At the beginning of the war, international relations were treacherous. 1937 years ago, because Chiang Kai-shek emulated the German and Italian system in China, so he had good relations with Germany and Italy, and a large number of German military advisers, military equipment and arsenals were introduced into China. In order to unite Japan against the Soviet Union, in February 1938, Hitler formally recognized the "Manchukuo", and in April ordered to stop the delivery of weapons to China, and in June withdrew all the military advisers, the relationship between the two countries gradually ended.
After the outbreak of the War of Resistance, there were three schools of thought within the ***: the German-Italian school, the Anglo-American school, and the Soviet school, and there were endless debates between the schools of thought, which eventually ceased with the changes in the international situation. The German-Italian collusion with Japan could not be relied upon any more, and the British and American policy of appeasement in an attempt to preserve their interests in China could not be relied upon any more. Only the Soviet Union, out of its own interests, was willing to unite China against Japan.
The hatred between the Soviet Union and Japan dates back to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. At that time, Japan and Czarist Russia in order to occupy northeastern China and Korea in an imperialist war, and finally to the defeat of the Czarist Russia and ended, Japan gained the right to station troops in Korea, northeastern China, so that Russia's expansion has been blocked. In 1936, Japan concluded an anti-Soviet pact with Germany, which led to a direct threat to the Soviet Union in the Far East, and Stalin repeatedly proposed to sign a peace treaty with China and threw an olive branch to China. After the Lugou Bridge Incident in 1937, the Japanese army, by virtue of its air superiority, bombed the front and rear of China's anti-Japanese defense, grasping absolute air control. The Chinese air force fought hard to meet the attack, but due to fewer planes and weaker strength, the loss was serious. China *** had to join hands with the Soviet Union to fight against the Japanese and signed the Soviet-Chinese Non-Aggression Pact on August 21, 1937, and China began to receive loans and military aid from the Soviet Union. in the second half of October, the first batch of Soviet volunteer air force consisted of 254 pilots and mechanics, with 21 SB light bombers led by Mazin and 23 11-16 destroyers led by Kulchumov, secretly coming to China to support China's anti-Japanese resistance in the form of a volunteer army. in the form of volunteers to support China's anti-Japanese resistance. In the following two years, more than 2000 Soviet air force ****s came to China to support the anti-Japanese resistance, of which more than 200 died on the battlefield of the anti-Japanese resistance in China.
The Soviet Union's aid to China was based on the bottom line of not exceeding Japan's tolerance. China. Repeatedly hoping to order heavy bombers that could bomb the Japanese mainland, the Soviet Union only sold China six. Meanwhile, the USSR *** gave China three loans to purchase arms, totaling $170 million. As repayment of part of the loan, the Soviet Union got 3117 tons of tungsten, 13,162 tons of tin and 10,892 tons of antimony from China.
After the Soviet Air Force volunteers came to China, on the one hand, the training of Chinese pilots as soon as possible to master the Soviet aircraft combat flight technology, on the other hand, actively take the initiative to attack to participate in the war.
Japan is very hateful to the Soviet Air Force, attempting to cut off the Soviet Air Force to aid China transportation line. Lanzhou is a transit point for Soviet air transportation of materials to China, but also an important airbase in Northwest China, and Japan has tried every possible means to bomb Lanzhou.
December 4, 1937, 21, the Japanese Navy Mugenjin Air Force from Beijing Nanyuan Airport took off 11 aircraft, long-distance run, through Yinchuan, the first bombing of Lanzhou, the Soviet Air Force Volunteer Force **** 16 planes took off to meet the enemy.
After the Soviet Air Force Volunteers stationed in Wuhan and Nanchang, the Japanese aircraft constantly bombing my air base. early January 1938, the Japanese aircraft 32 air raids on Hankou, dropping more than a hundred bombs, my plane 4 were destroyed, the Chinese and Soviet air force took off and the enemy air battle, my plane was shot down 2, the Soviet pilots Kerubai sacrificed.
