Time:
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). UTC+0. Summer Time is British Summer Time (BST). UTC+1.
Latitudinal range:
North latitude: 50° to 58°
Area
244,820 square kilometers [world's 79th most populous country and region]. Of this area, 1.34% is water.
Language
Official Map of the United Kingdom
The official language is English [English] [non-statutory]. In addition, there are Welsh [Welsh], Irish Gaelic [Irish Gaelic], Ulster Scots [Ulster Scots], Scottish Gaelic [Scottish Gaelic], and Cornish [Kolnish] as the official languages of the regions of the UK. Transportation: Britain's cabs are spacious and have the world's oldest subway.
Population
62,041,708 (2010 statistics), with a population density of 246 inhabitants per square kilometer (6th in the world for countries and regions). The male to female ratio is 0.98:1. Race: The population of the United Kingdom is 85.53% White British, 6.47% White Other, 4.00% South Asian, 2.00% Black, 1.20% Mixed, and 0.80% East Asian and other races [2001].
Political system:
Parliamentary democracy [parliamentary democracy], constitutional monarchy [constitutional monarchy] The king is the head of state. Current Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II [Queen Elizabeth II], assumed the throne on February 6, 1952, and was crowned on June 2, 1953; on May 11, 2010 [early morning of Beijing time on the 12th], the Queen authorized David Cameron, chairman of the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom, to form the next British government, and the now 43-year-old Cameron Cameron, 43, thus became the youngest prime minister of the United Kingdom in nearly 200 years. The maximum interval between elections to the House of Commons of Parliament is five years, so the theoretical maximum term of office of the Prime Minister is less than six years. The Queen of England is only a symbol of power, and the Prime Minister is responsible for the day-to-day production of the country's life, and she is also the head of the Commonwealth of Nations, but now the Commonwealth of Nations is composed of a number of separate countries, so the Queen of England is only the Commonwealth of Nations is just a symbol of the Commonwealth of Nations. The monarchy is the oldest system of government in the world today. Queen Elizabeth II has been the head of state of the United Kingdom since her inauguration in 1952, and she is also a direct descendant of King Egbert. During her reign, King Egbert united England in 829 AD. The monarchy had existed in Britain for hundreds of years before the birth of Parliament, with only one interruption during that time, from 1649 to 1660, when Britain adopted the system of **** and state. Over the centuries, the absolute power of the monarch has been steadily eroded and weakened, but despite this, the monarch has retained an important symbolic importance as the head of state in the constitutional sense.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
$2,247,455,000,000 (2010, 6th in the world for countries and territories). GDP per capita: $36,120 (22nd in the world for countries and regions). Gini Coefficient: 0.34 (2005). Human Development Index: 0.947 [2009, 21st in the world]. Currency Pound sterling (GBP). Currency code GBP.
Flag
The flag of the United Kingdom is a horizontal rectangle, with a ratio of length to width of 2 to 1. It is a "beige" flag, consisting of a dark blue background with red and white "beige" letters. The red cross with a white border represents St. George, the patron saint of England, the white cross represents St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, and the red cross represents St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. The flag was created in 1801 as an overlap of the original red square ten on a white background of England, the white crossed cross on a blue background of Scotland, and the red crossed cross on a white background of Northern Ireland.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the United Kingdom is the King's Coat of Arms. The central pattern is a coat of arms, the upper left corner of the shield and the lower right corner of the three golden lions on the red ground, symbolizing the British coat of arms
England; the upper right corner of the golden ground The upper half of the standing red lion, symbolizing Scotland; the lower left corner of the golden harp on the blue ground, symbolizing Northern Ireland. The coat of arms is supported on each side by a lion with a crown on its head, representing England, and a unicorn representing Scotland. The coat of arms is surrounded by a motto in French, meaning "What goes around comes around"; at the lower end hangs the Order of the Guardian, with the ribbon reading "God in Heaven, I have the right". At the top of the coat of arms is a jeweled gold and silver helmet, the Imperial Crown and a lion wearing the crown.
Motto
Dieu et mon droit [French: I have the right of God]
National anthem
God Save the Queen, usually only the first verse is sung. If the reigning monarch is male, the anthem is changed to "God Save the King". God Save the King is the national anthem and royal anthem of the Commonwealth of Nations. The words are anonymous and the composer is Henry Carré.
