In 581 A.D., Yang Jian, a foreign relative and prime minister of the Northern Zhou, usurped the Zhou and seized power to establish the Sui dynasty, ending the confrontation between the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the Yellow River basin, the violent and painful movement of integration between the various ethnic groups and the Han Chinese since the Sixteen Kingdoms was completed by the Sui Dynasty, and in the Yangtze River basin, the Han Chinese regime, which had been established since the Eastern Jin Dynasty to resist the southern invasion of the northern ethnic groups, lost its raison d'être by the Sui Dynasty. In this situation, Emperor Wen (Yang Jian) successfully established the Sui Dynasty, which unified the north and the south.
By unifying the two valleys, and with two economic bases, the Sui dynasty became more prosperous than the two Han dynasties. The people were able to live and work in peace, and the number of households and property increased dramatically. Although the Sui Dynasty was a short-lived dynasty, it played a significant role in Chinese history, ending nearly 300 years of warlordism and division between the North and South since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, and creating the third great unification after the Qin and Han dynasties. The three-province and six-ministry system and the imperial examination system, which had a great influence on later generations, were basically finalized during this period. The Sui dynasty formulated the Kaihuang Laws and continued to implement development measures such as the equalization of land, which led to a short-lived prosperity in the socio-economics and culture, and strengthened the ties between the Sui dynasty and the Ryukyus and other surrounding ethnic groups, as well as carrying out friendly exchanges with Japan, Korea and other countries. However, the late Sui period was characterized by political decadence, and Yang Guang, Emperor Yang, was an infamous tyrant in the history of the country. In 618, the Sui dynasty collapsed amidst a wave of opposition from peasants who rose up to fight against the Sui dynasty.
In 617 AD, taking advantage of the chaos at the end of the Sui Dynasty, Li Yuan rose up and entered Chang'an, claiming the title of Emperor in 618, creating the Tang Dynasty, which was united by his son Li Shimin in 628. After Tang Emperor Li Shimin succeeded to the throne, he took the death of Sui as a lesson, and emphasized the importance of employing the wise and capable, taking advice with an open mind, lightening the burden of labor, and further implementing the equalization system, the government military system, and the imperial examination system, etc., so that the Tang Dynasty society was moving towards stability, and the economy was rapidly restored, and there was a prosperous situation of the "Rule of Zhenguan".
After Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, agriculture, handicrafts and commercial trade further developed, and there were great creations and outstanding achievements in poetry, painting, medicine and astronomy. Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges developed unprecedentedly. By the time Emperor Xuanzong Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty, the country was in a state of prosperity and development, known as the "Kaiyuan period".
In the latter part of the Tang Dynasty, due to the mediocrity and corruption of the rulers, all kinds of contradictions were intensified, and finally the An Shi Rebellion broke out in 755. This rebellion lasted for 8 years and caused great damage to the society. Since then, the Tang Dynasty was characterized by eunuchs' dictatorship and cronyism within the country, and by clans and towns outside the country, with no peace and quiet in the country. Tang was a prosperous and powerful dynasty, which lasted for 290 years from its rise to its fall. In this long period of time, the existence and change of the main contradictions within the ruling class can be roughly divided into three stages. During the 124 years from 618 A.D. (the first year of Emperor Wu De of the Tang Dynasty) to 741 A.D. (the twenty-ninth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty), the main contradiction within the central ruling group was between the tendency to corruption and the tendency to progress, and the tendency to progress played a dominant role in the dynasty, thus maintaining its long-term strength. In the middle period of the Tang Dynasty, from A.D. 742 (the sixth year of Tianbao of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty) to A.D. 820 (the fifteenth year of Yuanhe of Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty), which lasted for 79 years, the main contradiction was that between the centralized forces and the local forces, and as a result of this struggle, the centralized forces won a relative victory, and thus basically managed to maintain the unity of the country. In the late Tang Dynasty, from 821 A.D. (the first year of Emperor Mu Zong's reign) to 907 A.D. (the fourth year of Emperor Zhao Zong's reign), the main contradiction was between the eunuchs and the clergy within the centralized economic group, and the eunuchs dominated the centralized power tended to be more and more weakened, and because of the defeat of the peasant insurgent army led by Huang Nao, the local forces of the local government became the only force, and the Tang Dynasty was destroyed.
