Space science and technology knowledge 1. What is the main purpose and structure of building the International Space Station?
Generally speaking, the purpose of building the International Space Station is to establish a permanent scientific laboratory in space, on which various research equipment and experimental instruments can be placed, so that astronauts can use the microgravity environment in space for long-term scientific research. There are five specific purposes: (1) to build a world-class research laboratory for high-quality scientific research; (2) Make full use of space microgravity resources; (3) enable astronauts to work and live on it for a long time; (4) Exploring effective international cooperation mechanisms; (5) Provide an ideal for the development of science and technology in 2 1 century? Test platform? .
The main structure of the International Space Station: (1) foundation truss, which is used to install various cabins, solar panels, mobile service systems and off-site exposure test facilities; (2) Living quarters, mainly used for the life of astronauts, including corridors, toilets, showers, sleeping stations and medical facilities, developed by the United States and launched into space; (3) Service cabin, including scientific instruments and equipment and other service facilities, also including some residential functions, developed and launched by Russia; (4) Functional cargo hold, equipped with astronaut life support facilities, some residential functions, power supply, temporary storage of fuel, etc. There are multi-directional docking interfaces outside the cabin, which are developed and launched by Russia; (5) Multiple experimental cabins, USA 1, ESA 1, Japan 1, and Russia 3; (6) Node module (3 modules), developed by the United States and the European Space Agency, is the channel connecting the modules and the exit for astronauts to carry out extravehicular activities; Once the energy system and solar panels, provided by the United States and Russia; (8) Mobile service system (mainly remote manipulator), developed by Canada.
2. What tasks and schedules do astronauts need to complete in the space station?
The space station is a research laboratory built in space, so one of the important tasks of astronauts on the space station is to use scientific research instruments or experimental equipment on the space station for scientific research or experiments; In addition, astronauts also need to complete a lot of spacewalks (that is, extravehicular activities) on the space station. The purpose of extravehicular activities is to assemble the International Space Station and repair and maintain the space station (such as the Mir space station in the former Soviet Union). Third, daily affairs or work, such as completing the tasks temporarily arranged by the ground control center, updating the data on the computer on the station, testing the equipment on the checkpoint, etc.
There is no day and night on the space station, and there are 16 sunrises and sunsets a day, so the astronauts' schedule is entirely their own. Usually get up at 06:00, do some exercise after getting up, start the routine inspection of the space station, and then have breakfast; Around 08: 10, before the official work began, all astronauts held a working meeting with the ground control center that day. After the meeting, they exercised for a while and then began to work until noon 13:05. There is a lunch break of 1 hour at noon, and afternoon activities include work and physical exercise until 19:30, followed by dinner and a day's work summary meeting; Sleep time starts at 2 1:30. Under normal circumstances, astronauts work 10 hour every day and 5 hours on Saturday. The rest of the time is arranged by the astronauts themselves, and they can rest or work overtime.
3. How do astronauts sleep in space?
One third of a person's life is spent in sleep, so it is extremely important to have a comfortable environment to ensure a good sleep. In this respect, heaven and earth are the same standards. But there is an important difference between heaven and earth, that is, on the ground, it is a gravity environment of 1g, while in space, it is a microgravity or weightlessness environment. The best way to sleep on the ground is to sleep in bed. If necessary, you can sleep in the chair. Few people sleep standing up, and maybe no one will sleep backwards. However, in weightlessness, sleep is not limited by posture. You can sleep lying down, sitting down, standing up or even standing upside down. The biggest advantage of sleeping in weightlessness is that you don't need a bed. As long as you find a corner in the living room without noise and vibration, you can have a comfortable sleep. But be sure to fix yourself somewhere with a belt before going to bed, otherwise when you are asleep, your body will be pushed into the air by the thrust of exhalation and float around in the cabin until you hit something and wake you up. In the early spacecraft, astronauts slept in their seats, and the sleeping conditions provided for astronauts on the space shuttle were greatly improved. There are two kinds of sleeping equipment on the space shuttle, which are provided for two working systems respectively. Single shift work system uses sleeping bags; The two-shift work system uses sleeping cars. Under the single-shift working system, all astronauts sleep at the same time, so everyone has a sleeping bag. Some tasks in space need 24-hour continuous operation, so astronauts are required to work in two shifts. At this time, the sleeping equipment provided to astronauts on the space shuttle is a small sleeper. Sleeper cars are divided into three groups and four groups. Each carriage has sleeping bags, private storage rooms, lighting and ventilation. The sleeping bag is fixed on the bed board of the sleeping cabin and fixed with 6 spring clips. The brightness of the lighting lamp can be adjusted. The air inlet of fresh air is facing the astronaut's head, and the air outlet is facing the foot. All sleeping cars are installed on the right side of the middle deck cabin. When astronauts sleep, they are required to lean their heads against the air pressure transition cabin and their feet against the electronic equipment cabin.
