide and other substances (i.e., the vast majority of organic and inorganic substances).
3, some bacteria and fungi as decomposers are using the organic matter in the remains of dead plants and animals to live, and the mode of nutrition is saprophytic in heterotrophic.
4. Some bacteria and fungi are parasitic in heterotrophic nutrition, using organic matter in living plants and animals and the human body to live, resulting in different diseases in plants and animals and the human body.
5, streptococcus can make the human body suffer from tonsillitis, scarlet fever, dengue and other diseases.
6. Cotton blight, rice blast, wheat leaf rust and corn verruca are caused by fungi.
7, two organisms *** with living together, interdependent, favorable to each other, once separated, both can not live independently, this phenomenon is called *** birth. Some bacteria and fungi and plants and animals **** life.
9, lichens are fungi and algae **** born. Algae provide organic matter and fungi provide water and inorganic salts.
10, soybeans, peanuts and other legumes have rhizomes, which are a ****growth of rhizobia and plants. The rhizobia convert nitrogen from the air into nitrogen-containing inorganic salts (needed by the plant), and the plant provides the organic matter.
11, bacteria can also be with animals *** birth, such as cattle, sheep and other herbivores in the gastrointestinal, some bacteria can break down the cellulose in the grass, the animal is to provide bacteria to survive and food.
12, bacteria and fungi in nature: ○1 as decomposers involved in the material cycle; ○2 cause disease in plants and animals and people; ○3 and plants and animals **** life.
13. A small proportion of bacteria and fungi are harmful to humans, but most are beneficial.
14. In the demonstration experiment of fermentation, the gas in the bubbles that rise is carbon dioxide.
15、Yeast can convert glucose into alcohol and carbon dioxide and release a small amount of energy with the reaction formula (at right).
16, yeast fermentation produces carbon dioxide will form many small holes in the dough, so that the buns or bread puffed and fluffy while the alcohol in the dough volatilized in the evaporation.
17, Lactobacillus can convert glucose into lactic acid (with a sour flavor) under anaerobic conditions, thus turning milk into yogurt and vegetables into kimchi.
18, vinegar production to use acetic acid bacteria, sauce production to use mold.
19, the corruption of food is mainly caused by bacteria and fungi, these bacteria and fungi can get organic matter from the food, and growth and reproduction in the food, resulting in food spoilage, food preservation in an important issue is preservation.
20, preservation of food methods: mushrooms → dehydration method; bacon → sun and smoke method; dried fruit → infiltration preservation method; salted fish → pickling method; the above methods based on the principle of dewatering and inhibition of bacteria. Bagged meat sausage → vacuum packaging method; refrigeration method; freezing method; the above method is based on the principle of bacteriostatic inhibition. Milk → pasteurization; canned meat → canning method; the above method is based on the principle of autoclaving. Preservatives; ray method; based on the principle of sterilization.
21, the principle of preventing food spoilage is bacteriostatic and sterilization.
22, some fungi can produce substances that kill certain pathogenic bacteria, these substances are called antibiotics. For example: Penicillium can produce penicillin, which can treat bacterial diseases, such as pneumonia, meningitis, gonorrhea.
23, scientists transferred the gene for synthesizing insulinosus into Escherichia coli to make it produce insulinosus (the genetically modified E. coli here is a bioreactor).
24, In domestic sewage and industrial wastewater, there are many organic materials that can be used as food for bacteria. In the absence of oxygen, some bacilli and methanogens break down the organic matter in sewage through fermentation to produce methane, which can be used for lighting, heating or electricity generation, while the wastewater is purified. Other bacteria, in the presence of oxygen, break down organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, so that the wastewater is purified. Sewage can be purified using bacteria.
25. In 1928, Fleming, a British bacteriologist, discovered that penicillin sterilizes and inhibits bacteria, and was therefore awarded the Wakefield Prize for Medicine or Physiology.
26, with modern technology, a certain gene from other organisms is transferred into some bacteria, so that these bacteria can produce medicines
Unit VI Biological Diversity and Its Conservation
Chapter I Classification of Organisms According to Their Characteristics
1, Biological Classification is mainly based on the degree of similarity of organisms to divide them into seven different classes (species, genera, families, orders, orders, phyla), The classification of organisms is mainly based on the degree of similarity of organisms into species, genera, families, orders, phyla, phylums, and seven different classes (in order from small to large), and the morphological structure and other characteristics of each taxon are scientifically described, in order to clarify the affinities and evolutionary relationships between the different taxa. Classification is based on the characteristics of organisms in terms of morphology and structure. The basic unit of classification is the species.
2. Classification of plants (see below). (Note: Monocots and dicots are classified lower than gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, and algae. Angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, and algae are at the same taxonomic level.) Arranged in order of evolution, from simple to complex and from lower to higher: algae → bryophytes → ferns → gymnosperms → angiosperms.
3. Classification of animals (see below): arranged in order from simple to complex, from lower to higher: protozoa → coelenterata → annelids → mollusks → arthropods → fish → amphibians → reptiles → birds → mammals.
4. In angiosperms, flowers, fruits and seeds are often used as an important basis for classification.
5, the seven levels of biological classification, in order from the largest to the smallest: kingdom, phylum, order, order, family, genus, species. Species is the most basic unit of classification. The same species of organisms with the *** same characteristics is the most, the closest kinship.
6. Organisms within a species have the greatest number of ****similar characteristics and organisms within a kingdom have the least number of ****similar characteristics.
7. The larger the taxonomic rank, the fewer the ****similar characteristics between organisms and the more distant their affinities; the smaller the taxonomic rank, the more the ****similar characteristics between organisms and the closer their affinities. Organisms at the level of species have the most ****similar characteristics, and organisms at the level of kingdom have the least ****similar characteristics.
8. The larger the classification level, the more species of organisms are included; the smaller the classification level, the fewer species of organisms are included.
9, the classification of the horse (from small to large): horse species, horse genus, horse family, odd-toed ungulate, mammalian, vertebrate subphylum of the phylum Chordata, animal kingdom.
10, the classification of the peach (from small to large): peach species, plum genus, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, dicotyledonous plants, seed plants, the angiosperm subphylum of the phylum, the plant world.
11, Sweden's famous botanist Linnaeus in the book "natural system" proposed biological nomenclature → binomial, each species of the scientific name consists of two parts, the first part of the genus name, the second part of the species plus the word for the Latin, italicized.
12, The Natural System is an epoch-making work in the history of plants, which classifies organisms, reveals the affinities between them, and is of great help in the study of their evolution.
13, The diversity of organisms includes the diversity of species, the diversity of genes and the diversity of ecosystems.
14, China's gymnosperms accounted for the world's largest percentage of gymnosperms, is the richest gymnosperm country, known as "the home of gymnosperms". Mosses, ferns and seed plants are second only to Brazil and Colombia, ranking third in the world. The number of vertebrate species of fish, birds and mammals is among the highest in the world.
15.The country has the least percentage of reptiles in the world.
16. Various characteristics of organisms are controlled by genes. The genes of all individuals of each organism form a gene pool.
17. Protecting the habitats of organisms and the diversity of ecosystems is a fundamental measure for the conservation of biodiversity
18. In addition to comparing the external morphology and structure of an animal, the classification of animals also compares the animal's internal structure and physiological functions