In 907 A.D., Zhu Quanzhong, the ruler of the Tang Dynasty, established Houliang, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began. In the south, there were six kingdoms, namely, the former Shu (Wang Jian), Wu (Yang Xingmi), Wu-Yue (Ch'ien Ch'ien), Ch'u (Ma Yin), Min (Wang Ch'ien-ch'ien), and the Southern Han (Liu Yan). In the north, five minor dynasties were established, namely, Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou. The people who established the dynasties were all martial artists, very warlike and murderous. The Yellow River Valley suffered extremely serious damage under the rule of these martial artists. The two kingdoms of Shu and Wu, especially Wu, prevented the war in the north from spreading to the Yangtze River basin and played the role of a barrier. The southern states were able to protect their borders and pacify their people. While the north was devastated for more than half a century, the south was basically spared from the scourge of war during the same period. From then on, the center of economic and cultural gravity shifted from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin. Later Zhou Shizong (Chai Rong) began a war of unification and unfortunately died of illness. The Zhou was replaced by the Song Dynasty in 960 AD, thus ending the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
Second, the development of medical education]
In the process of the transmission and development of the motherland of medicine, the main mode of education is oral teaching and practice with disciples. At that time, doctors who accepted others as disciples believed that practicing medicine was a sacred cause of saving people and the world, and that it was a matter of life and death. Therefore, they were more strict in choosing disciples. Spiritual Pivot - Official Energy" in: "to get its people are passed, Fei its people do not say," hoping that the selected disciples of virtue and talent are excellent, in order to inherit the sacred cause. Such as the early Eastern Han Dynasty acupuncturist Fulong, proficient in pulse diagnosis, acupuncture and moxibustion technology is particularly brilliant, often to the sick, and regardless of noble and lowly, attentive treatment, without trying to pay, by the masses of people's love. Fulong's disciple Cheng Gao, Cheng Gao's disciple Guo Yu is also good at acupuncture and pulse diagnosis. Emperor He of the Eastern Han Dynasty asked Guo Yu to try to diagnose, Guo Yu cut the pulse, and all the people were impressed.
This form of choosing others to be disciples was a way of selecting the best for the disciple, which was much better than just passing it on from family to family, and played a role in promoting the development of medicine in the motherland.
This form of apprenticeship was dominant in the teaching of ancient medicine, but this form of teacher's own conditions, so that the student's knowledge has certain limitations and one-sidedness. "Typhoid - the original preface" contained: "each inherited the family tradition, always keep the old". The exchange and development of medical knowledge and experience was hindered.
In the twentieth year of the Yuanjia era of the Liu Song dynasty in the North and South Dynasties (443 AD), Emperor Liu Yilong adopted the famous doctor Qin Chengzu's Qin "to set up a medical science in order to teach a wide range of suggestions," is the beginning of China's official founding of medical education institutions. Wei Shu - official record ":" 484 AD (Wei Xiaowen Emperor Taihe eight years), the Northern Wei official system has been clearly set up "doctor of medicine", the official eight products, "doctor of medicine" official nine products, "Dr. massage" official nine products. "Dr. Massage" official from the ninth grade, teaching medical knowledge. The status of full-time instructors was clearer than that of the Southern Dynasties. After 581 A.D. (the first year of the Kaihuang reign of the Sui Dynasty), the state's medical administration and medical education made progress. The government set up the "Department of Imperial Medicine", which began in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, under the jurisdiction of the Taishang Temple. At this time, the Department of Imperial Medicine for the country's highest medical administration and medical education institutions. Sui Department of the Imperial Doctor of Medicine has a fixed staffing, set up the Imperial Doctor of Medicine Order 2 people, the Imperial Doctor of Medicine 2 people, 200 physicians, medicine garden division 2 people, 2 people, doctor of medicine, 2 people, assistant professor 2 people, masseuse 2 people, Zhu banned Dr. 2 people, *** counted 215 people. Sui famous medical practitioner Chao Yuan had served in the Department of Imperial Medicine as a doctor of medicine.
The Tang Dynasty followed the Sui system, medical education, in addition to inheriting the traditional way of apprenticeship, in 624 AD (Tang Gaozu style Wude seven years) formally established the "Department of Imperial Medicine", under the Taishang Temple. Department in the administration, teaching, medical, pharmacy, composed of four sections of personnel, large-scale, and equipment, education system than the Sui dynasty sound. And clearly stipulates the organization, medical sub-specialty, curriculum, student performance assessment system. This was founded by the state, Taishang Temple leadership, Tai Medical Department management of educational institutions, is the world's earliest medical education institutions, than the European Italy in AD 872 founded the Lonerano medical school started more than 200 years ago, and in the organization, teaching content, methodology, etc. are more complete, in the world has a greater impact.
There are 16 administrators in the Department of Imperial Medicine. Among them, the two doctors order for the Department of the highest official: two doctors, as the assistant of the order; the following medical director of four, eight medical positive. In addition to the administration of the Department of Imperial Medicine, set up medical and pharmaceutical departments. There were four divisions: Physician, Acupuncturist, Massage Therapist, and Curse Therapist. Each department is taught by a doctor, the eighth grade, and an assistant professor, the ninth grade, is responsible for teaching.
