Historical origins Edit
? Primitive Eskimo society (2 photos) The Inuit, the natives living near the North Pole, are autochthonous yellow people. [1]? The Inuit, whose ancestors came from northern China, arrived in the Americas about 10,000 years ago by crossing the Bering Strait from Asia, or by land bridges through frozen straits. They are mainly found along the northern part of North America. The language belongs to the Eskimo-Aleutian group of the Ancient Asian language family. Those near the sea mainly live by catching sea animals and fish, while those inland are engaged in hunting. Fond of plastic arts, specializing in carving. Eskimos belong to the eastern Asian peoples, and the Amerindians are different in that they have more Asian characteristics, they and their Asian contemporaries have some of the same cultural characteristics, such as the use of fire, dog taming, and some special rituals and medical methods, respectively, live in the society of the territorial group as a unit. The chiefs were mostly shamans and practiced monogamy. Houses are made of stone, wood and snow. Half of the house is sunk into the ground, and the doorway is extremely low. Dogs are usually kept and used to pull sleds. Mainly engaged in hunting on land or at sea, supplemented by fishing and reindeer husbandry. The main source of livelihood is hunting: meat for food, furs for clothing, tallow for lighting and cooking, and bones and teeth for tools and weapons. Men hunted and built houses, women made skins and sewed. Modern fishing and hunting gear was used, as well as hunting at sea in motorboats and trading in furs. Increasingly influenced by white culture, 80% of the people in Greenland have moved to small towns; there is a division between rich and poor, and there are individual capitalists among the American Eskimos. The Inuit, belonging to the yellow race, came to the Americas 10,000 years ago by crossing the ice bridge over the Bering Strait from Asia because it was the Ice Age of the century, when the Strait was frozen and it was possible to walk directly across to North America. The Inuit "Spring Festival", when they say goodbye to winter and welcome the arrival of spring, is celebrated on the last weekend of March. History Edit The term "Eskimo" was first coined by the Indians as "raw meat eaters"? Eskimos. Because of historical conflicts between Indians and Eskimos, the name was apparently derogatory. Therefore, the Eskimos do not like this name, and call themselves "Inuit (Inuit)" or "Inupiat (Inupiat)" people, in the Eskimo language, that is, "the real person in the Eskimo language means "real people". The Eskimos entered the Arctic region from Asia through two great migrations. The history of the Eskimos is more than 14,000 years. Due to the harsh climate, harsh environment, they are basically struggling on the death line, can survive and reproduce so far, is really a big miracle. They must face up to several months or even half a year of darkness, against dozens of degrees below zero Celsius cold and blizzards, summer running in the surging sea, winter struggles in the drifting ice floes, only with a light boat and simple tools to go to the earth's most massive whales, with a pike or even bare hands to go to one of the most ferocious animals on the land and polar bears to compete, and once you can't hunt, the whole family, the whole village, and even the whole village, and even the whole village. the whole family, the whole village, and even the whole tribe would starve to death. Therefore, it should be said that, in the world's family of nations, the Eskimos are undoubtedly the toughest, most tenacious, most courageous and most resilient people. Distribution Edit Indigenous peoples of the Arctic region, calling themselves Inuit, ? Distribution of various Inuit speakers in the Arctic Distribution In and around the Arctic Circle from Siberia and Alaska to Greenland. The total population is about 130,000 (2000), living in Greenland (53,000), Alaska in the United States (41,000), northern Canada (34,000), and on the Russian side of the Bering Strait (about 2,000). An Arctic type of Mongoloid race. To Western eyes, they are typical Eskimos. The Eastern Eskimos account for 3/4 of the total area of Eskimo settlements but only 1/3 of the population, and since the eastern part of the country is not as rich in natural resources as the western part, the Eskimos in the western part of the country today have a higher material standard of living and a higher level of culture than those in the eastern part of the country. The Eskimos live in dispersed areas with great regional differences, so there are also great cultural differences. Natural resource reproduction rates decrease when animals are hunted, so the eastern region is not as rich as the western region. Lifestyle Edit Primitive lifestyle The Eskimos are