4. What kind of sleeping equipment does the International Space Station provide for astronauts?
In the American cabin of the International Space Station, every American astronaut is provided with a bedroom, which is a very small private space. The bedroom is the size of a person and can be soundproofed. There is also a sleeping bag in the bedroom, in addition to a desk lamp, a small desk, a bookshelf, a laptop and a drawer for personal belongings. Astronauts can also listen to music after lying down. However, temporary visiting astronauts do not have this kind of treatment. Generally, you can only sleep in a sleeping bag, which is hung on the bulkhead of the station cabin. However, many astronauts don't want to sleep in such a small bedroom, but find a quiet place on the floor, ceiling or wall and tie their sleeping bags to it, so that they can sleep in peace. In order to prevent noise and light interference, astronauts usually block their ears with earplugs and cover their eyes with blindfolds before going to bed. In order to simulate sleeping on the ground as much as possible, this kind of space sleeping bag is specially made. One side of the sleeping bag is hard, similar to a mattress. In addition, when the astronauts sleep, the sleeping bag should also be fixed with two wide straps, so that the astronauts have a feeling of covering the quilt and can prevent the arms and lower limbs from fluttering. Although there is no danger for human arms to float in front of the face, it will make people feel uncomfortable. However, some astronauts don't want to sleep in a small bedroom or use sleeping bags, but prefer to sleep in a completely floating state.
5. What is the toilet in the space toilet like?
At present, there are two space toilets on the International Space Station. The space toilet was designed by Russia. Space toilets are different from ground toilets. Because space is a weightless environment, water will not flow downwards, so space can't use toilets, but yes? Suction toilet? . This kind? Suction toilet? The toilet is taken away by the airflow, so when using this toilet, the bottom must be attached to the edge of the toilet to make the toilet completely sealed. If the seal is not tight, the airflow inside will not take away the feces. Are you online? Suction toilet? Separate collection of urine and feces. There is a funnel-shaped adapter at the front of the toilet, which can collect urine and transport it to the urinal. ? Suction toilet? Regardless of gender, but the adapter is divided into men and women.
6. How do astronauts urinate while walking in space?
Astronauts can use space toilets when flying in space, but what do astronauts use to solve the problem of defecation when the space shuttle is launched, when walking in space and when the space shuttle returns to land? Now in the United States, both male and female astronauts wear something called. Sturdy diapers? Pants solve the problem of urination. When astronauts need to urinate, they will urinate directly on the strong urine-absorbing pants, and then throw them away after returning to the ground or the airlock. Before the launch of the space shuttle, NASA issued three pairs of strong urine-absorbent pants to each astronaut, one for launch, one for landing and one for backup. Astronauts should also wear these pants before spacewalking, which are usually worn very close, under the liquid-cooled ventilation suit. These strong urine-absorbent pants look like ordinary sports shorts, but they have strong water absorption capacity, and one pair of pants can absorb more than 2 liters of urine.
7. What kinds of food are there on the International Space Station? What is the standard of space food? How do astronauts choose food?
The food in the International Space Station can be divided into three categories: daily food, emergency food and extravehicular activity food. Daily food includes frozen food, frozen food and normal temperature food. Frozen food includes side dishes, vegetables and various snacks; Frozen foods include fresh fruits and vegetables, foods that can be kept in the refrigerator for a long time, and some dairy products. Normal temperature foods include heat-stable foods, aseptic packaged foods, natural foods and rehydrated drinks.
The criteria for choosing food are applicability, nutritional value and convenience. Astronauts choose food six months before launch. Although each group of astronauts usually stays in the space station for 90 days, the choice of food menu only takes the first 28 days. When selecting the menu, astronauts are allowed to delete and change items in the standard menu of the space station.