The physician department has the widest scope, and the division is systematic and fine, which is conducive to the development of specialties to the depth,. Each department **** the same compulsory courses are: "Huangdi Neijing - Suwen", "Materia Medica", "A B Jing", "pulse Jing" and so on. Then, they study the courses related to each of the five clinical specialties. Years of study is also clearly defined, physical therapy (internal medicine) semester 7 years, sores and swellings (surgical) semester 5 years, young and small (pediatrics) semester 5 years, ear, eye, mouth and articulation (five senses and stomatology) semester 4 years, moxibustion (fire moxa burning moxibustion for disease) semester 3 years. In addition to theoretical study, the Department of Imperial Medicine also emphasized clinical practice. Requirements for the study of "Materia Medica", you must recognize the shape of the drug, deep understanding of the pharmacology, familiar with the origin, etc.; study "Mintang" is, you must check the map that can point out the holes; study the "meridian", the students diagnose each other to understand the four seasons and the floating, sinking, slippery pulse; study the "Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine", you must achieve a deep understanding of, and integration of.
The department of Needle Masters, consisting of one Needle Doctor, from the eighth grade up, one Assistant Teacher, and ten Needle Masters, from the ninth grade down, teaches the Mingtang, the Pulse Record, and the Flow Note Chart. First learn the meridians, holes and points, and nine needles. Then learn the dialectical method and the use of needle techniques, etc..
Massage department, by a massage doctor, massage workers 9 people to assist in charge of the department of massage therapist, teaching "message guide method". This is a rather complex technique, using traditional guidance, massage, bone-setting and other therapies to treat wind (wind), cold (cold), heat (heatstroke), dampness (flatulence and diarrhea), hunger (gastric), hunger (fainting), labor (overwork, escape (lack of exercise or accumulation of food does not dissolve), and so on. This method uses the method of blood circulation, so that the body of the Yong stagnant meridians, with the guide and smooth, so that the disease disappears.
Massage therapist department is also in charge of the orthopedic teaching, to make the injury folding and falling and other injuries treatment. For example, the general fracture, advocating the use of pads after the reset fixed, and pay attention to joint activities; dislocation of the shoulder joint, the use of "chair back reset method" and other orthopedic techniques.
The incantation department has one incantation doctor, from the ninth grade, to teach the method of praying for incantation in order to drive away the evil spirits, which is a primitive method from India, with superstitious coloring, infiltrated into the field of medicine, so that the medical education in the emergence of a materialistic education of the misguidance.
Pharmacy department in the capital set up medicine garden, specializing in the training of pharmacy personnel. Recruitment of common people 16 to 20 years of age for the drug garden students, learning the cultivation of drugs, collection, concoction, preparation, use and other aspects of knowledge, graduated from the pharmacist, that is, for the physician's assistant. Set up a medicine garden to set up the House 2 people, 4 officials, palm solid 4 people, responsible for drug storage and management of miscellaneous affairs; the other main medicine 8 people, medicine boy 24 people preparation of drugs; medicine garden division 2 people, medicine garden 8 people cultivate medicinal herbs.
The Department of Imperial Medicine on the strict requirements of students, in addition to the entrance examination, but also regular (monthly, quarterly, annual) examination. Dr. doctor of medicine main monthly test, doctor of medicine order prime minister main quarterly test, too often prime minister main year-end test. In addition to the test of medical knowledge in various disciplines of study, but also combined with the actual assessment of clinical performance. In 624 AD (Tang Gaozu Wude seven years) began to stipulate the registration of use such as the State Children's Palace, according to the results of the high and low and the number of cures were selected, as a physician, doctor, doctor of medicine, doctor of labor and so on. In 760 AD (Tang Suzong Qianyuan three years), the right jinwu long history of Wang Shuji: "medical please with the Ming law, from now on, each test of medical prescription policy ten; herbs two, the pulse of the prescription of the meaning of the two, through the seven or more to stay, the following release". According to the principle of seven or more to stay, there is a difference in placement, usually selected to fill the imperial workers, followed by the state can be sent to serve as a doctor of medicine. If the examination results are not good enough to be allowed to make up the examination. The Tang Dynasty limited to medicine must be completed in nine years, failed to make their withdrawal, not allowed to practise medicine.