a people. Eskimos in different regions have different names for themselves. The Eskimos of Alaska call themselves "Inupiat", the Eskimos of Canada call themselves "Inuit", and the Eskimos of Greenland call themselves "Calatriots", which means the same thing. Eskimos in Canada call themselves "Inuit", and Eskimos in Greenland call themselves "Kalatrit", which all mean "people". The Eskimos consider "man" to be the supreme representative of the kingdom of life. Eskimos Hunting is a traditional way of life for Eskimos. Hunting is the traditional way of life of the Eskimos, or in other words, the "privilege" of hunting in the Arctic. They have been hunting for generations. In northern Greenland, they hunt seals in winter and summer, bird hunting and fishing from June to August, and reindeer hunting in September. In the northern tip of Alaska, on the other hand, seal hunting is the mainstay throughout the year, and caribou are hunted during the winter and summer months, and whaling is done from April to May. Different seasons and different regions, Eskimos use different methods to hunt seals. In the summer, Eskimo hunters paddle a single kayak, with a seal fork or barbed pikes, nets, ropes and other tools to the seal often frequented by the sea to find prey. The hunter paddles quietly and searches the surface. Eskimo hunters from a young age to develop a set of good eyesight, can see 100 to 200 meters away from the seals playing. Once the prey is found, the hunter will quickly and quietly approach the target. Wait until close, the hunter quickly pick up the harpoon to throw to the seals. The action must be fast and accurate, otherwise the seal will instantly dive into the water and escape. The harpooned seal will also dive into the water and may even capsize the boat. Since the seal can swim as fast as usual even with a boat in tow, the hunter must use the net to drag the seal quickly until it is finally exhausted. At this point the hunter approaches the prey, kills it, and ties it to the side of the boat. Then a thorough check of the boat's facilities is made and the search for the next prey continues. With luck, a hunter can catch two or three seals a day. The unlucky ones will have to return empty-handed. In winter, when the sea is frozen, the Eskimos use another method to hunt seals. Seals belong to mammals, although living in the sea, but by the lungs to breathe, so must often constantly floating to the surface to breathe air, and then dive into the water. Seals can stay underwater for 7 to 9 minutes for every inhalation, and the longest they can stay underwater is about 20 minutes. If they exceed this time, they will suffocate and die. As the sea freezes in winter in the Arctic, seals are unable to find a place to change their breath under the ice, so they cut a hole in the ice from the bottom up to use it as a breathing hole. Eskimos hunt seals by looking for seal breathing holes. In the Canadian Arctic the sea freezes over for months during the winter months, a grueling time when the Eskimos have minimal food sources. The Kupu Eskimos here have a very clever way of finding seals. They mobilized the entire village to search for seal breathing holes in the ice a few kilometers from the coast. Once a group of breathing holes have been found over a considerable area, a number of hunters set off at the same time, keeping one person on guard at each breathing hole. In this way, if a seal is spooked at one breathing hole, it will inevitably have to go to another breathing hole to inhale. By guarding every breathing hole in an area, it will be difficult for the seal to escape the net. Using this method, one or two hunters always catch at least one seal a day. Until, after a few weeks, all the seals around the area disappeared, so the village moved on to hunt elsewhere. Eskimo women are tanning horned whale's The Eskimos also hunted seals by pulling nets. After finding the seal's breathing hole, they hit a hole in the ice two meters on each side of the breathing hole, and set a 4-meter-long, 1-meter-wide net in the water between the two holes. The two ends of the net were pulled out of the ice with a rope and tied to the ice blocks piled up next to the hole. The lower end of the net, every half a meter on the stone, so that it sinks to keep the net vertical. The upper end of the net should be pulled away from the ice surface for a distance, so that the net is not frozen on the bottom of the ice. Seals are caught in this way on the same principle as they are usually caught in a stick net. Eskimo hunters usually lay their nets and then cut through the ice to collect their prey two or three days later. When the spring sun begins to shine on the land after the long cold nights, and the days grow longer, the prime seal hunting season arrives. The seals crawl from under the ice onto the surface to bask, lying