Introduction of the encyclopedia
Encyclopedias exceed other types of tool books in size and content. The main role of the encyclopedia is for people to check the necessary knowledge and factual information, and its completeness lies in the fact that it almost embraces the components of various tools, encompassing all aspects of knowledge. It is known as the "university without walls". It is known as the university without walls.
An encyclopedia is a compendium of knowledge, a broad overview of all branches of knowledge. Whether or not there is an excellent comprehensive encyclopedia has become one of the symbols of the level of scientific and cultural development of a country.
Types of Encyclopedias
Comprehensive Encyclopedias
Comprehensive encyclopedias are a selection of the knowledge that has existed in each era. The former has always adhered to a system of breaking down the whole of knowledge into very narrow entries; the latter's new edition of the "Convenient Index" (Compendium) also carries some Brockhaus-type elements, but the book is dominated by the "Detailed Compendium" of large entries.
Specialized books
Specialized encyclopedias appeared in the 18th century, and famous specialized encyclopedias in chemistry include Fritz Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Applied Chemistry (1914~1923), Kirk? Othmer's Encyclopedia of Chemical Processes (1947~1956); in music there is the large Encyclopedia of Music or Dictionary of Music Schools (1913~1931) edited by Lionel de La Laurencie and others, and the Encyclopedia of Chamber Music (1913~1931) edited by Walter Willson Cobbett. The Encyclopedia of Chamber Music (1929-1930); in philosophy, the Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1967); in architecture and the arts, the Encyclopedia of World Art (1959-1968); in religion, the Encyclopedia of Ecclesiastical Knowledge (1907), the Encyclopedia of Islam (1960), and the Encyclopedia Judaica (1971-1972) In literature, there is Cassell's Encyclopaedia of Literature (1953); in physics, there is Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics (1961~1964) edited by James Thewlis; in medicine, there is British Encyclopaedia of Medicine (1936~1939). 1939).
Regional books
National and regional encyclopedias appeared at the end of the 19th century, the contents of which were limited to a country or a region, such as the Encyclopedia of South Africa (1961), Encyclopedia of Australia (1958), Encyclopedia of New Zealand (1966), Encyclopedia of Mexico (1966), Encyclopedia Argentino (1956~1964), and Encyclopedia of Argentina (1956~1964). (1956-1964), Encyclopedia of Romania (1938-1943), Encyclopedia of Poland (1916-1920), and Encyclopedia of Canada (1957-1958).
Encyclopedias for children and young people
Encyclopedias for children and young people appeared in the 19th 20 century, with Larousse's Petite Encyclopedie du jeune age (The Little Children's Encyclopedia), published in 1853. and adapted as the Larousse Children's Encyclopedia in 1957. More popular is the Children's Encyclopedia, edited by British author Arthur Mee, known in the United States as The Book of Knowledge. The World Book Encyclopedia is another successful juvenile encyclopedia that aims to "put knowledge into stories and pictures". The Britannica Junior Encyclopedia was published in 1963 for children under the age of 12, and the Oxford Junior Encyclopedia is different from the previous juvenile encyclopedias in that it is categorized, with 12 volumes divided into 12 categories, and the 13th volume is an index.
Encyclopedic dictionaries
Encyclopedic dictionaries began to flourish in the 17th and 18th centuries as a tool between the traditional encyclopedias and dictionaries, with an early representative being the British Harleys' Technical Dictionary (1704).
In addition, some encyclopedias, such as Encyclopaedia Britannica, are available in both print and electronic versions, with the electronic version appearing as a CD-ROM product or as a web service.
The many entries in an encyclopedia must be easily accessible to readers who want to find information on a particular topic. It is common practice in printed encyclopedias to have the headings of the entries in consecutive alphabetical order, although some encyclopedias have subdivided the entries into wider subject-oriented categories, which can also be helpful in finding the information they want through aids such as alphabetic indexing or cross-references between entries. Search and retrieval programs in electronic encyclopedias can generate tabular entries that contain information tailored to the reader's specific requirements.
Origins of the Encyclopedia Form
The Western encyclopedia
originated in ancient Greece? Plato and his student Aristotle are considered the originators of the Western encyclopedia, which was a comprehensive account of the knowledge available at the time through lectures. In ancient Rome, Marcus Terentius Varro wrote Disciplinarum libri IX and Rerum divinarum et humanarum antiquitates, both of which were encyclopedic in nature. The most important encyclopedia of the Roman period was the Historia naturalis of Pliny the Elder. This book was a categorized anthology of knowledge that influenced the compilation of later encyclopedias for 1,500 years.