In 629 AD (three years of Emperor Zhenguan of the Tang Dynasty), the Tang government set up medical education institutions in various states. In 714 AD (the second year of Emperor Xuanzong Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty), the states added assistant teachers. In 724 AD (Tang Xuanzong Kaiyuan 12 years) each guan? s capitals were cellar-ready. E, Gyeongseok. Kim, Yong? Bing, Sukhwan? The blending of the two types of products, namely, the blending of the two types of products and the blending of the two types of products, and the blending of the two types of products. What is the reason for the development of the culture of the country? Han? Boarding (18) The nature of the people? What is the reason for the change? What's the problem? The boiler has been boiled and the water has been blended into a fine mixture. What's the difference? (14) Cellar? Select a specialty? Select a product What are your choices? Choose the right choice? What are the options for the selection of the products? What are your choices? What's the name of the company? Mold on liquids? What do you think about this? What is the reason for this? What's wrong with you? What are you looking for? The series of choking brio Xin? In 514 A.D., Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties Liang sent physicians to Korea at the request of the Korean (Baekje) State to provide medical treatment and lectures, which led to the development of the motherland's medical science abroad. In 608 A.D. (Sui Yang Emperor Daye four years), Japan's Emperor Tugu sent Huizhi, Gospel, etc. to study in our country, learning Chinese medicine. In 623 A.D. (the sixth year of Emperor Wu De of Tang Dynasty), they returned home and brought back to Japan the "Treatise on the Origins and Currents of Various Diseases" written by Chao Yuanfang, and the "Thousand Gold Formula" written by Sun Simiao. In 701 A.D., Japan formally adopted the medical affairs and medical education system of our country, and formulated the medical ordinance "Dabao Ruling - Medical Disease Order", which explicitly stipulated that those who studied medicine must read books such as "Suwen", "Huangdi Neijing", "Mingtang Pulse Decision", "Acupuncture and Moxibustion Jieyi Jing", and "Newly Revised Materia Medica", etc. In 693 A.D., Joseon established the Joseon Medical Center. In 693 A.D., Joseon established a doctorate to teach Chinese medicine. The system was modeled after that of the Tang Dynasty, and the textbooks used were the Suwen, Nanking, Acupuncture and Moxibustion, and Shennong Ben Cao Jing (Classic of the Materia Medica of the Divine Husbandman). In 733 A.D. (Tang Xuanzong Kaiyuan twenty-one years), Japan Rong Rui, Puzhao, etc. to study in China, 10 years later that is, 742 years (Tang Xuanzong Tianbao first year), Rong, Pu the two Japanese learned monks made a special trip to Yangzhou to invite the monk Jianzhen to go to Japan, and so Jianzhen led dozens of disciples in 754 A.D. arrived in Japan, by the Japanese community and the Buddhist community of the grand welcome. Since then, he taught Chinese medicine in Japan, Japan's medical development contributed greatly, the Japanese people honored him as "master of the sea". As a result of the outstanding achievements of China's successive generations of medical doctors, medicine matured earlier, and medical education also has characteristics that have a great impact on the world of medical education. Third, the ancient hospital category and title The establishment of hospitals in the Sui and Tang dynasties is more extensive, in addition to the Kyoto, the local establishment of the sick workshop. But the nature of the two, the content is very different, Kyoto's hospital is the court hospital, while the local is specializing in poor orphans and invalids, and beggars. "Sui Book": "summer epidemic, the patient or to hundreds, hall full of galleries", until the disease is cured before calling their relatives to take away, similar to a temporary epidemic hospital. In 588 A.D. (Sui Wen Di Kai Huang eight years), Xin Gongyi Minzhou assassins, sheltering patients in the hall. In 734 AD (Tang Xuanzong Kaiyuan twenty-two years), due to the prevalence of Buddhism, the general sick workshop is located in the temple, said sad Tian Fang, also collects no dependence on beggars, by monks and nuns in charge. The monks biography: "tang shi dao xuan, adopt plague disease, men and women, four times for the commitment, and make sure that week to give". Another Tang monk, Danyang Shamen Shi Zhiyan, first in the Baima Temple, and then to the stone city (Gansu Wuwei East), living in the plague of people Square, for the patient to say the Buddha's teachings, but also for the patient to wash the pus and blood, feeding, sending medicine, doing everything. In 654 AD (Tang Gaozong Yong Hui five years), died in the "Plague Man Square", the "Plague Man Square" for the world's early establishment of one of the isolation hospital. 712 AD (Tang Xuanzong Kaiyuanyuanyuan), Xuanzong Li Longji took over the throne of Emperor Ruizong, a more comprehensive political reforms, one of the contents of the "elimination of monks and nuns, suppression of Buddhism," ordering more than 20,000 monks and nuns to return to secularism, banning the construction of new Buddhist temples, restricting the development of the monastic economy, and confiscate the monks and temples to take up the field outside of the law. Therefore, the monks and nuns to participate in agriculture and mulberry production, "sad Tian Fang" that no one to manage the situation. In 845 AD (Tang Wuzong Huichang five years), the chancellor Li Deyu son cloud: "this edge of the monks and nuns have returned to secularism, 'sad Tianfang' no one in charge, afraid of the poor and sick, will lead to poverty, the ministers and other discussions, will come