8. What is an emergency commodity? When to use emergency food?
Emergency food can provide 45 days' food supply for astronauts on the space station. The so-called emergency supply includes two situations, one is a serious accident in the space station; The other is that for some reason, the astronauts' food can't be supplied normally. The system has strict restrictions on the size and weight of food. Only 2000 kilocalories are provided per person per day. Emergency food is stored at room temperature, the temperature range is 16 ~ 30℃, so it must be storable. This kind of food includes heat stable food, moderate humidity food, dehydrated food and beverage. The shelf life of food must be more than 2 years.
9. What is extravehicular activity food?
Extravehicular activity food is for astronauts to eat during extravehicular activity (i.e. spacewalk), including food and water, in which food can provide 500kcal of heat and water is 1.08kg, which can meet the physical needs for 8 hours. The containers of food and water for extravehicular activities are specially made and can be used many times. After each use, take it back to the station for cleaning, and then refill it with food and water for the next time when you leave the cabin.
10. What kind of frozen food are there on the International Space Station?
The refrigerated food on the International Space Station includes dairy products (including American cheese, cream cheese and sour cream); There are also fruits (including apples, grapefruit, kiwi fruit, oranges and plums).
Frozen food on the International Space Station includes meat and eggs, staple food, vegetables, fruits, desserts, soups, dairy products, beverages and condiments. Among them, meat and eggs include beef, mutton, turkey, pork, seafood and eggs.
Aerospace science and technology information 1, what is a space station?
Space station, also known as orbital station or space station, is a large manned spacecraft that can run in near-earth orbit for a long time. Astronauts can live and work on it for a long time. This large spacecraft can dock with the spacecraft or space shuttle in orbit, and the spacecraft or space shuttle will transport personnel and materials for it. The main difference between space station and spacecraft or space shuttle is that it has no main propulsion system and landing equipment, so it can't maneuver in orbit and land back.
According to different countries and different historical stages, there are different motives and purposes for developing space stations. Generally speaking, there are four main purposes for a country to develop a space station: first, it is a political purpose, that is, to show the comprehensive strength of the country, or is it political? Overwhelmed the other side and achieved a leading position in the field of manned space flight. During the Cold War of the last century, this was the main purpose of the development of space stations by the United States and the Soviet Union. Second, the purpose of science and technology is to use the space station as a scientific laboratory built in space to conduct various scientific research and experiments on it; Third, economic purposes, using the space station for space production or developing space tourism; The fourth is the military purpose, to use the space station on the same day? Military fortress? .
2. What kind of space station is it?
Space stations can be divided into two types according to their uses: civil space stations such as Mir space station in the former Soviet Union and International Space Station in the United States; Salute 2, Salute 3, Salute 5 and other military space stations in the former Soviet Union and planned by the US Air Force? Manned orbital laboratory? . In addition, according to the launch mode, it can also be divided into two types: integral and modular. Early space stations were all single, such as those in the United States? Skylab? There is also the salute of the former Soviet Union, which is assembled on the ground, loaded with various daily necessities and experimental instruments, and then launched as a whole, and astronauts take a manned spaceship to visit; Later, due to the improvement of technology, modular construction was adopted, that is, a core module was launched first, and then modules with different purposes were launched one after another, and they were assembled into a whole in orbit, such as the Mir space station in the former Soviet Union and the current International Space Station.
How many space stations have been launched or built in space so far?
So far, the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia have launched or built four types of space stations, *** 10, including seven salute space stations launched by the former Soviet Union between 197 1- 1986. They salute 1 to 7, but salute. In addition, the United States is in 1973? Between 65438 and 0974? Skylab? ; 1986 the former Soviet union and Russia? The Mir space station was built between 65438 and 0999, and the International Space Station is still in orbit.
Who first put forward the idea of building a space station?
The idea of the space station was first put forward by Constantine of Russia. Tsiolkovsky and German Herman? Oberth proposed it alone. 1895, tsiolkovsky first proposed the idea of building a space station in a science fiction novel. 1903, he proposed to install artificial gravity equipment on the space station and build a space greenhouse for human beings to live and work in the space station for a long time. 1923 was first used in oberth? Space station? The word, and think that this is the starting point for humans to fly to the moon and Mars. 1929, Dan put forward the idea of building a large wheel-shaped space station in a book called Space Travel. The space station is 30 meters in diameter and runs in geosynchronous orbit. 1950, Feng? Braun further developed the idea of a wheel-shaped space station. The wheels spread directly to 76 meters, and the reusable spacecraft with wings transported people and materials for it. This space station can be used as an earth observation station, a space science laboratory and flights to the moon and Mars? Springboard? . From 65438 to 0959, NASA planned to build a space station before traveling to the moon. In the same year, the Space Committee of the US House of Representatives decided to start building the first space station after the completion of project mercury. Two astronauts of Apollo 1 1 successfully landed on the moon in 1969, and NASA immediately decided to build a large-scale permanent space station with a capacity of 100 in 1975. However, these space station plans of NASA are all on paper, and the former Soviet Union devoted itself to the development of the space station after failing in the moon landing competition with the United States. In 1970s, it launched seven salute space stations, and in 1980s, it built a large space station. Number. It was not until 1997 International Space Station began to be assembled in space that the dream of developing a space station in the United States became a reality.
