Nobel owned the company Bofors. The 350-year-old company had previously produced steel. After he owned Bofors, Nobel changed the company's main product direction to military products. In the Second World War, the company's products were licensed to a number of countries, and were widely praised by the military. Nobel had 355 patented inventions in his lifetime and had accumulated a huge fortune by opening about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries on five continents, including Europe and the United States.
In the year before his death, he made a will to the majority of his estate (about 9.2 million U.S. dollars) as a fund, the interest earned each year will be divided into five, the establishment of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace five kinds of prizes (i.e., the Nobel Prizes), awarded to the countries of the world in these areas to make a significant contribution to mankind. Among them, explosives are the most famous one. The artificial element nobelium (Nobelium) is named after Nobel.
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A brief summary of the main points of Nobel
Brief Description Nobel was a prodigy of the world. He grew up weak and sickly, but had amazing energy and perseverance; he lived in poverty in his early years, but later became a rare tycoon; he had no formal education, but became a scientist and an inventor with hundreds of patents. And finally he donated the enormous fortune he accumulated during his life to people who had made significant contributions in science, literature and the cause of peace. This book portrays the legendary life of Nobel with rich historical information and moving stories.
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Nobel Prize Information
The Nobel Prize was founded in 1900 with a portion of the estate of the famous Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel (31 million Swedish kronor) as a fund. The Nobel Prize is divided into five prizes: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace, and is awarded for the first time on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death, with the fund's annual interest or investment income to those in the world who have made significant contributions to mankind in these fields. Since then, except for interruptions due to wartime, a solemn award ceremony has been held on this day every year. On October 11, 2012, Beijing time, the Swedish Academy of Letters announced that Chinese writer Mo Yan was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature. Mo Yan became the first Chinese-born writer to win the Nobel Prize as well as the Nobel Prize for Literature. On October 5, 2015, Beijing time, the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Tu Youyou. She has been engaged in research on traditional Chinese medicine and the combination of Chinese and Western medicines for many years, and her outstanding contribution is the creation of a new type of anti-malarial drug---Artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. Tu Youyou became the first domestic Nobel Prize winner in the science category and the first Chinese woman to win a Nobel Prize. She also became the first local Chinese scientist to win a Nobel Prize in science and the first Chinese scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
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Who has the profile information of Nobel
Nobel (Noble, Alfred Bernhard) was a Swedish chemist.He was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, and died on December 10, 1896 in San Remo, Italy. Noble went with his family to live in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1842; in 1850 he went to Paris for a year to study chemistry, and then worked for four years under J. Erickson in the United States. After returning to St. Petersburg, he worked in his father's factory. In 1859 Nobel began working on nitroglycerin, but in 1864 the factory exploded. To prevent future accidents, Nobel absorbed nitroglycerine in an inert substance that was safer to use. Nobel called it Dana Dynamite, and was patented in 1867. 1875 Nobel will be the fire cotton (cellulose hexanitrate) and nitroglycerin mixed up to get a gelatinous substance, known as glue, than Dana Dynamite has a stronger explosive force, was patented in 1876, 1887 Nobel developed smokeless explosives. He had many other inventions, patented in rubber synthesis, leather and manufacturers of rayon. Noble amassed a great fortune operating oil fields and explosives production. When he died, most of his estate as a fund, with its interest (about $200,000) each year to the previous year in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace in the people who have made great contributions to mankind's prize, that is, the Nobel Prize, in 1901, the first award. 1968, the addition of the Nobel Prize in Economics, the National Bank of Sweden to provide funds.
