First, China's logistics equipment development status and problems
Definition and types of logistics equipment.
Logistics equipment is a tool and means to complete logistics activities, and it is the material and technical basis for organizing logistics activities. Without certain material and technical conditions, any logistics activities are impossible. Transportation, storage, loading and unloading, distribution and processing, packaging and information processing all need corresponding logistics equipment. The so-called logistics equipment refers to complete sets of buildings and appliances necessary for various logistics activities, as well as various mechanical equipment, transportation tools, storage facilities, stations, computers, communication equipment, etc. Participate in organizing material circulation. The functions and types of logistics equipment are gradually formed according to various logistics activities, which can be divided into the following categories according to different standards:
① According to the unique functions of equipment, it can be divided into transportation equipment, storage equipment, loading and unloading equipment, circulation processing equipment, packaging equipment and information processing equipment.
② Equipment can be divided into fixed equipment and movable equipment according to its considerable position in logistics activities. Fixed equipment such as railways and highways; Movable equipment such as bridges and tunnels, stations, ports, warehouses and other buildings, such as trains, cars, ships, mobile loading and unloading equipment, etc.
③ According to the service scope of equipment in logistics activities, it can be divided into enterprise (production) logistics equipment and social (supply and marketing) logistics equipment. Enterprise logistics equipment is a part of enterprise's fixed assets, belonging to enterprise's own equipment, such as transport vehicles, railway special lines, loading and unloading machinery, packaging machinery, storage buildings and so on. Social logistics equipment serves social logistics and belongs to public equipment, such as traffic lines, bridges and tunnels, stations and ports.
2. Development Status of Logistics Equipment in China
Since the late 1970s, China's logistics equipment has developed rapidly, the number of all kinds of logistics and transportation equipment has increased rapidly, the technical performance has been modernized day by day, and container transportation has developed rapidly. With the application of computer network technology in logistics activities, advanced logistics equipment systems are constantly emerging, and China has the ability to develop large-scale loading and unloading equipment and automated logistics systems. Generally speaking, the development status of logistics equipment in China is reflected in the following aspects.
① The overall number of logistics equipment has increased rapidly. In recent years, China's logistics industry has developed rapidly and has been highly valued by governments at all levels. In this context, the total amount of logistics equipment has increased rapidly, such as transportation equipment, storage equipment, distribution equipment, packaging equipment, handling equipment (such as forklifts and cranes) and logistics information equipment.
② The automation level and informatization level of logistics equipment have been improved. In the past, our logistics equipment was basically manual or semi-mechanized, with low work efficiency. However, in recent years, the level of automation and informatization of logistics equipment has been improved, and the work efficiency has been greatly improved.
③ The production, sales and consumption systems of logistics equipment have basically taken shape. In the past, there was often a demand for logistics equipment, but it was difficult to find a corresponding production enterprise, or the production of logistics equipment was unsustainable because of the imperfect sales system and insufficient demand. At present, the production, sales and consumption systems of logistics equipment have basically taken shape. There are a number of professional logistics equipment manufacturers, companies and consumers in China, which gradually improve and develop logistics equipment in the production, sales and consumption systems.
④ Logistics equipment has been applied in all aspects of logistics. At present, both in the production and storage of production enterprises, transportation and distribution in the circulation process, packaging and processing, handling and loading and unloading of logistics centers, and logistics equipment have been applied to a certain extent.
⑤ Specialized new logistics equipment and new technology logistics equipment are constantly emerging. With the continuous refinement of the division of labor in all aspects of logistics and the increasing demand for logistics services aimed at meeting customer needs, new logistics equipment and new technology logistics equipment are constantly emerging. Most of these equipments are specially provided for a logistics link, a specialized commodity and a specialized customer's logistics operation, with a high degree of specialization.
3. The main problems in the development of China's logistics equipment.
In recent years, with the rapid development of logistics, advanced logistics equipment has been applied, but on the whole, the development of logistics equipment in China can not meet the requirements of new logistics tasks in the new century. Specifically, it mainly includes the following aspects:
① Diversified investment in logistics infrastructure construction is too little. For a long time, China's logistics infrastructure has invested less and developed slowly. Although some advanced warehousing and logistics facilities have been built in recent years, there are many low-end applications on the whole. The warehouses built in the 1950s and 1960s are still in use, and there are few high-end warehousing and shelf systems such as automated three-dimensional warehouses, and even fewer modern warehouses with computer information management.