Capital city
London. Britain's first city and first port, one of Europe's largest metropolitan areas and one of the world's three major financial centers. It has a population of 7,512,400 and an area of 1,577.3 square kilometers. It is one of the ten largest cities in the world. As the largest and most cosmopolitan city in Europe, London is the political and cultural center of the United Kingdom, a truly cosmopolitan city, and the headquarters of many international organizations and corporations. The main attractions of London are: Buckingham Palace, 10 Downing Street, the British Museum, the Palace of Westminster, the Tower of London, Hyde Park, Greenwich Observatory, the Sherlock Holmes Museum, Big Ben, Tower Bridge, the London Eye, and Trafalgar Square.
Edited Geography
Physical Geography
The United Kingdom is located in Europe and is made up of the British Isles (including England, Scotland, and Wales), as well as Northern Ireland in the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and 5,500 surrounding islets (overseas territories). The British mainland is located in the British Isles in the northwest of mainland Europe, surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. 244,100 square kilometers (including inland waters), England area of 13. 04 million square kilometers, Scotland, 7. 88 million square kilometers, Wales, 2. 08 million square kilometers, and Northern Ireland, 1. 36 million square kilometers. An island country located in the western part of Europe. It is separated from mainland Europe by the North Sea, the Strait of Dover, and the English Channel. Its land border with Ireland*** and the country. The total length of the coastline is 11,450 kilometers. The territory is divided into four parts: the plains of southeastern England, the mountainous west-central region, the mountainous Scotland, and the highlands and mountains of Northern Ireland. Water The rivers Severn (354 km) and Thames (346 km). Northern Ireland's Lough Neagh, with an area of 396 square kilometers, is the largest in the country. Climate The climate is temperate and maritime. The UK is controlled by the prevailing westerly winds, which are mild and humid throughout the year, with little change in the seasons. Temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest belt. Usually the highest temperature does not exceed 32 ℃, the lowest temperature is not less than -10 ℃, the average temperature in January 4 ~ 7 ℃, July 13 ~ 17 ℃. The average annual precipitation is about 1000 millimeters. The annual precipitation in the mountainous areas in the north and west exceeds 2,000 millimeters, while in the center and east it is less than 800 millimeters. It is driest from February to March and wettest from October to January.
Geography of resources
The main mineral resources of the UK are coal, iron, oil and gas. There are total reserves of 170 billion tons of hard coal. Iron has reserves of about 3.8 billion tons. There are tin mines in the Cornwall Peninsula in the southwest. There are large deposits of rock salt in Cheshire and Durham. Staffordshire has fine clays. The Cornwall Peninsula produces white clay. Dolomite can be mined on the eastern slopes of the Pennines. Quartz deposits are found near the Schildley Hills in southwestern Lancashire. In the British North Sea continental shelf oil reserves of about 10 to 4 billion tons. Natural gas reserves range from 8,600 to 2,585 billion cubic meters.
Geography
Mainland administrative divisions The mainland of the United Kingdom actually consists of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. See England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland for details. Overseas territories and colonies Main entries: British overseas territories, British Empire and Commonwealth The United Kingdom also has several colonies of a different nature: British Overseas Territories Channel Colony (Crown Colony) The British monarch is also the symbolic head of state of 15 other countries that were previously colonies of the British Empire, and the British government still has substantial influence over the member countries of the Commonwealth. Territorial disputes Britain disputes with Spain over Gibraltar and with Argentina over the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Although, due to historical factors, since the independence of Ireland*** in 1949, there have been disputes and even violent conflicts between Britain and Ireland over the ownership of Northern Ireland. However, after the signing of the Belfast Agreement in 1998, the situation has gradually changed from confrontation to regional cooperation. The British Antarctic Territory overlaps in several places with the territorial claims of