One of the more famous encyclopedias of the pre-medieval period, the Imago mundi by Honorius Inclusus, was more widely cited and better organized than its predecessors. The most important encyclopedic work of the Middle Ages was the Speculum majus, edited by Vincent of Beauvais. With nearly 10,000 chapters and ***80 volumes, it was one of the largest encyclopedias of the early 18th century. 1559 saw the publication of an Encyclopaedia in Basel by the German compiler Paul Scalich, who first used the term as a title.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Bacon's (Francis Bacon) The Great Revival (Instauratio magna, unfinished) had a great impact on the compilation of encyclopedias, and its contribution was to provide a new, rational system of classification of knowledge for encyclopedias. The Lexicon Technicum (1704), compiled by John Harris in England, already had elements of a modern encyclopedia. The system of references created by Ephraim Chambers is considered to be the forerunner of modern encyclopedic editing techniques. The Encyclopedie (1751-1765), edited by Denis Diderot and d'Alembert, was a magnificent and historic work, more influential than any other work of its time. The first volume of the Encyclopedie was criticized by the Church and criticized by the government, but it was supported by the public. Diderot's contribution was to adapt to the growing revolutionary spirit in France and to ignite a spark of thought. The Encyclop?dia Britannica was first published in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1768 and 1771, and was gradually improved in subsequent editions, reaching its fifteenth edition. The first Social Dictionary (Konversations-Lexikon, 1796-1811) compiled by Arnold Brockhaus to meet the needs of the Germans became the model for at least half of the encyclopedias later published in the Western world. It is characterized by a wide range of selections, short entries, full of facts, and is known for its fresh material.
Frenchman Larousse (Pierre Larousse) in the encyclopedia compilation is quite innovative. The Larousse Encyclopedia has a high reputation and is characterized by a smooth and fluent text. The American Dictionary of the English Language by Noah Webster is essentially an encyclopedia, and like the Brockhaus Encyclopedia and the Larousse Encyclopedia, it is a work of the Age of Painting. The Great Encyclopedia of the USSR (Bolshaya sovetskaya entsiklopedya) was first published in 1926-1947 in 65 volumes ***; the 2nd edition, in 51 volumes, is now in its 3rd edition, in 30 volumes. The Great American Encyclopedia was compiled on the basis of the 7th edition of the Brockhaus Encyclopedia, under a system of successive revisions, which met with great success. The Spanish "Illustrated Encyclopedia of Europe and America" (Espasa, 1905 ~ 1970) is currently the world's largest encyclopedia, the main part of 80 volumes. The Italian Encyclopedia (Enciclopedia italiana, 1929-1936) is known for its beautiful illustrations and scholarship. 20 century, the encyclopedia published in other countries: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Turkey and Yugoslavia, Lithuania and so on. Lithuania, etc.
Oriental Classical Books
China has a history of nearly 2,000 years of compiling encyclopedic Classical Books. Unlike modern Western encyclopedias, Classical Books are basically selections of important documents, categorized and arranged mainly for reference by civil servants, and some of them also have a certain thesaurus component. The first famous class book in China was "Huangdan" compiled by Emperor Wei in 220 A.D., which has now been lost, and later compiled by Du Gongzhan, "Zhizhu", Ouyang Xun's "Arts and Letters Classes Gathering" (100 vols.), "Beitang Shubiao" (Beitang Book Notes) compiled by Yu Shinan, and "Beginner's Record" compiled by Xu Jian and others. In the Song Dynasty, Li Fang was ordered by Emperor Taizong to organize the compilation and revision of the Taiping Yulan, which was later rewritten and printed in movable type. The book, "The Book of Yuan Turtle" (1013), emphasized history and biography, and was as large as the "Taiping Yulan".
The Southern Song scholar Wang Yinglin (1223~1292) compiled the Jade Sea in 1267, an important encyclopedic work, which was reprinted in 1738, with 240 volumes. The Yongle Dadian (永乐大典), compiled at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, was probably the largest encyclopedic work ever published in the world, with 22,937 volumes; unfortunately, most of them have been dispersed, and a photocopy of the surviving 730 volumes was published in 1963. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Qi and his son compiled the 106 volumes of "San Cai Tu Hui", which was richly illustrated. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the imperial edicts compiled the Peiwen Rhymefu and its supplement, Gleanings from the Rhymefu, which is an encyclopedia of Chinese literature. Other imperial edicts included the Classical Editions of Eccentric Characters and the Essence of Zi Shi, and in 1726 Chen Menglei and others compiled a huge 10,000-volume Compilation of Ancient and Modern Books, which encompassed all of China's cultural heritage. Other books of the Qing Dynasty include Wang Ji's The Original Society of Things (1796), Lu Fengzao's The Record of Small Knowledge (1804), Chen Wei's The Interpretation of the Classics (1804), Wang Chenglie's The Record of the Numbers of Qi Names (1806), Dai Zhaocun's The Collection of Classical Classifications of the Four Books and the Five Classics (1887), Wei Siong's The Beginning of a Record of One Thing (1888), and Liu Koyi's Jiu Tongtong (1902). China's first modern encyclopedic dictionary is the Republic of China in the early years of Lu Erkui edited "Dictionary" (1915).