(2) China is still in the primary stage of logistics equipment development, lacking both industry standards and industry organizations, resulting in different logistics equipment standards and poor connection and matching.
③ There are a large number of logistics equipment suppliers, but the scale is generally small and the development is not standardized.
④ Logistics enterprises only pay attention to the quality and selection of single equipment, without considering how to optimize the whole system.
⑤ Most logistics enterprises still regard price as the primary factor in choosing logistics equipment, but ignore the inspection of internal quality and safety indicators.
⑥ Some logistics enterprises lack sufficient understanding of the functions of logistics equipment, and the system planning and design are blind, resulting in inconvenient use or waste of resources.
⑦ Logistics equipment management has not been widely included in the content of logistics management, and the utilization rate of logistics equipment is not high, and the equipment has been idle for a long time.
Second, the development trend of logistics equipment in China
With the development of modern logistics, logistics equipment, as its material basis, presents the following development trends.
1, large-scale high speed
Large-scale refers to the increasing capacity, scale and production capacity of equipment. Scale is the basic means to realize the scale effect of logistics. First, it makes up for the defect that its own speed is difficult to improve, and gradually scales up, including sea transportation, railway transportation and road transportation. The maximum carrying capacity of an oil tanker is 563,000 tons, and that of a container ship is 6790TEU. Trains carrying 765,438+06,000 tons of ore have appeared in railway freight transportation, and freight cars with a load of more than 5 tons have also been developed. The large-scale pipeline transportation is reflected in the construction of large-diameter pipelines, and the current maximum diameter is1220 mm. The large-scale transportation mode basically meets the characteristics of large, continuous and stable basic logistics demand. The second is a large air cargo plane. The cargo plane under development can carry up to 300 tons and 30 40-foot (65,438+02.2m) TEUs at a time, which is 50% ~ 65,438+000% higher than the current cargo plane's transport capacity (including load capacity and container capacity).
High speed means that the running speed, running speed, recognition speed and operation speed of the equipment are greatly accelerated. Improving transportation speed has always been the direction of various modes of transportation, which is mainly reflected in breaking through the limit of "constant speed". There are three kinds of high-speed railways under development: one is the traditional high-speed railway, and the technology from Japan and France has the most commercial value. At present, the highest commercial speed of high-speed trains in operation has reached 270-275 km/h; The other is the tilting train, represented by the commercial speed of 200-250 km/h in Sweden; The third is maglev railway, which is currently in the commercial trial stage, and has reached the speed of 1998 in Japan. The maximum speed of high-speed freight trains in Germany and France has reached 200 km/h. With the gradual maturity of various technologies and economic development, ordinary railways will eventually be replaced by high-speed railways. In highway transportation, expressway generally refers to expressway. At present, all countries are striving to build expressway network as the skeleton of highway transportation. In air transport, high speed refers to supersonic speed, and the supersonic speed of passenger transport has been realized by Concorde. In cargo transportation, two-speed (subsonic and supersonic) civil aircraft are under development. In any case, supersonic speed will be the development direction of civil cargo aircraft. In water transportation, the speed of hydrofoil has reached 70 km/h, the speed of hovercraft is the highest, and the speed of flying wing can reach170 km/h/h. In pipeline transportation, high speed is reflected in high pressure, and the maximum working pressure of Alaska crude oil pipeline in the United States reaches 8.2MPa.
2, practical and light.
Because the warehousing and logistics equipment is used in general occasions, the work is not very heavy, so it is convenient to use, easy to maintain and operate, and has the characteristics of durability, trouble-free, good economy, high safety, good reliability and environmental protection. This kind of equipment is large in batch and widely used. Considering the comprehensive benefit, it can reduce the appearance height, simplify the structure and reduce the cost, and also reduce the operating cost of the equipment.
3. Specialization and universalization
With the diversification of logistics; There are more and more varieties of logistics equipment, and they are constantly updated. The systematization, consistency, economy, mobility and rapidity of logistics activities require some equipment to develop in the direction of specialization, and some equipment to develop in the direction of generalization and standardization.
The specialization of logistics equipment is the basis of improving logistics efficiency, which is mainly reflected in two aspects: one is the specialization of logistics equipment, and the other is the specialization of logistics mode. The specialization of logistics equipment is the specialization of logistics objects with logistics tools as the main body, such as mixed loading of passengers and goods.
When passenger and cargo are transported separately, there are planes, ships, cars and special vehicles and other equipment and facilities dedicated to transporting passengers and cargo. The typical mode of transportation specialization is maritime transportation. Almost all the countries in the world give up passenger transportation and mainly engage in freight transportation. Pipeline transportation is a special mode of transportation developed for transporting special goods.