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Nobel information
Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize (Nobel Prize) was founded in 1901, which is based on the famous Swedish chemist, the inventor of nitroglycerine explosives Alfred Bernhard Nobel (Alfred Bernhard Nobel). , 1833.10.21-1896.12.10), the famous Swedish chemist and inventor of nitroglycerine explosives, with part of his estate as a fund. The Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal, a certificate and a check for the prize money. Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Nobel devoted his life to the study of explosives, because of the invention of nitroglycerin triggers, nitroglycerin solid explosives and gel explosives, etc., known as the "king of explosives". He not only engaged in theoretical research, but also industrial practice. He obtained 355 patents for technical inventions in his lifetime*** and opened about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries on five continents, including Europe and the United States, accumulating a huge fortune. On December 10, 1896, Nobel died in San Remo, Italy. A year before his death, he made a will that most of his estate (about 9.2 million US dollars) should be used as a fund, and the annual interest earned should be divided into five parts, and five kinds of prizes should be set up for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology and Medicine, Literature and Peace, which should be awarded to those who have made great contributions to mankind in these fields in all countries of the world. Accordingly, in June 1900, the Swedish government approved the establishment of the Nobel Foundation, and the Swedish Parliament adopted the Statute for the Awarding of Nobel Prizes, and the Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death in the following year. Since then, except for interruptions during wartime, ceremonies have been held in Stockholm, Sweden, and Oslo, Norway, on this day each year, and in 1990, one of Nobel's great-nephews and grandsons, Klaus Nobel, proposed the creation of a new Nobel Prize for the Earth, to be awarded to recipients of outstanding environmental achievements. The Prize was first awarded on June 5, 1991, on the occasion of World Environment Day. Nobel's will In 1968, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Central Bank of Sweden, the Central Bank of Sweden, in honor of Nobel, funded the establishment of the Nobel Prize in Economics (full name "Central Bank of Sweden in honor of Alfred Bernd Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences", also known as "Nobel Prize in Economics"), awarded in economic sciences to the recipient of a prize for outstanding achievements in the field. (also known as the "Nobel Prize in Economics in Memory of Alfred Bernd Nobel") is awarded to persons who have made significant contributions to the study of economic sciences. The Prize began to be awarded in conjunction with five other prizes in 1969. In 1990, one of Nobel's great-nephews, Klaus Nobel, proposed the addition of the Nobel Prize for the Earth, which would be awarded to persons around the world who have made significant contributions to the protection of the environment. The UN-Earth as One Prize, known as the Green Nobel, was first awarded on June 5, 1991, on the occasion of World Environment Day, by the Earth as One Association under the auspices of the United Nations. The Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal. The Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal, a certificate and a check for the prize money. In 2001, each Nobel Prize amounted to 10 million Swedish kronor (about $950,000), and in 2005, each Nobel Prize amounted to 10 million Swedish kronor (about $950,000). Nobel Prize was 10 million Swedish kronor (about $1.3 million). Nobel legacy in the end how much money Gold Medal weighing about half a pound, containing gold 23K, medal diameter of about 6.5 cm, the front is a relief image of Nobel. Different awards, the back of the medal is decorated differently. The design of each certificate of award also has its own style. Award ceremony is grand and simple, the number of people attending each year is limited to 1500 to 1800 people, of which men should wear a tuxedo or national costume, women should wear a serious evening dress, the flowers used in the ceremony from all over the world flown in to show respect for knowledge. The Nobel Prize has been awarded since 1901, *** Six Chinese have won the Nobel Prize in Science, they are Li Zhengdao, Yang Zhenning, Ding Zhaozhong, Li Yuanzhe, Steven Chu and Cui Qi. >>> According to Nobel's will, throughout the selection process, the winners are not subject to any nationality, ethnicity, ideology and religion, and the only criterion for selection is the size of the achievement. However, it has also been pointed out that the Nobel Prize, especially the Peace Prize, is still sometimes influenced by political factors in the selection process. The entire process of Nobel Prize selection is confidential and there is no reconsideration. When the final results are published, only the names of the laureates and a brief justification are given. The records of the selection and the materials of the candidates are not to be disclosed to the outside world for 50 years. Even after this time limit, they are only accessible to Nobel Prize research professionals. The Nobel Prize awarding organizations have placed great emphasis on their strict independence. Even the Swedish and Norwegian governments have no influence on the results. Nobel Prize slip-ups Physics laureate Alexei Abrikosov (L) receives the award from Sweden's King Carl XVI Gustaf on December 10, 2003, in a concert hall in central Stockholm, capital of Sweden. AFP/AFP In accordance with Nobel's will, the physics and chemistry prizes were assessed by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the physiology or medicine prize was assessed by the Royal Carolinian School of Medicine, the literature prize was assessed by the Swedish Academy of Letters, and the Peace Prize was selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.In 1968, the economics prize was added, and the prize money was provided by the Central Bank of Sweden, which was entrusted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for assessment. Responsible for the assessment of the Nobel Prize in Literature of the Swedish Academy of Letters was first established in 1786, is to maintain and develop the Swedish literature and the written word for the purpose of the national academy. 