Chile and Argentina on the continent. However, under the Antarctic Convention, countries' claims in Antarctica are now permanently frozen. Mauritius and Seychelles also claim sovereignty over the British Indian Ocean Territory. ◆ The Question of Gibraltar Gibraltar is strategically located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the northern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar, at the throat of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Gibraltar covers an area of nearly 6 square kilometers and has a population of about 30,000 people. The Strait of Gibraltar is 90 kilometers long and 12 kilometers to 43 kilometers wide, and is the only sea passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Gibraltar was incorporated into Spain in 1501. In 1702, France and Austria resorted to war for the succession to the Spanish throne, and Britain, Holland and Austria allied with their allied forces to capture Gibraltar and establish a military fortress in 1704. 1713, Spain signed the Anglo-Spanish Treaty with Britain and ceded Gibraltar to Britain. 1830, Gibraltar became Britain's colony and a major naval base. Since then, all military and political affairs of Gibraltar have been under the control of a Governor appointed by the British Crown. In 1961, Britain and Spain began a dialogue on Gibraltar, and in 1984, the Foreign Secretaries of the two countries reached an agreement on the issue, with Spain agreeing to fully open Gibraltar's borders from 1985 onwards. On March 18, 1991, Britain officially handed over the defense of Gibraltar to a team of locals, thus ending the 287-year British military presence in the area. Two years later, the British and Spanish Foreign Ministers began discussions on the future status of Gibraltar. ◆ The Northern Ireland Question Northern Ireland is located in the northeast of the island of Ireland and covers an area of 14,120 square kilometers, with a capital city of Belfast and a population of about 1.6 million people, 60% of whom are descended from British immigrants who were Protestant Christians, and the remaining 40% are descended from the indigenous people of the island of Ireland who were Catholics. For a long time, they have been living in separate but clustered communities and have not interacted with each other. On the issue of belonging to Northern Ireland, the former advocated staying in Britain, while the latter insisted on returning to Ireland. Northern Ireland was originally the territory of Ireland. The Irish are the descendants of the Celts, living on the island of Ireland for generations, and accepted Roman Catholicism in the 6th century. in the mid-12th century, Britain began to invade Ireland. in 1801, according to the Anglo-Irish Treaty of Alliance, Ireland was formally incorporated into the British version of the map, and established the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", which completed the annexation of Ireland, and Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. The annexation of Ireland was completed, and Ireland became the first colony of Britain, which was y oppressed in all aspects of politics, economy, culture and religion. The Irish fought many wars of national independence against the colonizers. Between 1886 and 1893, riots occurred continuously in Belfast, and the violent confrontation between the two nationalities with different beliefs and political views cost the lives of hundreds of people; the Easter Rising in Dublin broke out in 1916, which was led by the radical Chung Chiu Kit, with the aim of striving for the independence of Ireland, and was ultimately defeated due to the armed suppression by the British army, and thousands of people rose up. It ultimately failed, and several thousand of the insurgents died. As a result, the Irish Question existed in Britain for 700 years. The Argentine-British Dispute over the Isle of Man The Argentine-British Dispute over the Isle of Man refers to the dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the ownership of the Malvinas Islands (referred to as the Isle of Man, and the Falkland Islands in the United Kingdom), which are located east of the southern tip of Argentina. The Islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean, east of the southern tip of Argentina, about 500 kilometers from Argentina and about 13,000 kilometers from the British mainland. It covers an area of about 12,000 square kilometers and consists of two large islands, Soledad (East Falkland) and Great Malvinas (West Falkland), and more than 200 small islands. There are more than 2,400 inhabitants, more than 90% of whom are British immigrants. The capital is Puerto Argentino (known in Britain as Port Stanley).