next to their breathing holes and hiding behind shavings of ice. Sunbathing seals are highly alert to their surroundings, and as soon as they hear movement, they immediately jump into the water and disappear. Seal sunbathing, every moment will raise his head, look around to see if there is no danger, if safe and sound, and then lowered his head to enjoy the sun. In this case, the hunter can only slowly approach the seal little by little. Close to the seal, usually hunters in the ice creeping forward, and when the seal looked up, it will be motionless lying in place, dressed himself as a sleeping seal. Or simply lying on the ice, also raised his head and looked around, imitating the seal's movements. Fortunately, seals don't have very good eyesight and it's hard to tell the difference between the real thing and the fake one. Since there are few obstacles on the ice, it is difficult to hide, so hunters sometimes use white canvas to make a barrier like a baffle to cover themselves like a shield. While the seal is sound asleep, the hunter runs quickly forward, and when the seal looks up to watch, the hunter immediately lies down in place and stops moving as if he were a pile of snow and ice. Eskimos in hunting out, often build snow house, first, they take the firm old snow, compacted snow cut into large city snow bricks and then use the snow bricks into a hemispherical snow house, with snow sealing the gaps between the bricks, in the interior burning a fire, the surface slightly melted, the house is sealed. And then in the four walls hung up furs, and even in the roof covered with seal skin to keep warm. Half of the snow house in the ground in the lower part of the door half in the ground, the door in front of the snow brick to build an arch windbreak. There are also snow houses with small windows, with the dried intestines of various sea animals as window paper, which can let in light. Because they believe that sunlight is very sacred, so their houses are usually facing the sun. Civilized Lifestyle ? Eskimo Civilized Society (31 photos) "Where is the Eskimo 'snow house'?" The science team asked the local Eskimos as soon as they entered Inuvik. The answer was: we haven't seen one here for years either. Indeed, as this reporter walks through the city, which has grown from a primitive Eskimo village, he can see cars, buildings, aerial wires, and hear pop music everywhere. Under the impact of modern civilization, the Eskimos have become more and more integrated with the outside world, gradually separated from their traditional nomadic life.[2]? Eskimos are also known as Inuit. It is understood that the total number of Eskimos in the world is about 80,000, and there are 18,000 Eskimos in the Canadian Arctic Circle around Inuvik. From the 1920s to the 1970s, the Eskimos were influenced by modern civilization and began to enter a new way of life. By the end of the 1970s, seven out of ten Eskimos were living in permanent villages. Only a very small number of Eskimos still followed the old way of life, relying on hunting and fishing, but they also no longer used the old implements and traditional means of transportation, with motorized boats replacing the old kayaks and people riding snowmobiles in search of prey. But the Eskimos still maintain some of their traditional customs in their daily lives. The first generation of Eskimos to migrate to the cities were still willing to eat raw fish and meat, while their children and future generations preferred to eat cooked food.
Today, Eskimos live in much improved living conditions. In Inuvik, the Eskimo's distinctive "snow houses", where you could build a fire to keep warm, have been replaced by heated houses. Yesterday afternoon, Inuvik sky fluttering not small snowflakes, the reporter walked in the street in the snow, saw a lot of new styles of cars on the road through, and with the "TOWNCAR" logo of the cab from time to time stop to pick up and send down the guests. Those wide nose, straight black hair, yellow skin of the Eskimos wearing thick clothes walking in a hurry, carrying a satchel of Eskimo boys and girls playing in the snow. If you didn't know you were in an Eskimo city, you'd think you were walking through a small town in China. [2]? Ethnic history Edit The Eskimos are the most geographically widespread of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic, inhabiting an area that extends from the east coast of Asia eastward to Labrador and Greenland, with a major concentration on the North American continent. Usually Westerners divide Eskimos into Eastern Eskimos and Western Eskimos. Western Eskimos refer to the Inuit-speaking inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands, northwestern Alaska, and the Mackenzie Delta region of northwestern Canada. The Eskimo cultures of these regions were heavily influenced by the Asian and