from the Buddhist language 'sad Tianfang The name of the temple was changed from the Buddhist term 'Sorrowful Field Square' to 'Sick Place'. Pray for the two capitals amount to the temple field ten hectares, large state towns to the field seven hectares, the other states commissioned by the observation of how much the amount of poor and sick to the field five hectares, to fill the porridge food. If the state and town have envied the remaining official money, the amount to be placed in this profit, the most ripe and convenient". Since then, the capital and the states have been allocated to the temple field 5 to 10 hectares for funding, the constant property to its rent by the local management of the place, selecting and sending the township gentry and elders a presiding officer. Because of the government's attention, the established sick workshop, sick workshop all canceled the original name "sad field workshop", the leprosy patients will be treated "Fukuda Yuan (Buddhist language) renamed "plague people workshop". At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there was the "Yanshoucha", a kind of hospice and healing institution for sick monks. In 931 A.D. (five generations after the Tang dynasty Mingzong Changxing two years), "the edict of the Road state capitals set up prisoners hospital, and assigned with the place of the official careful management, in case of sick prisoners, in time to send a rash waiting for treatment. In feudal society, the emperor first attached importance to the organization of court medicine, and there are people responsible for, to the Sui and Tang gradually complete. Such as belonging to the Taishang Temple of the "Palace Square" that is the palace hospital. The Tang Book - Hundred Officials" in: "the official sick, there is a medicine library supervisory door", and "physicians, medical supervision, medical is not a person to come to the workshop", which can be considered the earliest official convalescent hospitals. According to the Dunhuang books, its medical scrolls, medical paintings, and related materials reflect the medical activities in Dunhuang during the Sui and Tang dynasties. Shazhou, like the Central Plains, also had a nursing home for the sick, which was the Shazhou Hospital. We rely on the "Tang Xuanzong - Tianbao years, Dunhuang group accounting ultimatum" contained in the "sick workshop" accounting list of names and their numbers, it is presumed that the "sick workshop" about 5 to 10 beds, the hospital's total assets of 130 Guan and 72 Wen, and miscellaneous medicines, 950 catties and 20, for the normal operation of the sick workshop; its hospitalization; hospitalized in the same way as the Central Plains, the hospital also received patients. The total assets of the hospital were 130 kan and 72 wen, and 950 catties and 20 pieces of miscellaneous medicines, which were used for the normal operation of the hospital; and 94 miscellaneous articles used in the hospital department, including cooking utensils for the cafeteria, daily necessities for the patients, and clinical tools for making medicines, and so on. This seems to be a state hospital. The above information shows that, during the period, the hospital is basically in the form of the existence and name of the sick workshop. Fourth, the development of emergency medicine Ancient China has a lot of experience in first aid, especially through manipulation or with the help of artifacts for resuscitation, more effective. (a) Artificial respiration In the 3rd century AD, Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, creatively applied artificial respiration when he rescued the hanged man. These artificial respiration methods have been further improved in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Eastern Jin Dynasty physician Ge Hong's "after the elbow to save the pawn square" contains: "plug two nostrils, to reed tube in its mouth to the throat, people shushing, there is a pouring of its abdomen attack attack turn, or ventilation is also ......". North and South Dynasty, Liang Yao Sheng Yuan's "set of examination formula" in the addition to improve the method, emphasizing that "lying on their backs, to stuff two ears, ...... to two bamboo tube inside the nose of the dead, so that the two pain blowing, stuffed with the mouth of the evening did not make the gas come out. Half a day, the dead person is yelping, do not repeat blowing also". This application of apparatus blowing method, can prevent cross-infection between the doctor and the patient. Ancient first aid science so in line with science, it is rare. Tang Dynasty physician Sun Simiao on the inheritance and development of the previous generation of medical love to use the first aid workers breathing method, it is advocated to follow the "tube inside the mouth, so that the two pain blowing, plugging the mouth next to the gas out of the gas, half a day, the dead that is, can do not blow also". This first aid method can be said to be the beginning of mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration first aid method, and later popularized folk, to the mouth when the pain of blowing into all the gas. This method is widely used to this day. Sun Simiao in addition to artificial respiration, but also the use of moxibustion, moxibustion of the patient's chest, the limbs of the big section of the trap, the big finger and so on seven strong. Sun also used nostril irrigation method, "pounded leek juice into the nostrils, the end of the Volsung liver blowing in the nose, the end of the soap clip blowing in the nose, sneeze the gas through, up dead people". (B) first aid for drowning There are many records in ancient medical books. Ge Hong's "after the elbow to save the pawn square" is the first to put forward. The North and South Dynasties Chen Yanzhi compiled in the "small square" has