Classical books influenced by China have appeared in Japan since the Tokugawa period. Encyclopedias of the modern type appeared after 1926, the main ones being the Encyclopedias (28 volumes, 1931-1935), the National Encyclopedic Dictionary (15 volumes, 1934-1937), and the World Encyclopedic Dictionary (24 volumes, 1955-1968). 1972 saw the start of the publication of the Britannica International Encyclopedic Dictionary (28 volumes).
The first encyclopedia in the Arab world was Kitab Uyun al-Akhbar (The Essence of Tradition), compiled by Ibn Qutaybah (828 889). He quoted traditional aphorisms, historical facts and ancient poems to explain the things mentioned. Ibn Abd Rabbih of Cordoba improved upon the writings of Ibn Qutaybah by compiling the Iqd. The Persian scholar al-Khwarizmi (al-Khwarizmi) compiled the Key to Science (Mafatih al-Ulum) from 975 to 997, dividing it into two parts: the knowledge of the country and the knowledge of foreign countries. The Egyptian historian an-Nuwairi compiled the most famous encyclopedia of the Mamluk era, Nihayat al-arab fi funun al-adab (The Book of Literature and Art and Knowledge), which consisted of nearly 9,000 pages and was published in a single volume in 1923. Butrus al-Bustani and his sons edited Dairat al-maarif (The Encyclopedia) in Lebanon between 1876 and 1900; the second edition was published between 1923 and 1925, and the third in 1956; in 1955 Albert Rihani published Dairat al-maarif (The Encyclopedia). Albert Rihani published the Encyclopedia Arabica in a single volume.
Instrumental books
Now also refers to a more comprehensive and systematic introduction to cultural and scientific knowledge of large-scale tool books, including a variety of specialized terms and terminology, according to the dictionary of the criminal sub-article arrangement, detailed explanations.
? Encyclopedia? Usually refers to a large set of books. This word in the West first came from the Greek (?) (Latin alphabet: enkyklios) and (paideia). ?enkyklios? means ? cyclic, periodic, usual? and "paideia" means "education". education? meaning ? general education, literally the knowledge of the arts and sciences that a person who wants to be educated as a generalist should learn? In the process of transcription the word fallaciously passed into the Neo-Latin word ?encyclopaedia? and then into English, first recorded in 1531. In Neo-Latin the word was chosen as the title of a reference work covering various subjects. In England it was first seen in 1644.
According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the largest encyclopedia in the world is the Yongle Dazhi. The entire catalog of 60 volumes, the body of 22,877 volumes, mounted in 11,095 volumes, about 370 million words, this ancient cultural treasure trove brings together seven or eight thousand kinds of ancient and modern books, is China's encyclopedic collection of documents.
The Encyclopedia of China? Press and Publication" volume is defined as: ? Outline of all human knowledge or a certain category of knowledge of the tool book. For checking the required knowledge and factual information. But also has the role of expanding the reader's knowledge horizons and helping the systematic search for knowledge. It is a country and a sign of the development of science and culture in an era.
A Concise Social Science Dictionary is defined as ? Arranged in the form of a thesaurus, a large-scale tool book that systematically summarizes all aspects of human knowledge or a particular aspect. Divided into two categories: comprehensive and specialized. Comprehensive encyclopedias collect nouns, idioms, place names, events, people, writings, etc., in all fields of knowledge, a treasure trove of knowledge. It is a treasure trove of knowledge, but it does not include words, so it is different from a language dictionary.
Encyclopedias can be comprehensive, containing relevant content from all fields (for example, the Encyclopedia Britannica is a famous comprehensive encyclopedia). They can also be specialty encyclopedias (e.g., medical or philosophical encyclopedias). There are also encyclopedias that discuss a wide range of topics from the point of view of a particular culture or country, such as the Great Encyclopedia of the Soviet Union.