American Indian cultures of the neighboring regions...? Eskimo Eastern Eskimo refers to the Inuit-speaking inhabitants of the central and eastern Arctic regions of North America. When people indiscriminately generalize as Eskimos, they do not realize that these Eskimos actually speak different languages. Of course, these languages belonged to the same language family, which is known today as Esklantics. It is believed that this language family is related to some of the languages spoken in East Asia, but just not enough evidence has been found to suggest this yet. [3]? The word "Eskimo" was first called by the Indians, "eaters of raw meat". Since the Indians were historically at odds with the Eskimos, the name was clearly derogatory. Therefore, the Eskimos do not like this name, and call themselves "Inuit (Inuit)" or "Inupiat (Inupiat)" people, in the Eskimo language, that is, "the real person " means in Eskimo. Eskimos are short, yellow-skinned, and dark-haired, and their appearance is fairly consistent with that of the Mongoloid race. Genetic studies have found that they are closer to the Tibetans. The Eskimos were brought to the Arctic by two great migrations from northern China. A history of over 14,000 years was experienced. They share some cultural characteristics with their Asian contemporaries, such as the use of fire, the taming of dogs, and certain special rituals and medical practices. Eskimos in the past few thousand years, although they live freely, and no outsiders to disturb, but its development is also extremely slow, no money, no commodities, no writing, and even the metal is rare, is a kind of closed self-sufficiency, a real natural economy, and human history of the Neolithic era is almost the same. It wasn't until the 16th century that Western gun-toting hunters discovered them. So fur traders, whalers, and missionaries followed, and the Arctic, which had been cold and quiet, became hot? Eskimos The name "Eskimo" appeared frequently in newspapers around the world. These outsiders brought two things had a profound impact on Eskimo society. Money, which caused a profound change in Eskimo values, and disease, which decimated the Eskimo population. Today, the total number of local inhabitants north of the tree line (the line, rather than the Arctic Circle, which some people use as the boundary of the North Pole because of the cold climatic conditions that make it impossible to grow trees any farther north) is less than 100,000***, while the number of foreign inhabitants is growing. The Eskimos living in the North Slope Borough of Alaska are really the lucky ones, as there are two of the largest oil fields in the U.S., and they get a sizable annual income from the oil companies. Nonetheless, they still live a subsistence lifestyle, living primarily from hunting. Some of them, even though they had jobs that allowed them to have a good paycheck, still had to rely on hunting to feed their families. Although they sometimes ate cooked food, but always felt that raw meat tastes more energetic, both to fight the cold, but also to fill the hunger. Nowadays, Eskimo life has been quite modernized. They used to live in the ice house Igloo (igloo) has long since disappeared, replaced by a wooden house equipped with sewers and heating equipment; made of seal skin boat Umiak (Umiak) has also entered the museum, and for the replacement of the water motorcycle; dog sledding has been seldom used, the dogs are out of business, because most of the people are using the car; in order to protect against the cold of the winter, the animal skin To protect against the cold of winter, animal skins, though still essential, were covered with very beautiful nylon cloth. The children could go to school close by until they graduated from high school, and the adults could sit at home and watch television and listen to the radio while they worked. All in all, the Eskimos have leaped from a rather primitive traditional life into modern civilization within these few decades, and the speed and magnitude of the change cannot but be described as a miracle in history. Eskimos and Aleuts (Aleut) have the most similar ethnic relations, both *** together constitute the main component of the indigenous population of the Arctic and near-Arctic regions, which range from Greenland, Alaska, Canada to the easternmost tip of Russia (Siberia). The Eskimos themselves call themselves by many names, which vary in different dialects, such as Inuit, Inupiat, Yupik and Alutiit, and so on, meaning "people" or "true people". The name Eskimo is derived from Montagnais (an Algonquian language) and has been used since the 16th century by Europeans and others to refer to the inhabitants of the Arctic. The name was once thought to mean "raw meat eaters", but is now thought to mean "snowshoers". The Arctic inhabitants of Canada and Greenland prefer to call themselves Inuit, while in Alaska the name Eskimo is still popular with the local population. The earliest known Eskimo culture was recorded at a site on Umnak Island in the Aleutian Islands about 3,018±230 years ago, and at the end of the 20th century it was estimated that the number of people who identified themselves as Eskimo was about 117,000, of whom 51,000 were in Greenland and Denmark; 43,000 in Alaska; 21,000 in Canada; and the remaining 21,000 in Canada. 