also been discussed. In particular, the Tang Dynasty physician Wang To's "Secret Essentials of Wai Tai" contained: "Elbow after treatment of drowning a night can still live Fang, take the urn pouring, to the dead ambush urn on the urn, so that the mouth of the urn mouth, burning two or seven reeds fire, burning the urn when the dead man's heart under the heart, so that the smoke out of the small into the dead in the mouth of the mouth of the nose, nose and mouth in the water out of the living, reeds end of the more beneficial for the, to take the living and stop. Often hand waiting for the dead person and urn, do not very hot. In winter, when the fire can make the heart of the dead people to get warm underneath." "If the pawns do not have urns, you can wear the ground on the bank, so that the urn burned to warm, and then the dead on the", or "enough with a car for it, do not hide its stomach, but to make the head down, so that the water out. And boiling ash several dendrobiums to hunch the body, wet that is easy". Chen Yanzhi's "small square" contains: "treatment of drowning if the body is still warm, digging the ground for the pit, in the boiled ash several dendrobiums, in the pit, under the dead man back to the ash, wet and thorough that is easy, do not make the ash hot branding BELONGER, cold that is, half a day that is living. (C) corpse syncope, the first aid off the gas Ancient books appear in the death of a stroke, fainting, fainting, and other names, is to describe the modern name of the disease called shock. The "Nei Jing" in: "Needle over the number of days will be out of gas" and "the five channels are exhausted, people body veins are moving, but the form of ignorance, the shape of the corpse, or said the ruler of the syncope." Degassing is a mild form of shock, while corpse syncope is a severe case of shock. Its first aid is given by acupuncture, massage, hot ironing, blowing on the ears, and hot tonics. For example, the "Historical Records - Cangong biography" contained Bian Magpie in the diagnosis of the Prince of Guo Guo disease, said: "If the Prince of Guo disease, the so-called corpse syncope," ...... "pulse disorder so the shape of the quiet as the dead, the Prince is not dead. When Bian Magpie rescued the Prince of Guo, he made his disciple Ziyang "take the three suns and five clubs". The Prince of Guo was revived in a short while, and his disciple, Zi Bao, "ironed the two ribs for five minutes, and then boiled the soup to regulate, and healed in more than twenty days". Ge Hong in the Jin Dynasty, such as in the rescue of stroke death, but also emphasized the importance of warmth, with copper, tile ware hot water or thatched fire ash, ironed across the clothes on the abdomen, the vessel cooled down after the replacement of the hot soup, to maintain the temperature. Tang Dynasty physician Sun Simiao on the death of the stroke using hot tile ironing heart; filling medicine is not easy to use, can be used to "silence the mouth is not open, go to the teeth under the soup, soup inlet does not go down to its hair around the patient's foot to lead to, the medicine under the re-added to take the end of the liters in a moment immediately Sue". Sun's also use moxibustion treatment, "stroke death, moxibustion ten claws under each three, moxibustion man in three, and shoulder in a hundred strong, between the make seven strong, Ju Que hundred strong. Sun's use of integrated therapy emergency stroke, there is a certain degree of efficacy. Dunhuang medical scrolls: "treatment of stroke death, the pulse as usual, take the end of the soap pods blowing in the ears and nose that is milliliters ...... no pulse of the real dead". Visible Sui and Tang physicians have been able to recognize shock, and can distinguish between clinical death and biological death, and put forward first aid methods for stroke patients. (D) first aid for foreign objects in the throat Ge Hong's "Elbow after the rescue of the stroke formula" in: "now swallowing the needle choked in the throat, if you contain a magnet in the mouth, or sucking the needle out of the ear". Re-use, accidentally swallowed metal hairpin and other things, choked in the throat and not out, first aid method is: "take leeks storm to wither, cook to cook do not cut food big bunch", hairpin that is with the leeks of fiber and feces and out. To date, children accidentally swallowed nails or curved pins and so on, also used this method of discharge. "Wai Tai secret" in: four or five centuries AD, monks with amber beads to take the wrong fish hooks, the specific method is to amber beads "through the hooks rope, push to make the front into the hooks and then push to haul it out of the carry on". Sun Simiao is kneaded with deer tendon strips as a ball-shaped object to the net of the line, the other end to stay out of the mouth, so that the patient will be swallowed deer tendon group, so that the iron rod foreign body into the group to put forward. In ancient times, the pharynx, and even the esophagus foreign body removal methods and the use of equipment is a variety of technical and scientific. (V) Nasal stroke epistaxis Fang With compression to stop bleeding method, "if sprinkled with cotton plug nostrils". The application of burning to stop bleeding was quite common in the Qin and Han dynasties. Sun Simiao in the treatment of dental gushing blood more than, emphasize burning nail red, burn blood hole in the stop". The ancients used gold and silver into a branding iron, each with ai fire burning red, hot ironing the affected area, and then burned again, used to stop bleeding, the effect is reliable. (F) Urinary closure of the first aid method Ge Hong's "After Elbow Fang" in: "take the raw earth melon root mashed juice, with a little water, tube suck the lower part, take through. Sun Simiao is further