1? imperial examination system
The imperial examination is divided into four levels: the big exam-the rural exam-the general exam-the palace exam.
(1) Before failing in the college entrance examination, they were called "Tong Sheng" and "Tong Zi". After the exam, they are called "students" and "scholars".
(2) Once every three years, after having obtained the provincial examination, the recommender is a scholar, and the examiners will be awarded prizes. The first place is Xie Yuan. The exam time is in August, so it is also called "Qiu Wei".
(3) The examination is mainly in rural areas. The time is the spring of the second year after the Chinese move, and the place is the official office of the Ministry of Rites in Beijing. After the exam, it was called "Gong", and the first name was "Hui Yuan".
The court examination was presided over by the emperor. If he passes the exam, he is called a Jinshi. Gong is eligible for reference. The palace exam is divided into three levels of admission. One was given to the scholar, one to the scholar, and the third to the scholar. The first place in the palace examination is the champion, the second place is the second place, and the third place is the flower exploration.
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2? History of imperial examination
"Imperial Examination" is to cultivate people with subjects. The real imperial examination system in China began with Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, followed by Emperor Wendi and Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty. After the Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty devolved the power of selecting officials to the central government, abolished the nine-product system and began to select officials through examinations. Yang Di loved literature, set up the Imperial Examination Department, and selected scholars through "trial strategy". This is the beginning of the imperial examination text in later generations, and also the establishment of the Ming Classics Department, marking the official birth of the imperial examination system.
Judging from the history books, Yang Guang's implementation of imperial examination system is not a political show. At that time, it was really out of the need to select outstanding talents. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a "champion" in the imperial examination field. The number one scholar is the number one scholar, or in today's words, the number one scholar in the examination room. This enviable term, which is still full of charm and vitality, is the invention and creation of the only female emperor Wu Zetian in China history. Since then, the "number one scholar" has become synonymous with outstanding students.
Specifically, the scores of the ancient "college entrance examination" are divided into one, two, three and three. One armor only carries three people. The first champion, the second champion and the third "Hua Tan", known as "San Ding Jia", are all given to Jinshi Ji; Second, take a few names (according to the needs of officialdom) and give them to "Jinshi origin"; Take a few names from the top three, and all of them are given "the same Jinshi origin."
There were many rules in ancient imperial examinations, and they were quite complicated. The complete procedure includes provincial examination, general examination and imperial examination, that is, local, central and imperial examinations. As we all know, the test center is located in each province after taking the provincial examination. After the provincial examination, he was also called Wei Xiang, and after passing the provincial examination, he was also called Zhongju, becoming a juror. Formally speaking, having obtained the provincial examination can be regarded as the "unified national examination for ordinary colleges and universities" in ancient China.
In ancient times, there was such a couplet: "What is moving, apricot blossoms in February and eight laurels; Anyone who urges me, the night light is a five-watch chicken. " The momentum of the eighth laurel in the couplet refers to winning the provincial examination. Apricot blossoms are in full bloom in February, so the February apricot in couplets actually refers to the senior high school entrance examination. This couplet is about people studying hard for "being the first" and "three nights of lights and five shifts".
Overview of imperial examination system in past dynasties
In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of Li Shimin paid special attention to the selection of talents, set up imperial envoys, and recruited Jinshi to supplement the national talent pool every year. On one occasion, Li Shimin made a private visit to Master Yu, and saw many newly admitted scholars filed out. He proudly said, "Heroes of the world, get into my net!"
In fact, regarding the selection of talents, each dynasty and each generation has its own screening methods.
The qin dynasty:
The system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu" was adopted, and then the military title system was gradually introduced. Shi Qing was a nobleman under the emperor or vassal state. Generation after generation, his father died, his son succeeded to the throne, and he was re-elected as a senior official like Qing Dynasty. Land is the hedonic property obtained by officials. Shilu means that officials have enjoyed fiefs and their taxes for generations.
Han dynasty:
Adopt procuratorial system and collection system. The former is recommended by local governments at all levels to have both ability and political integrity. Those elected by the state are called Jinshi, and those elected by the county are called dutiful sons.
Three Kingdoms-Jin Dynasty:
In Wei Wendi, Chen Qun founded Jiupin Zhongzheng. Folk talents were assessed by specific officials according to their origins and moral character, and were divided into Jiupin recruits. This system was used in the Jin and Six Dynasties.
Tang dynasty:
Examination subjects in the Tang Dynasty are divided into two categories: regular subjects and system subjects. The exams held in stages every year are called regular classes, and the temporary exams held by the emperor are called making classes. There are more than 50 permanent subjects such as Scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Strategist, Faming, Zi Ming and Shu Ming. Among them, Faming, Shu Ming, Ziming and other subjects were left out in the cold, while the scholar subjects had higher requirements in the early Tang Dynasty and were gradually abolished. Therefore, the Ming Classics and Scholars became the main subjects of the formal subjects in the Tang Dynasty (scholars examined current affairs and poetry, and Ming Classics examined current affairs and righteousness; The former is difficult, the latter is easy.
Song dynasty:
The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty were basically the same as those in the Tang Dynasty, including general subjects, compulsory subjects and martial arts subjects. Song Dynasty attached great importance to the imperial examination, because it valued literature over martial arts, but in the later period, it led to excessive selection of officials. In contrast, the number of regular subjects in the Song Dynasty was greatly reduced compared with that in the Tang Dynasty, among which Jinshi was still the most important, and most of the first-class Jinshi could be prime ministers, so the Song people took Jinshi as prime ministers.
Ming dynasty:
The imperial examinations in the Ming Dynasty were divided into three levels: after having obtained a local examination, the senior high school entrance examination and palace examination.
Jurors in rural areas are commonly known as Lian Xiao, and their first name is Xie Yuan. Gong, commonly known as Gong Chu, is called Mingjing, and his first name is Huiyuan. The court exam, presided over by the emperor himself, only tests current affairs. After the palace exam, I will read the papers the next day and release the results the next day. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, respectively, for Jinshi and top scholar Ding, runner-up and flower exploration runner-up, collectively known as Sandingjia. Second, I am a scholar, and third, I am a scholar. Second, the first of the top three is called biography. A, B and A are collectively referred to as Jinshi. Jinshi list is called Jiabang, or Jiake. The Jinshi list is written in yellow paper, so it is called Huang Jia, also known as the Golden List, and the sergeant base is called the champion.
Qing dynasty:
The Qing dynasty began to follow the imperial examination system of the Ming dynasty. 19 After the 1980s, with the spread of western learning and the development of Westernization Movement, the imperial examination system changed. 1888, the Qing government allowed students to take mathematics degrees, and included natural science in the examination content for the first time. 1898 added a special topic on economics and recommended talents who keep pace with the times. At the same time, at Kang Youwei's suggestion, he abolished stereotyped writing and tried to make a proposition on the topic of current affairs.
1September 2, 905, Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong called for the suspension of the imperial examination in order to promote learning and apply it. Starting from 1906, the imperial edict of the Qing court stopped all provincial examinations, that is, provincial examinations of all ages.