Historical Geography
Great Britain is an island, is composed of England, Scotland and Wales **** with the so-called UK is the abbreviation of the United Kingdom, that is, the United Kingdom of the meaning of Northern Ireland is Ireland's northern region is actually controlled by the United Kingdom, which is the United Kingdom and Ireland's exchange of bottlenecks. B.C. Mediterranean Iberians, Bikers, Celts, came to Britain successively. The southeastern part of the island of Great Britain was ruled by the Roman Empire in the 1st-5th centuries AD. After the withdrawal of the Romans, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in the north of Europe invaded and settled in the 7th century, when the feudal system began to take shape, and many small states merged to form seven kingdoms and competed with each other for 200 years, which was called the "Anglo-Saxon Era". 829 years later, Egbert, King of Wessex, unified England. At the end of the 8th century, England was invaded by the Danes, and from 1016 to 1042 it was part of the Danish pirate empire. After a short period of rule by the English kings, the Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066, and in 1215 King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta at the Guildhall building in Queen Victoria Square, Birmingham, which curtailed the king's power. 1337-1453 saw the Hundred Years' War, which was fought between England and France, with England winning and then losing the war. In 1536, Wales merged with England, and in 1588, it defeated Spain's "Invincible Armada" and established maritime hegemony. 1640, Britain was the first country in the world to break out in the bourgeois revolution, and became the forerunner of the bourgeois revolution. 1649, May 19th, Britain proclaimed the establishment of the State of **** and 1660, the dynasty was restored to power, and 1688, the "Glorious War" took place. In 1688, the "Glorious Revolution" took place, which established a constitutional monarchy. 1707 saw the union of England with Scotland, and 1801 saw the union of England with Ireland, and from the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, Britain became the first country in the world to complete the Industrial Revolution. 19th century was the heyday of the British Empire, and by 1914, it had 111 colonies larger than the mainland. In the 19th century, the British Empire was in its heyday, and in 1914, with a colony 111 times larger than the mainland, it was the first colonial power and called itself the "Sunset Empire". It began to decline after the First World War. Britain set up the County of Northern Ireland in 1920 and allowed the southern part of Ireland to break away from its rule and set up an independent country from 1921 to 1922. 1931 saw the enactment of the Westminster Act, which forced Britain to recognize the autonomy of its self-governing territories in terms of internal affairs and foreign affairs, and the colonial system of the British Empire was shaken up from that time onwards. In the Second World War, Britain's economic power was greatly weakened and its political status declined. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the colonial system of the British Empire collapsed in the 1960s, and in January 1973 Britain joined the European ****s. Historically, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland were four countries. Later, England and Wales were merged by marriage, and later, when the last king of the Tudor dynasty, Elizabeth I, was left without a queen, she passed the throne to her nephew, King James of Scotland, and Scotland and England were merged. Later, James' son Charles was overthrown by Cromwell's revolutionary army, and Ireland was conquered by force during Cromwell's reign. In 1923, the British Parliament decided to divide Ireland into 2 parts, with the 23 counties in the south becoming independent as the State of Ireland*** and the 4 counties in the north remaining in Britain as Northern Ireland. Although Britain was weakened by the Second World War and suffered from economic depression, it gradually recovered under the leadership of Prime Ministers such as Churchill and Adderley. The Conservative Party's "Iron Lady", Margaret Thatcher, was elected Prime Minister in 1979, and then vigorously pursued reforms and advocated conservatism, successfully cutting welfare spending and weakening labor unions, which led to the recovery of the British economy and the maintenance of its international influence, however, during the tenure of her successor, Prime Minister Major, who was of the same party as Margaret Thatcher, the British economy fell into recession again. However, under Prime Minister Major, who succeeded Margaret Thatcher, the British economy fell into recession. After Tony Blair of the Labor Party was elected Prime Minister in 1997, he advocated social liberalism, also known as the "Third Way", which has helped the British economy to prosper. Today, the UK is not only a rich and powerful country that continues to play an important role in international politics and diplomacy, but also has an economy that outperforms other developed countries and has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the West. The United Kingdom is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and joined the European Union in 1973. on May 11, 2010, David Cameron succeeded Gordon Brown as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Britain's rapid rise A: At the end of the fifteenth century, after the opening of the new shipping routes, Britain took advantage of the favorable conditions of the center of the Atlantic shipping routes, and actively developed foreign trade (London, Liverpool, etc.) B: Britain pursued the policy of "mercantilism," encouraging exports, and supporting businessmen and industrialists to participate in the competition for trade and occupation