On February 18, 1938, the Japanese sent 18 "96" type fighters, bombers 36, in the 13th Naval Air Wing Commander Nango Mao Zhang's leadership, headed straight to Nanchang Qingyunpo Airport. When the siren sounded at Qingyunpu Airport, the Chinese Air Force's Third Brigade, led by Commander Luo Yingde, took off in their E-16s, followed by the Soviet Air Force's Volunteer Brigade, led by Commander Sergei Vysensky. Upon arrival, the enemy planes dropped 90 bombs to start the fight. Then came the air battle, both sides bit each other in the air, fought hard, each other casualties. At this time, called the Japanese "military god" Nango Shigeaki slipped out of the formation to spy on the direction, waiting for an opportunity to prepare for a sneak attack. He aimed at the Soviet Air Force Sergei Vysensky's plane and was about to shoot when a string of flashing bullets came from behind', only to see Nango Shigezhang's plane burst into flames and plunged into the Poyang Lake headlong. Sergei Wisenski, who was in the middle of the battle, looked back and saw that it was Luo Yingde who saved his life. Nango Shigezhang was one of the "Four Heavenly Kings" of the Japanese Air Force, known as "King of the Air", but he was not expected to be killed by Luo Yingde of China's Air Force in this way. The Nanchang "2-18" air war, **** shot down 12 enemy aircraft.
Nanchang "2-18" air war, the Japanese air force is ashamed, has been looking for an opportunity to take revenge. April 29 is the Japanese Emperor Hirohito's birthday, the Japanese air force decided to take revenge on this day, to their emperor to offer a generous gift. Major Kodama of the Shanghai Japanese Air Base led his men Kurozawajiri and Kenichi Takahashi to fly 36 "96" fighters to Wuhan.
At 2:30pm, the alarm sounded in Wuhan. The Chinese Air Force's Fifth Brigade fleet skidded out of the runway before the alarm sounded, and the Soviet Volunteer Fleet fleet was also in the air to meet the enemy. In an instant, both sides of the air fleet in the blue sky twisted together, dogfighting, enemy and I can not be identified, anti-aircraft guns can not play a role. At this time, the Japanese Major Tano Makoto led 18 heavy bombers from Anhui. Under the situation of being outnumbered by the enemy, our pilots were undaunted. First, under the guns of the Soviet Air Force Volunteer Brigade, nine Japanese bombers fell like autumn winds sweeping down leaves. A Chinese aircraft was surrounded by five enemy planes, shot, the pilot Chen Huaimin was seriously wounded, he endured the pain and violently to Takahashi Xian a machine crashed, and the enemy with the death.
According to incomplete statistics, from December 1937 to early 1941, China Aid Air Force Volunteers *** to participate in the war more than 50 times, blowing up 114 enemy planes, shot down 81 enemy planes, blowing up 14 enemy ships, bombing 7 wounded, bombing more than 400 people killed and wounded enemy troops.
Grigori? Akimovich Kulishenko, Major of the Air Force. Kuryshenko, Major of the Air Force, a member of the Russian **** (Bu) Party, born in 1903 in the village of Cherepin, Korsunsky District, Kiev Oblast, Ukraine, enlisted in the People's Armed Forces in 1929, and in May 1939 came to Chengdu.
Kulishenko was a man of integrity, courage and tenacity in battle, known as the "Tiger". He had a square face, thick eyebrows, pupil color similar to the Chinese, strong physique, spine rarely straight, and thus appeared to be small. He looked like a Russian peasant, but also like a Chinese man from Shandong. He was almost 40 years old, but occasionally smiled like a child. The first time he learned to use chopsticks, two chopsticks in the hand can not be separated, he looked at others, and then look at themselves, laughing.
In the morning, the heroic Dasha (Soviet long-range bomber) stood around the airfield, refueling trucks ran around, engines roared loudly, and the sound of machine gun fire shattered the still, clear sky as Kulishenko began to train the Chinese pilots.
Before takeoff, Kulishenko told each of the Chinese pilots learning to fly the day's flight subjects, the characteristics of the Dasha, performance, and operation. He watched the pilots take their seats in the cockpit and saw their feet hit the brakes before sitting in the front cabin himself. After returning to the flight, he patiently commented.
Kulishenko often taught trainees: "Airplanes are national property, China's war needs airplanes, it is very difficult to transport airplanes from the USSR to China, damage to one will be less than one, damage to a part, have to be sent to replenish from thousands of miles away."