18 life-long academicians constitute the Nobel Prize in Literature Jury, every year on a Thursday in October, publicly announced the Nobel Prize in Literature for the current year's winners. According to an old tradition, the number of members who withdraw from the Academy is not added, and new members are added only after the death of an incumbent member. On October 11, 2005, Professor Knutz Anlund, a member of the Swedish Academy of Letters and a member of the Nobel Prize for Literature jury, announced his withdrawal from the Academy in an article in that day's edition of Svenska Dagbladet because of his concerns over the jury's selection in 2004 of the Austrian author Elfriede Jelinek, and the fact that he was not satisfied with the jury's decision to award the Prize. Frieder Jelinek, an Austrian writer, as the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2004. The Nobel Prize is awarded by a five-member committee, which meets once every three years. The selection process and principles are as follows: - The first step in the selection process is to recommend candidates. The recommenders must have certain qualifications, and they must be: former Nobel laureates, members of the Nobel Prize jury, specially designated university professors, invited professors of the Nobel Prize jury, presidents of representative writers' associations (for the Literature Prize), members of certain international conferences and organizations (for the Peace Prize), members of national parliaments and members of cabinets (for the Peace Prize). No one may propose himself or herself as a laureate. The Governments of Sweden and Norway have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize and cannot express support for or opposition to the recommended candidates. The process of recommending candidates ends before February 1 each year, and the recommenders submit their recommendations to the relevant selection body around September. The selection committee announces the results in mid-October after discussing the achievements of the candidates. The evaluation of the candidates by the Nobel Prize selection committees is conducted in secret. 2004 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony>>> -- Candidates recommended for the various Nobel Prizes are accepted from September to January 31 of the following year. Usually 1000-2000 candidates are recommended each year. --From February 1, the jury of the Nobel Prizes on the recommended candidates for screening, validation, work in strict confidentiality. By September, the winners of the prizes in each field have been decided, and the jury then convenes a general meeting to make a formal decision. -- In the second week of October, the Nobel Laureate of the year is elected. The results of the election are announced and the winners are immediately notified. --December 10 is the anniversary of Nobel's death, on which day the Nobel Prizes are awarded in solemn ceremonies in Stockholm and Oslo (Peace Prize), respectively. In Sweden, the King honors the winners. Nobel Prize" to China, what is the significance According to statistics, the average country in the 30 years after the founding of the first scientist won the "Nobel Prize". China was founded 50 years ago, why is it that there is not a local Chinese scientists to wear this crown of science? In 1999, four academicians, Mr. Wu Guoguang, Mr. Chen Jiaer, Mr. Yang Fujia and Mr. Zhu Qingshi, put forward the idea that "China needs the Nobel Prize", and then the economist Mr. He Liancheng also talked about his opinion on this issue. Now, "China needs the Nobel Prize" has become the voice of the Chinese people **** the same. The significance of the Nobel Prize for Chinese scientists? Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that, for Chinese scientists, the significance of the award is to encourage everyone to carry out original innovation in basic research. The Nobel Prize has an important impact on mankind, and in these aspects, Chinese scientists should also make due contributions. Academician Zhao Zhongxian emphasized that the Nobel Prize is not the only scientific standard, and should not be taken as the only goal of scientific research. Because a large amount of work --- exploring the laws of the universe --- inevitably need to conduct scientific research, but not all the research achieved results can get the Nobel Prize. Award is not a scientist engaged in scientific research purposes, that engaged in scientific research shall not Nobel Prize can not, this is not right. ■ Why Chinese scientists did not win the "Nobel Prize" Chinese science and technology museum director, science history expert Wang Yusheng, Chinese scientists with the Nobel Prize level of research can even be traced back to the founding of the country. The most important scientific achievements are the "Compton - Wu Youxun effect" in the 20's, Zhao Zhongyao's positive and negative electron annihilation early experiments in the 30's, and the discovery of uranium nucleus triple splitting in the 40's by Mr. and Mrs. Qian Sanqiang and Mr. and Mrs. He Zehui, The first artificial synthesis of insulin crystals in 1965. Undeniably, our country has repeatedly lost the "Nobel Prize". Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that, from the point of view of the history of science and technology, China did not get the "Nobel Prize" is a reason. 