of the colonies C: The rapid development of the capitalist economy, (the enclosure movement promoted urbanization). (the enclosure movement promoted the prosperity of cities and the development of trade) 4: The establishment of the capitalist system accelerated the development 5: Focus on the development of the navy, the three Anglo-Dutch wars defeated the "sea coachman" Holland, and seized the hegemony of the sea. The Industrial Revolution, also known as the Industrial Revolution, refers to the early course of capitalist industrialization, i.e., the completion of the transition of capitalist production from workshop handicrafts to machine industry. It was a production and technological revolution in which manual labor was gradually replaced by machine production and individual workshop production was replaced by large-scale factory production, which was later expanded to other industries. It is thought that the Industrial Revolution had begun around 1750, but it did not really flourish until 1830. The majority view is that the Industrial Revolution originated in the Midlands of England, and in 1765, the appearance of the Jenny Spinning Machine marked the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution in England and the world, and in the middle of the 18th century, the Englishman Watt's improvement of the steam engine was followed by a series of technological revolutions that led to a major leap forward from manual labor to the transformation of powered machine production. It then spread to England and the entire European continent, and in the 19th century to North America, and later, the Industrial Revolution spread to countries around the world. Historical Timeline In 1536, England was united with Wales; on May 1, 1707, England was united with Scotland; a new financial center was built in London's eastern Docklands
On January 1, 1801, it was united with Ireland; on April 12, 1922, the Anglo-Irish Treaty came into force, and the south of Ireland broke away from its domination and was established as an independent state; on January 1, 1973, it joined the European **** Community [today's European Union]. British colonial expansion[1] Physical basis: the domestic capitalist industry was very developed, which was the main reason for its victory in overseas colonial activities. Political system: After the British Bourgeois Revolution, an advanced political system was established. Force backing: A most powerful navy in Europe was established. Ideology: After the Reformation, the strong spirit of personal struggle and enterprise and the progress and liberation of ideological and cultural consciousness of the British Puritans were also important reasons for the victory. Characteristics: British colonial hegemony was indeed achieved through colonial wars. History of foreign expansion: In 1588, defeated the Spanish Invincible Armada. In 1600, Britain invaded India. In 1688, Britain expanded its territory frantically and set up "slave catching stations" in Gambia and other places in Africa. Part of the process: ① In the 16th century, Britain did not have the strength to compete with Spain and Portugal. Maritime activities in this period were characterized by general maritime trade and pirate-style robbery and trafficking in black slaves. ② In 1588, Britain defeated Spain's "Invincible Armada" and began to establish maritime hegemony ③ In the three Anglo-Dutch wars of 1652-1674, Britain defeated Holland and seized Holland's New Netherland colony in North America ④ In the 18th century, Britain and France fought a number of wars, and in the last Seven Years' War, Britain defeated France and established world colonial hegemony. world colonial hegemony In the late 19th century, Britain conquered Burma and Malaysia and seized the Dutch colonies in South Africa. In Oceania, Britain occupied many islands and usurped New Zealand, incorporating them all into the colonies of the British Empire. 1840 First Sino-British Opium War[2] 1854 Crimean War 1856 to 1860 Second Sino-British Opium War 1900 Participation in the Eight-Power Allied Forces' invasion of China 1914-1918 Participation in the First World War
System of government
The system of government is a constitutional monarchy. The King is the head of state, supreme judicial officer, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and "supreme British Prime Minister David Cameron
Leader" of the Anglican Church, with the formal power to appoint and remove the Prime Minister, ministers of ministries, senior judges, military officers, governors of dependencies, diplomats, bishops, and senior clergy of the Anglican Church, as well as the power to The power to summon, stop and dissolve Parliament, to approve laws, to declare war and make peace, etc., but the real power was in the Cabinet. Parliament was the highest judicial and legislative body, consisting of the King, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords (House of Peers) consists of the descendants of the royal family, hereditary peers, newly ordained peers, judges of the Court of Appeal, and archbishops and bishops of the Church. in November 1999, a bill to reform the House of Lords was passed, which disqualified more than 600 hereditary peers from membership of the House of Lords except for 92 who remained in office, and non-politically appointed members of the House of Lords were to be recommended by a special royal commission. The House of Commons, also known as the House of Commoners, has members elected by universal suffrage in small constituencies with the largest number of votes, for a five-year term. However, the Government may decide to call an early general election. The government has a cabinet system in which the Queen appoints the leader of the party that wins a majority of seats in parliamentary elections to be Prime Minister and form a cabinet, which is accountable to Parliament.