Chinese interpreter Liu Qun, saw him overworked and wasting away, advised him to pay attention to rest, Kulishenko replied: "To be honest, I experience the disaster my motherland suffered as much as I experience the disaster that the Chinese working people are suffering, and I am sad whenever I see the buildings that suffered from the bombing of the Japanese planes and the crowds of people fleeing the disaster ..."
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This is the first time that I have seen the Japanese aircraft bombing the building and fleeing the disaster. ."
Kulishenko flew over the Japanese-occupied Wuhan many times, bombing the military installations of the Japanese invaders, and each time returned safely.
In mid-August 1939, Kulishenko had just finished his training work when he accepted the bombing mission, they flew to the Japanese-occupied Wuhan, and returned to the base after completing the bombing mission without any problems.On October 3, he led the Soviet bombers to Wuhan again, and bombed more than 60 Japanese planes.On October 14, with the dawn just coming out from the east, Kulishenko led the brigade again to take off, and at 2:00 p.m. in the air over Wuhan, they met with German supplies to Japanese military facilities, and then took off. Wuhan, they met with German Misesmeet fighters supplied to Japan and fought a life-and-death battle. In this vicious battle, the heroes of the Soviet Air Force Volunteers blew up 103 Japanese planes and shot down 6 destroyers. The enemy attacked Captain Kulishenko's lead plane with three Miatas, and Kulishenko shot down one of them, but his own left engine was damaged and he had to return. He flew out with a single engine and headed west along the Yangtze River. When flying over Wanzhou, the airplane lost its balance and could not fly any further. In order to maintain the integrity of the plane and the safety of the residents near Wanzhou, he piloted the plane to a smooth landing in the Yangtze River flowing through Wanxian County. While the bomber and the shooter swam into the water and were saved, he was too exhausted to swim to the shore and was knocked to the bottom of the river by a wave, heroically sacrificing his life for the liberation of the Chinese people. A month later, Kulishenko's plane was recovered intact.
In the summer of 1940, Germany's blitz attack on Western Europe was successful, and Japan decided to take advantage of the opportunity to move southward to seize the sphere of influence of the Western countries. In order to implement the strategy of southward advancement, Japan strengthened its ties with Germany and Italy. The first is that the first time the world's most important country, the United States, was the world's most important country, the United States of America, and the United States of America. At this time, facing the threat of German aggression, the Soviet Union, in order to get rid of the perilous situation of being attacked from the east and the west, on the one hand, supported China's war of resistance to tie up Japan's hands; on the other hand, it sought to sign a treaty with Japan to safeguard the security of its eastern borders. Starting from July 1940, at the initiative of Japan, talks between Japan and the USSR began. on April 13, 1941, the USSR and Japan signed the Japan-Soviet Neutrality Treaty. According to the Japan-Soviet Neutrality Treaty, all the Soviet air force volunteers in China returned to China, and the Soviet Union's aid to China was sharply reduced and gradually terminated its aid operations, weakening China's anti-Japanese military power.
The Chinese people are a grateful people, and they give high honor to foreign friends who have helped them.
When Kulishenko's body was recovered, villager Liu Haitian and others buried the hero with their own hands at the foot of the local Taibaiyan Mountain. At that time, Liu Haidian, who was already more than 80 years old, put up a simple hut next to the cemetery to guard the hero's grave. 1958, in order to commemorate Kulishenko, the internationalist warrior and a foreign friend, the people of Wanzhou built the Martyrs' Mausoleum for him in Xishan Park. Kulishenko's wife and daughter also visited Wanzhou to pay homage.
On the eve of the National Day in 1958, Premier Zhou Enlai said to the family of Soviet pilot Kulishenko, who was invited to attend the National Day activities, "The Chinese people will never forget Grigori? Akimovich Kulishenko.
The northeast corner of Wuhan Liberation Park, is the Wuhan Soviet Air Force Volunteers Martyrs Tomb, 8-meter-high monument in front of the tomb, engraved with this text: "...... for the liberation of the Chinese people, the Soviet Air Force Volunteers martyrs blood and the blood of the Chinese people fused together. The blood of the martyrs of the Soviet Air Force Volunteers and the blood of the Chinese people were fused together. They will live forever in the hearts of the Chinese people ......"
The beginning and end of the Soviet Union's resistance to Japan