1901 issued the first "Nobel Prize", and in 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces into Beijing, and from then on for half a century, China was in a state of war and foreign powers. From then on, half a century later, China was in the midst of war and oppression by foreign powers, and in general, there was no significant development in basic scientific research. After the liberation, there was a great development in science and technology, but before the reform, it was in a closed state. For our country, there were many problems, economic, scientific and national defense, and the main scientific and technological achievement at this time was the research of "two bombs and one hydrogen", which concentrated a large number of outstanding scientists in this field. In basic research has also done a lot of work, such as the first artificial synthesis of insulin crystals in 1965, but, after all, is still very little. After the reform, put forward the "science and technology is the first productive force" policy, especially in recent years, and put forward the "science and education" strategy, the development of science has played a huge role in promoting. Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that there are many reasons why we did not get the Nobel Prize after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Objectively speaking, during the ten-year "Cultural Revolution", the international scientific and technological development was at a high speed, while we caused serious damage to the basic research, which required a long time for recovery and accumulation; subjectively speaking, we have less original and innovative basic research, and at the beginning of the reform, there was less innovative basic research in the primitive and innovative areas. the beginning of the reform, in the original innovative science and technology is not emphasized enough. ■ 100 years of China's history of science and technology, what kind of inspiration Professor Yang Zhenning said that the Nobel Prize is a very complex matter. For the Nobel Prize in Literature Committee selection methods and achievements, I do not think it is correct. Regarding the aspects of physics, chemistry and medicine, no one in mainland China has won the Nobel Prize until now. The reason for this is very simple. The first is that there is not enough funding. Today, equipment is very expensive, whether it is for biological, physical or chemical research. China has gradually come up, but it is still a long way behind the best equipment in advanced countries. The second reason is that academics need to have a tradition. The most important point of academic tradition is that it enables young people to know which problem is worth doing and which problem is easy to have a future. The tradition of Chinese science can not be developed for a while, I think this is the main thing. Academician Zhao Zhongxian said that the academic accumulation and academic tradition of a laboratory or institute are very important. It is important to pay attention to the accumulation, carry forward the tradition, and keep training the young generation. In the 1920s, Sommerfeld did not get the Nobel Prize in Physics, but seven students from Sommerfeld Laboratory got the prize, and this is because the academic tradition of Sommerfeld Laboratory has influenced the next generation. I think, in terms of accumulation and tradition are done, constantly have young people to develop, more major original innovation science and technology will appear, someone award that is a very natural thing. ■ China's science and technology and the international level of the gap between the reasons According to the 1996 statistics, China's scientific research and development funds accounted for only 0.5% of the GNP, relative to developed countries (the United States is 2.45%, Japan is 2.9%), not only the proportion of the absolute number of low and small, if the per capita is even less than developing countries such as India. This is undoubtedly a serious constraint on China's scientific and technological development of a major factor. Talking about the reasons for the gap, Prof. Zhao Hongzhou, a famous scientist in China, believes that there are four points: first, insufficient accumulation of scientific knowledge; second, insufficient time for scientific research; third, the lack of scientists community; fourth, the lack of scientific talent identification and selection mechanism. According to Yang, the main reason restricting the development of science and technology in China is still the backwardness of the economy. But he is also gradually optimistic, he believes that Chinese scientists to make the conditions are ripe to be able to win the Nobel Prize-level work. Two years ago, before China increased scientists' salaries dramatically, I studied the annual salaries of full professors at 10 of the best universities, which came out to less than $2,000 per capita, he said. In the past two years I have seen the government give them a lot of increase, if this development continues, I think the Chinese can make a lot of work that can get the Nobel Prize level. There is a gap between Chinese science and technology and the international level, which I am afraid has been there for 300 years, and when modern science emerged, China lagged behind, while 700 years ago China's scientific and technological development had been at the forefront of the world. Is the reason for the rise and fall of Chinese science and technology only economic? Academician ZHAO Zhongxian said of the history of Chinese technology, "Culturally, I think Confucian culture has resisted the development of modern science and technology. Although Confucian culture also has its essence and is advanced in cultivating people's cultivation, dealing with the world and cultivating one's character. On the whole, this cultural mechanism is not conducive to the cultivation of new and innovative scientific and technological talents." ■ Chinese scientists to get the "Nobel Prize", what conditions should have Professor