improved, "Thousand Golden Essentials" emphasizes: "Where urine is not in the cell, such as the cell flexion secluded, fluid can not be. To onion leaves in addition to the tip, within the penis hole in the depth of three inches, micro mouth blowing, cell distension, fluid through, will be healed". With the onion leaf urinary catheterization, is a safe and reliable first aid method. Ge Hong wrote "after the elbow to save the pawn square", later renamed "after the elbow to prepare the emergency formula" **** eight volumes. It is considered by all generations as an ancient emergency manual. The book contains a lot of first aid content, clearly pointed out that emergency measures must be combined with the cause of the treatment, the emergency is to treat the symptoms, after the symptoms are relieved, dialectical treatment, eliminate the root cause. He paid great attention to clinical practice, emphasizing the symptoms and differential diagnosis of emergencies, and in Volume 1 of the book, he distinguished "corpse syncope" and death by "pulse disturbance" and "warmth between the femurs". He also made many innovations in therapeutics that had not been applied by his predecessors. Ge Hong in the treatment of acute illnesses advocated the convenience (simple treatment), cheap (cheap drugs), test (selection of practical, reliable results) characterized by the method. Sun Simiao diligently study, seek interviews around the medical experience passed down in folklore, "to the life of the most expensive, the weight of a thousand gold, a party to help, the virtue of more than this". Therefore, his medical thinking, clinical practice and noble moral character, are praised for generations, his outstanding contribution in emergency medicine. Neighbors attention. Fifth, the development of specialty medicine and nursing practice (a) the development of specialty medicine The Tang Dynasty's clinical medicine is divided into very clear, in the government-run Department of Imperial Medicine, divided into two major categories of medicine and medicine. The medical department is divided into physicians, needles, massage and spells four major parts. And the physician is subdivided into five major sections, respectively, body treatment, less small, sores, ears, eyes, mouth and teeth, angle method. From this we can see that Chinese medicine originally did not have the name "internal medicine". In the traditional concept, in addition to special labeling and independent specialties, such as women, children, mouth, teeth, ears, eyes, bones, almost all other diseases belong to the body therapy (internal medicine). The development of specialized medicine is increasingly mature, generally believed that from ancient times to the third century BC, is the budding period of medicine in China, 221 BC to 220 years Qin and Han, is the foundation of Chinese medicine period, 265 to 960 years AD, Jin with the Tang and the Fifth Generation is the period of great development of Chinese medicine. 1. Physiotherapy (1) progress in the understanding of disease The Sui government organized medical doctors such as Chao Yuanfang compiled "the origin of all diseases," is a Chinese medical treatise on the causes of disease, evidence and classification of disease monographs, the book of the disease is divided into 67 doors, evidence of 1,739 kinds of, which is the scale of the previous medical books have not reached. From the depth of the book, the book on the origin of the disease on the etiology of many epidemics, pathogenesis, lesions, typing, identification and other aspects of further understanding, such as thirst, epilepsy, deficiency, foot, dengue, tetanus, the description of the detailed and accurate. With regard to the categorization of diseases, ? Shooting Unyen" rule? Tear? (6) force? (4) 『Yunyun』 (10) 『Harassment』 (14) 『Specialization』 (6) 『Specialization』 (6) 『Specialization』 (6) The following is a list of the most common types of cancer. What is the size of the site? What's more, we're not going to be able to do anything about it. What's the best way to get the most out of your life? The pen times the disaster captive ≡? Ichimoku Ichimoku? English and German? The choice of юю Ying convex Qinqiao 簦ń岷耍耍或?? Chen Yanzhi wrote the "small square" also emphasized: "heavenly plague" and "typhoid fever" is different. "Jingxinlu" in the fever into typhoid, fever, rheumatism, dampness, Yin toxicity, Yang toxicity, heat toxicity, plague, Tianxing Festival nine. Medical doctors have gradually improved their understanding in clinical practice. (2) the progress of disease recognition and treatment methods Diagnostics: Sun Simiao's diagnostic insights is that "if you want to treat the disease, the first to look at its source, waiting for its disease". He believes that the time to diagnose the patient should be selected in the morning, because the morning diet has not yet entered, the Yin Qi has not moved, Yang Qi is not dispersed, the meridians are not yet full, the collateral veins, Qi and blood have not been chaotic, the essence of the pulse, to know the reverse and the smooth. Therefore, Sun's proposed "not used at the right time". Then pointed out that "the upper doctor to listen to the sound, Chinese medicine to detect the color, the lower doctor pulse diagnosis". "The top doctor has not been sick of the disease, the Chinese doctor wants to be sick of the disease, the bottom doctor has been sick of the disease", Sun Simiao that can not be based only on the pulse to determine the disease. Therapeutics: Sun Simiao's idea of clinical treatment is "to be bold and small-minded, and to be round and square". He listed a lot of therapeutic formula, such as edema disease is difficult to treat, that salt and edema related, should pay attention to avoid salt. He had a certain understanding of goiter and used goat nightmare, which