Political parties
(1) Conservative Party: The ruling party. Formerly known as the Tory Party, founded in 1679 and renamed in 1833. The party was in power for four consecutive terms from 1979 to 1997, and became the dominant party in Britain in the 20th century. In May 1997 and June 2001, the Conservative Party lost two general elections to the Labor Party, and in May 2010, the Conservative Party defeated the Labor Party and formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats and came to power. The Conservative Party, whose supporters generally come from the corporate and affluent sectors, advocates a free-market economy. It seeks to keep inflation down by tightly controlling the money supply and reducing public spending. It also advocates restricting the rights of labor unions and strengthening "law" and "order". In recent years, it has proposed the implementation of "compassionate conservatism", focusing on social issues such as education, health care and poverty. Emphasizing the maintenance of British sovereignty, he opposes a "federal Europe" and membership of the European Union, and advocates the establishment of an "Atlantic ****similarity" to strengthen the special relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States. Emphasizes that NATO remains the cornerstone of British security and defense. There are now more than 300,000 members in the party. Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II
(2) Labor Party: The main opposition party, founded in 1900 as the Labor Representation Committee, changed its name to the present one in 1906. The party was in power in 1924, 1929~1931, 1945~1951, 1964~1970, and 1974~1979. It won the 1997 general election and was re-elected in June 2001, after which it lost the May 2010 general election. In recent years, the Labor Party has tended to favor the interests of the middle class and has distanced itself from the labor unions. After Blair was elected leader of the Labor Party, he put forward the slogan of "New Labor, New Britain" politically, canceled the fourth clause of the party constitution about public ownership, and economically advocated the reduction of government intervention, strict control of the monthly public **** expenditure, to maintain a stable growth of macro-economy, and the establishment of a modern welfare system. Externally, it advocates active participation in international cooperation, a positive attitude toward European integration, membership in the euro, and a special relationship with the United States. Existing party members nearly 400,000, leader Edward Miliband. (3) The Liberal Democrat Party (The Liberal Democrat Party): In March 1988, the Liberal Democrat Party and the Social Democratic Party formed a majority to support a merger with the Liberal Party, and in May 2010, the Liberal Democrat Party and the Conservative Party formed a coalition government and came to power. The Liberal Democrats are in favor of maintaining the partnership with the Labour Party, pushing the Labour Party to implement proportional representation in local and House of Commons elections, and adopting more "progressive" policies than the Labour Party on issues such as public ****services, social justice, and environmental protection. It has around 100,000 members and is led by Nick Clegg. In addition, other political parties in the United Kingdom include: the Scottish National Party (Scottish National Party), the Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), and some parties in Northern Ireland, such as: the Northern Ireland Unionist Party (Ulster Unionist Party), the Democratic Unionist Party (Democratic Unionist Party), the Social Democratic Labor Party (Social Democratic Labor Party), and the Social Democratic Party (Social Democratic Labor Party). ), the Social Democratic and Labor Party (Social Democratic and Labor Party), Sinn Fein (Sinn Fein), and so on.
Parliament
Parliament is the center stage of British politics and is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. The government emerges from Parliament and is accountable to it. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Since the beginning of Parliament, it has usually met at the Palace of Westminster (the Houses of Parliament), an old building in London. It meets twice a year, with the first session beginning in late March and ending in early August, and the second session beginning at the end of October and ending just before Christmas in December.
Constitution
The Constitution of the United Kingdom, unlike the constitutions of the vast majority of countries, is not a stand-alone document, but consists of statute law, customary law, and practice. The main ones are the Magna Carta (1215), the Habeas Corpus Act (1679), the Bill of Rights (1689), the Acts of Parliament (1911, 1949), and successive revisions of the Electoral Acts, the Municipal Home Rule Acts, and the County Council Acts. The monarch is the head of state, the supreme judicial officer, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the "supreme head" of the Anglican Communion. Formally, the monarch has the power to appoint and remove the prime minister, ministers of state, senior judges, military officers, governors of the dependencies, diplomats, bishops, and senior clergy members of the Anglican Communion, etc., as well as the power to convene, prorogate, and dissolve parliament, to approve laws, to declare war and make peace, and so on. declare war and make peace, etc., but the real power was in the Cabinet. Scotland has its own independent legal system. The Magna Carta***65 articles, its content is divided into three parts: the first part is the relationship between the king and the lords of the provisions; the second part of the king's policy and procedures for the provisions of governance; the third part of the king and the lords of the provisions of the dispute. According to the provisions of the Magna Carta, the king was to safeguard the feudal inheritance rights of nobles and knights, not to levy high taxes on feudal lords in violation of the law, not to arbitrarily arrest, imprison, banish or confiscate the property of freemen, and to recognize the autonomy of cities such as London. In order to ensure that the charter did not fall into disrepute, a committee of 25 barons was formed to supervise the king, and if the charter was broken, the feudal lords had the right to force the king to fulfill it by military means. The later constitutionalism of England was traced back to the Magna Carta, the basic spirit of which was the limited power of the king and the freedom of the individual. Some scholars, such as Stobbs, have argued that the entire history of British constitutionalism is in fact a history of Magna Carta exegesis.