5. What systems make up the large space station?
A large space station consists of at least ten systems: (1) structural system; (2) power system; (3) Thermal control system; (4) Attitude determination and control system; (5) Orbital navigation and propulsion system; (6) Automation and robot system; (7) Computing and communication systems; (8) Environmental control and life support system; (9) Astronaut resident system; (10) personnel and material transportation system.
6. Will China also develop a space station?
201010/on October 27th, a spokesman for China's manned spaceflight project said that China's manned space station project has been officially launched, and a large-scale national space laboratory will be built around 2020. China's manned space station project is divided into two stages: space laboratory and space station. Before 20 16, develop and launch a space laboratory, break through and master the key technologies of the space station such as the mid-term stay of astronauts, and carry out space applications on a certain scale; Around 2020, the launch core module and experimental module will be developed and assembled into a manned space station in orbit, and the construction and operation technology of near-earth space station assembly and long-term manned flight technology in near-earth space will be broken through and mastered, and large-scale space applications will be carried out. China's manned space station project will fully inherit the achievements of previous manned spaceflight projects and continue to use the existing shenzhou spaceship, Long March II F carrier rocket, launch site and landing site. After the manned space station is completed, China's manned space flight will be fully realized? Three steps? The development strategy will further promote the development of manned space technology in China to a higher level, and make important contributions to promoting national scientific and technological progress and innovative development, enhancing comprehensive national strength and enhancing national prestige.
7. What are the main tasks of China Space Laboratory?
The main tasks of the space laboratory system are: (1) to further master the space rendezvous and docking technology of aircraft; (2) Breakthrough key technologies such as mid-term stay of astronauts, long-term autonomous flight of aircraft in orbit, regenerative life support and replenishment of cargo spacecraft; (3) Verifying the performance and function of the space shuttle; (4) Space application on a certain scale. Developed by China Academy of Space Technology? Tiangong? Space No.2 Laboratory will mainly carry out applications and experiments in the fields of Earth observation and space earth system science, new space application technology, space technology and space medicine. ? Tiangong? Space No.3 Laboratory will mainly complete the tests to verify the key technologies of regenerative life support, the mid-term in-orbit stay of astronauts, the in-orbit test of cargo spacecraft, and also carry out some space science and space medical experiments.
At present, the space laboratory being developed in China adopts a two-module configuration, namely, an experimental module and a resource module. The experimental cabin consists of a sealed front cone section, a cylindrical section and a rear cone section. The sealed cabin can ensure the astronauts' cabin pressure, temperature and humidity, gas composition and other living conditions, and can be used during the astronauts' on-orbit work and life. The sealed rear cone part is equipped with equipment such as regenerative life support. The docking mechanism and rendezvous and docking measurement and communication equipment are installed at the front end of the experimental module to support rendezvous and docking with the spacecraft. The resource module provides power for orbital maneuver and energy for flight.
8. What are the key technologies of the space laboratory?
The key to the space laboratory stage is to break through the rendezvous and docking technology of spacecraft. Space rendezvous and docking technology is very difficult. In the process of docking, if the calculation is inaccurate, spacecraft collision accidents may occur. So a lot of experiments are needed to master this technology.
The process of two or more spacecraft reaching the same position in space at the same time through the coordination of orbital parameters is called rendezvous. Docking is to connect two spacecraft into a whole through a special docking mechanism on the basis of rendezvous. The system to realize rendezvous and docking of two spacecraft in space is called rendezvous and docking system.