Bardeen in the same field has twice won the Nobel Prize, he visited the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, had half-jokingly talked about this issue. He talked about the three conditions that should be possessed to win the Nobel Prize: the first is effort; the second is opportunity; and the third is the spirit of cooperation. Academician Zhao Zhongxian said that these aspects are very important for Chinese scientists. By "hard work", he not only meant diligence, but also the need to choose the right direction and devote oneself to it, so as to make original innovations. By "opportunity", he also included the significance of the work chosen, some of which, although beautifully accomplished, may not be of great significance and may not win the prize; and by "spirit of cooperation", he also referred to the spirit of collectivism that we often talk about. The Chinese people, perhaps under the influence of Confucianism, are more moderate and do not allow innovations, although we all know that "the truth is often in the hands of a few", but it is difficult to do so. In the future, we have to learn to tolerate innovation and encourage different academic views, and at the same time, we have to have a stable and free environment and stable support, so as to create conditions for scientists to devote themselves to research. A real scientist enjoys his happiness by solving one scientific problem after another. Although his living conditions are a bit poorer, he will not ask for too extravagant conditions, and what he needs most at present is stable support. Attract those talents who love science and have scientific research quality to engage in scientific and technological work. If we can implement the spirit of Secretary Jiang's article published in the U.S. "Science" magazine, Chinese scientists do more and more original innovation work, the chances of winning awards will increase. ■ compared with other countries, China won the "Nobel Prize" what favorable conditions Chinese agricultural scientists, researchers of the Institute of Biotechnology Liu Dehu said: China's biggest advantage is the advantage of talent. In foreign countries, almost all the famous research laboratories have Chinese, and even some of the students in the country I can not see, to foreign countries, somehow became a talent. China has talents, which is of course the first element. Yang Zhenning believes that, to say the advantage, I think China has the talent conditions to win this award. Yang Zhenning personal feeling, teaching in the West received a lot of Chinese students, we all think that the quality of Chinese students is the best, it can be said that China's education has been successful in supplying a large number of scientific and technological talent. To develop greatly in science and technology, such talents in China are not a problem. There is also a good tradition since the founding of New China that the government attaches great importance to education, and Chinese young people are very diligent. Yang Zhenning believes that in the past, the constraints on China's scientific and technological development is the economic backwardness, and with the rapid development of the economy, China's local from the Nobel Prize is no longer a distant memory, but only one step away! ■ Compared with other countries, China won the "Nobel Prize" what are the disadvantages Zhao Zhongxian academician that, for China to get the international awards of the disadvantages of Chinese scientists to participate in international activities is too little. In the past, Chinese scientists were not advanced, people had stereotypes, and they still needed to understand us. As basic research, international contact and exchange, especially with the world's leading laboratories is very necessary. The reason for insufficient international exchanges is often due to insufficient funding. Liu Dehu researcher said, some scientists invited to participate in international conferences, to go before writing to others to see if they are willing to provide you with funds for airfare, food and lodging. This is like a "beggar", spend their own money justified, why not spend their own money? Because a year a project funding of only one or two hundred thousand yuan, you go to meetings abroad to publicize their own research results, a go back and forth, how much more research funding? Investment by project, the project application must be written very complete, but as an original innovation technology, and who can look so fine, look so far, look so accurate? If the results can be written before innovation, then can't anyone innovate? Some experts are of the view that the investment in some projects is not too small, but it is also necessary to avoid fragmentation, and the money should be focused on people who are truly dedicated to science and scientifically literate, so as to encourage their curiosity. The current evaluation system is not to invest money in scientists, and even the phenomenon of the person who should get money can not get money; patent system can not keep up with the protection of existing scientific research achievements; scientific research continuity is not enough to keep applying for the scientific research process is constantly being interrupted, which is also to a certain extent, a large amount of wasted manpower, material and financial resources. ■ Chinese scientists from the "Nobel Prize" in the end how far China how many years to get the prize? Yang Zhenning said, if the economic growth is fast, more than one Chinese will be awarded the "Nobel Prize". Because of China's rapid economic growth, and Chinese leaders have a very keen demand for the speed of scientific and technological development, investment in research has also increased dramatically. After all, the chances of the Nobel Prize passing China by are too few. Academician Zhao Zhongxian said it would be difficult to make estimates of individual events. But at the overall level, China is going to get a Nobel Prize