Justice
There are three different legal systems: England and Wales have a common law system, Scotland has a civil law system, and Northern Ireland has a legal system similar to that of England. The judiciary is divided into two systems, civil and criminal courts. In England and Wales, the civil courts are hierarchically divided into the County Court, the High Court, the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal, and the House of Lords. The criminal courts are divided into the Magistrates' Courts, the Crown Court, the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords. The highest judicial authority in the United Kingdom is the House of Lords, which is the final appellate authority for both civil and criminal cases. 1986 saw the establishment of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), which is an organ of the national government and is responsible for all criminal proceedings brought by the police in England and Wales. The Attorney General and Solicitor General are the principal legal advisers to the British Government and represent the Crown in certain domestic and international cases. The history of the jury in England dates back to the Middle Ages, and it is now an entrenched part of the criminal justice system. Judicial Organization Under the Courts Act 1971, the courts of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland are organized into three main systems: civil, criminal, and specialized courts. The civil court system consists of the County Court, the High Court, the Court of Civil Appeal and the House of Lords; the criminal court system consists of the Magistrates' Court, the Crown Court, the Court of Criminal Appeal and the House of Lords; and the specialized court system consists of, inter alia, the Courts Martial, the Juvenile Courts, the Industrial Relations Courts and the Administrative Tribunals. Scotland has its own unique court organization system: the Sheriff Court has jurisdiction over civil cases only, and the Sheriff Court has jurisdiction over both civil and criminal cases. The High Court of Scotland is the highest court in Scotland for civil and criminal cases, but civil cases can be appealed to the House of Lords. There is also an ad hoc Land Court in Scotland. In addition, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom is the highest appellate court in the courts of certain member states of the Commonwealth, colonies, protectorates and trust territories, and hears appeals from local courts. Administrative proceedings are under the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts and general rules of law apply. Administrative tribunals developed rapidly after the Second World War, but generally do not have final jurisdiction, and parties aggrieved by tribunal decisions have the right to appeal to the ordinary courts. Judges are always appointed. The Lord Chancellor, members of the House of Lords and judges of the Court of Appeal are recommended by the Prime Minister and appointed by the King. There is no Ministry of Justice and the Lord Chancellor has the power to appoint and remove members of the judiciary. Judges must be barristers of the Law Society and have a certain number of years of judicial practice. Once appointed, judges cannot normally be removed from office without their consent. Supreme Court judges are appointed for life. District court judges may not retire until they are 72 years old. Judges are well-paid and well-treated. [3]
Edit Economy
The United Kingdom is one of the world's economic powerhouses, with its 2010 GDP ranking 5th in the world.
Industry
British industry plays an important part in the national economy, and is the largest manufacturer of arms, petroleum products, computers, televisions and cell phones in Europe. The main British industries are: mining, metallurgy, chemicals, machinery, electronics, electronic instruments, automobiles, aviation, food, tobacco, textiles, paper, printing and construction. Biopharmaceuticals, aerospace and defense are the focus of British industrial research and development, and are also the most innovative and competitive industries in the U.K. In 2009, the U.K.'s industrial output accounted for 23.8% of the gross domestic product (GDP); among them, the energy industry occupies a prominent position, and the U.K.'s major energy production accounts for about 10% of the total GDP, and the proportion of the total GDP is constantly increasing. The UK mainly exports machinery, automobiles, aeronautical equipment, electrical and electronic products, chemicals and oil, and mainly imports raw materials and foodstuffs.
Agriculture and fisheries
British agriculture and fisheries mainly include livestock, food, horticulture and fisheries, which can satisfy nearly 2/3 of the total domestic demand for food. at present, British agriculture accounts for less than 1% of GDP, and the number of people working in the industry is about 450,000, which is less than 2% of the total number of people employed, and it is lower than the average of 5% in the European Union countries, and lower than that of the other major industrial countries. Agricultural land accounts for 77% of the country's land area, most of which is pasture and rangeland, and only 1/4 of which is used for farming. The agricultural population owns 70 hectares of land per capita, four times the EU average. In recent years, in addition to the decline in agricultural prices and the strength of the pound led to a reduction in British agricultural income, mad cow disease, foot-and-mouth disease and pesticide-induced food safety issues have also led to a serious impact on the development of agriculture