Rendezvous and docking system usually includes tracking and measuring system, attitude and orbit control system, docking mechanism system and so on. When two spacecrafts are docked in space, the initial condition is to keep the coaxial approach mode and the determined longitudinal velocity of the docking mechanism, and the velocity is zero in other linear coordinates and angular coordinates. However, the actual relative motion parameters between two spacecraft are always biased. Generally, the relative position and translation speed between two spacecraft are usually maintained by the active spacecraft orbit control system and attitude control system of the two spacecraft. The former is suitable for controlling the translational motion of the center of mass, while the latter is suitable for controlling the rotational motion around the center of mass. There are two control modes for spacecraft rendezvous and docking, one is manual control and the other is automatic control. Using manual control to complete space rendezvous and docking can improve the success rate of rendezvous and docking. The automatic control of rendezvous and docking has high reliability, and it is not necessary to consider the safety and life-saving of personnel. In the rendezvous and docking technology of spacecraft, the future development trend is to combine manual control with automatic control to improve the flexibility, reliability and success rate of rendezvous and docking.
9. China's manned spaceflight project? Take three steps? What do you mean?
What is the score of China's manned spaceflight project? Three steps? Shenzhou 5 and No.6 successfully completed the first manned spacecraft phase, sending China astronauts into the sky, completing multi-person and multi-day flights and accurately returning to the scheduled location; The second step is the space laboratory stage, which will break through four technical keys and make technical preparations for the third step of space station construction. China will launch the target aircraft in 20 1 1 year? Tiangong-1? And gradually realize the three rendezvous and docking tests with Shenzhou 8, Shenzhou 9 and Shenzhou 10 within two years. And after that? Tiangong-1? It will be transformed into a short-term manned space laboratory. The space laboratory phase is currently under way. Its first technical key is extravehicular activity, and Shenzhou VII completed this task. The second technical key is rendezvous and docking, through? Tiangong-1? In the space flight of about 2 years, the space docking with Shenzhou-8, Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 has been completed successively, and the rendezvous and docking technology of spacecraft has been broken through and basically mastered. The third technical key is supply, such as propellant, air, water and food. For aircraft; The fourth key is to regenerate the life support system.
10, what is it? Le Skylab
? Skylab? This is the first experimental space station in America. 1973 was launched on May 14 and entered a nearly circular orbit 435 kilometers above the ground. Three ships were launched in the same year? Apollo? Spacecraft 2 and? Skylab? Docking. What are the names of these three spaceships? Skylab? Number two, number three and number four. 65438+July 0979 1 1? Skylab? Enter the atmosphere and burn. ? Skylab? Use? Saturn? The fifth carrier rocket has been launched. During the ascending flight, the high-speed airflow washed away the protective cover and one solar cell wing of the orbital module, and the other solar cell wing was entangled in the debris of the protective cover and did not open. So? Skylab? After entering the orbit, the power was seriously insufficient, and the temperature in the cabin rose to about 50. 1on may 25, 973, three astronauts took it? Apollo? Spacecraft 2 and? Skylab? Docking. Astronauts used parasols to extend out of the cabin to block the sun, which made the temperature of the working cabin drop. They cut off the tangled shield fragments and let the remaining solar cells spread out to generate electricity. What happened in the end? Skylab? Start working and accept astronauts. ? Skylab? * * * received three groups of astronauts, working and living in the space station for 28 days, 59 days and 84 days respectively. More than 270 experiments on astronomy, geography, remote sensing, cosmobiology and space medicine were conducted with 58 instruments. Important projects include: observing the sun with a solar telescope and taking 6.5438+0.8 million photos of solar activity; Six kinds of remote sensing instruments were used to observe the earth and more than 40,000 ground photos were taken. Study the solar system and the milky way with seven instruments; The effects of long-term weightlessness on human physiology were studied by using bicycle dynamometer and lower body negative pressure device. The material processing test under weightlessness condition was also carried out.
? Skylab? It consists of orbital module, transition module, multi-purpose docking module, solar telescope and? Apollo? The spaceship consists of five parts. It is 36 meters long, 6.7 meters in diameter and weighs 82 tons. What is an orbital module? Skylab? Subject, use? Saturn? The third-stage arrow body of launch vehicle No.5 is modified, which is divided into upper and lower floors, the upper floor is the working area and the lower floor is the living area. The living area is divided into bedroom, dining room, observation room and bathroom by partition. The orbital module is filled with pure oxygen and kept at 33 kPa atmospheric pressure and 20? The temperature around C.
? Skylab? The plan lasted for six years and cost $2.6 billion. American aerospace, political and scientific circles all give high praise.