Generalization is mainly manifested in the development of container transportation. The road and railway dual-purpose vehicles and locomotives developed abroad can directly realize the transformation of road and railway transportation mode. The large container trailer for road transportation can carry containers of various sizes for sea transportation, air transportation and railway transportation, as well as passenger and cargo dual-purpose aircraft, water-air dual-purpose aircraft and passenger pipeline transportation under study. General means of transport provides a basic guarantee for the logistics system supply chain to maintain high efficiency. General equipment can also realize the rapid conversion of logistics operations and greatly improve the efficiency of logistics operations.
4. Automation and intelligence
Combining mechanical technology with electronic technology, applying advanced microelectronics technology, power electronics technology, optical cable technology, hydraulic technology and fuzzy control technology to mechanical transmission and control system to realize automation and intelligence of logistics equipment will be the future development direction. For example, the new generation of electrical control devices for large and efficient cranes will develop into fully automatic digital control systems, which will make cranes more flexible and improve the comprehensive automation level of single machines. The development and application of pick-up and delivery trucks, intelligent AHV and intelligent transportation system (ITS) in automated warehouse have attracted wide attention from all countries. In addition, the logistics vehicle management technology, which combines satellite communication technology with many high-tech technologies such as computers and networks, is gradually being applied.
5, complete and systematic
Only when the equipment that constitutes the logistics system is complete and matched can the logistics system be the most effective and economical. On the basis of single-machine automation of logistics equipment, all kinds of logistics equipment are integrated into an integrated system by computer. Through the control of the central control room and coordination with the logistics system, the best matching and combination of different models are formed, which complement each other and play the best role. Therefore, a complete system of logistics equipment has broad development prospects. In the future, we will focus on the development of factory production and handling automation systems, cargo distribution and distribution systems, container handling systems, and automatic cargo sorting and handling systems.
6. "Greening".
"Green" means to meet the requirements of environmental protection, which involves two aspects: one is related to the development of traction power, manufacturing and auxiliary materials, and the other is related to use. In order to develop traction, it is necessary to improve traction power, effectively use energy, reduce pollution emissions, and use clean energy and new power. For the use factors, including the maintenance of each logistics, reasonable scheduling, correct use and so on.
Third, to promote the development of China's logistics equipment countermeasures
Drawing on the advanced experience of foreign logistics equipment development, combined with the actual situation and main problems of China's logistics development, the following measures can be taken to accelerate the development of China's logistics equipment.
1. Accelerate the standardization of logistics equipment. The standardization of logistics equipment plays a vital role in improving the efficiency of logistics operation. Unified standards are conducive to the interconnection and matching of various equipment and business cooperation between logistics enterprises, thus shortening logistics operation time, improving production efficiency, improving logistics service quality and reducing the proportion of logistics costs in total production costs.
2. Increase investment in logistics equipment and pay attention to diversified investment. Investigate and study the practical application of logistics equipment, pay attention to the development of high-tech logistics equipment, consciously eliminate backward logistics equipment with poor efficiency and low safety performance, and allocate advanced logistics machinery and facilities, such as new locomotives, vehicles, large cars and special vehicles in transportation system, automatic three-dimensional warehouses and high-rise shelves in storage system, cranes, forklifts, container loading and unloading equipment and automatic sorting monitoring equipment in loading and unloading system.
3. Standardize the business behavior of logistics equipment suppliers, encourage them to expand their business scale, improve their technical level and design ability, and provide better logistics equipment for logistics enterprises.
4. Guide logistics enterprises not only to pay attention to the price of equipment, but also to the quality and safety performance of equipment and the role of equipment in the whole system, and choose the appropriate logistics equipment according to their actual needs to make the whole system benefit the best.
5. Improve the understanding of logistics equipment by logistics enterprises and governments at all levels in the development of logistics, so as to plan the logistics equipment system. The design can be considered comprehensively to avoid inconvenience and waste of resources.
6. Both logistics enterprises and governments at all levels should incorporate logistics equipment management into the content of logistics management. Logistics equipment is a part of logistics cost, so we should pay attention to the management and research of logistics equipment, improve the use efficiency of logistics equipment and minimize the idle time of logistics equipment. At the same time, we should pay attention to the detection and maintenance of the safety performance of logistics equipment, slow down the wear speed of equipment, prolong the service life of equipment, prevent abnormal damage of equipment and ensure the normal operation of equipment.