was easy to promote iodine-containing, to replace the deer nightmare used by the deep division in the North and South Dynasties to treat goiter. He used betel nut to treat tapeworm disease, ephedra to calm coughing and asthma, udu and grain white skin to treat foot fungus disease, and baotouweng and bitter ginseng to treat dysentery. (3) the transition from the "identification of disease" to the "dialectical treatment" The Tang Dynasty diagnosis and treatment tends to the "dialectical treatment" laid down by Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty, the main manifestation is the combination of symptoms. The main manifestation is the combination of symptoms. Such as in the "thousand gold formula", "outside the secret of the Taiwan" and other medical books, appeared in the name of each disease, are listed under a large number of prescriptions, these prescriptions are based on the combination of different evidence, categorization of the enumeration, you can see the gradual transition from the "identification of disease treatment" to the "dialectical treatment" principle. The principle of "dialectical treatment" can be seen in the transition from "identification of disease" to "dialectical treatment. 2. Surgery The sores and ulcers section of Chinese medicine is the surgery of Chinese medicine, which was called ulcer doctor in ancient times. Sore ulcer clinical palm swelling ulcers, ulcers, gold ulcers and analysis of disease. Treatment of unresolved swelling, ulcerated sores and ulcers, cuts and arrows and bone injuries. Orthopedics in the Sui and Tang dynasties by the massage doctor directly responsible for teaching and medical care, surgery is more progressive orthopedics. Lin Daoren, an orthopedic surgeon of the Tang Dynasty, was a Taoist who was well versed in orthopedic medicine. He authored the book "Xian Aid for the Treatment of Injuries Following the Broken Formula". He advocated orthopedic injury treatment routines that emphasized orthopedic anesthesia, wound cleansing, examination and diagnosis, traction and repositioning, medication fixation, and regular review. He has been able to apply surgical treatment of comminuted fracture in the treatment technology, in the improvement of fracture fixation methods and principles, emphasizing the effective fixation and non-re-displacement of the fracture under the premise that the affected limbs should be adapted to the movement, these treatments and care, which can contribute to accelerate the healing and reduce the incidence of post-injury disability. The Origin and Symptoms of All Diseases mentions that "carbuncle", which is originally a miscellaneous disease of internal medicine, is included in the surgical evidence, and malignant tumors have been documented, describing the symptomatic characteristics of "lei gangrene" and "loom gangrene". The symptoms of "gangrene" and "loom gangrene" were described. These two symptoms can cause death in about half a month, revealing the appearance of these diseases and their poor prognosis. This is an early record of malignant tumors in Chinese medicine. 3. Acupuncture and moxibustion Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy, is an important discipline in China's traditional Chinese medicine, the Jin Dynasty acupuncturist Huang Fu Quiet compiled the "Huang Di Acupuncture and Moxibustion A and B Jing", the basic content of the book is in accordance with the viscera, acupoints, qi and blood, meridians and collaterals, the mechanism of disease, acupuncture and moxibustion and contraindications for a clear provision, such as categorization of the total number of acupoints is 654 points, more than the internal book of the book of the 189, which has a single point of 48. The total number of acupuncture points is 654, which is 189 points more than that in the book of Nei Jing. Proposed a ban on acupuncture points 8, should not be deep acupuncture points 4, 31 acupuncture points prohibited moxibustion. Sun Simiao emphasized the cooperation of drugs and acupuncture treatment. He proposed: "If the needle and not moxibustion, moxibustion and not needles, are not a good doctor, acupuncture and moxibustion is not medicine, medicine is not acupuncture and moxibustion, you are not a good doctor, know the needle to know the medicine, is a good doctor. Also proposed: "or a disease with dozens of points, or several diseases only a point, are temporary discretionary method of use. He was the first to propose the name and role of the "A is the point", according to which later generations have Tian Ying point, indefinite point of the pain point of the discussion and application. Wang To's "Secret Essentials of Wai Tai" expounds the idea that "needles can kill the living, but not the dead", so Wang To only recorded moxibustion, not acupuncture, focusing on the introduction of Mingtang moxibustion. 4. Massage Massage is an ancient therapy. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the massage method prevailed for a while, "Tang six canon": "wind into the limbs and joints of the viscera accumulation and disease, it is appropriate to guide and declared, so that the internal disease is not born, the external evil does not enter. If the injury falls, to the law of the correct". Outer Taiwan Secret" in the "hand when a thousand times, the medicine only line" and so on. In short, the Tang Dynasty medical development is brilliant. (B) Nursing practice In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the development of specialized medicine, nursing practice is also correspondingly rich. 1, Surgery The origin of the disease theory of trauma caused by intestinal broken first aid, said: "intestinal fracture if a broken end of the missing, can not be saved, if the two ends of the visible can be sutured. And a detailed description of the broken intestine "