21,000 in Alaska, and 21,000 in Canada; the remainder, about 1,600, are in Siberia. Ethnic culture Edit The Eskimos are an Asian people, differing from the American Indians by having more Asian characteristics, such as shorter hands and feet, in addition to some less obvious distinguishing features. The Eskimos are also distinctive in that they have a significant proportion of the ABO blood type B, which is virtually non-existent among the Indians. Since blood type is one of the most stable genetic characteristics, scholars nowadays believe that at least some of the Eskimos have different origins from the Indians, and thus cannot be regarded as a separate Indian people who developed solely in the far north, as early academics claimed. This is further supported by the fact that there are a large number of dialects of the Eskimo-Aleutian languages as a result of the geographic spread of the Eskimos. The traditional cultural patterns of the Eskimos are entirely adapted to an extremely cold, snow-covered environment. This environment has virtually no plant food, very few trees, and the only sources of food are meat from caribou, seals, walrus, and whales, blubber, and fish. Eskimos used harpoons to hunt seals, or on the ice to attack, or by seal skin boat (kayak) for pursuit, seal skin boat is a kind of outer skin covered with animal skin only one person to ride the light and fast boat. They hunted whales in larger Eskimo monskin boats (umiak). Most Eskimos hunted caribou and other land animals as a family during the summer months, using bows and arrows. Dog sleds were the main form of land transportation for the Eskimos. Eskimo clothing is based on reindeer fur to protect them from the extreme cold of the polar climate. There are two types of housing in the winter: one is a snow-built dome hut, called Igloo (igloo); the other is a semi-subterranean hut, which is made of stone or grass laid on a wooden or whalebone skeleton. In summer they lived in tents made of animal skins. The Inuit or Eskimos live in northern Canada and can be found in Greenland and Alaska. The Inuit live very scattered, SIBERIE and the northern tip of the TCHOUKTCHES Peninsula, only a few thousand people. In Canada, they live mainly in the Nunavut region, with a population of about 30,000 people. The Inuit do not like to be called "Eskimos" (Eskimo) because it comes from the language of their enemies, the Algonquin tribe of Indians, which means "eaters of raw meat", while " Inuit" is their name. Inuit" was their own name, meaning "human beings". The French missionaries spelled it this way: "ESQUIMAU", feminine "ESQUIMAUDE", plural "ESQUIMAUX". In English, "ESKIMO" is our usual form. Like the Indians, they came to America from the Bering Strait only a little later. The Inuits are mainly Mongoloid. The Inuit people exhibit mainly Mongoloid racial characteristics. They make their homes on the coast, and feed chiefly on sea mammals (chiefly RHOQUE, walrus, narwhal, and whales of all kinds) and land mammals (ducks, Canadian caribou, white bears, musk oxen, polar foxes, and arctic elephants). Hunting was done by a variety of methods, and although rifles replaced traditional weapons, harpoons were an effective supplemental tool. The Inuit also engage in fishing. The main predators were marine fish (sharks, cod, yonkers, trout and sockeye salmon with salmon-like flesh). Some localized races also catch freshwater fish. Fishing is usually done on large ice floes, more often under them, and different races use different fishing gear for different types of fish: fishing hooks, nets, traps, harpoons. The Inuit also engaged in harvesting during the short summers in the Arctic, but their recipes were still dominated by meat, a living environment in which they depended mainly on seals and Canadian caribou for survival. It was also the fur of those animals that provided the Inuit with clothing against the cold. As for the form of habitation, the traditional one is the igloo, a house made of snow bricks with a domed roof. However, the term "igloo" does not only refer to this type of snow-brick house, but to a variety of forms of habitation, depending on the season: in summer, the Inuit lived in tents made of animal skins; in winter, they lived in snow huts, stone houses or mud huts. Nomadic life also originated in the form of migration, and later the invention of the dog sled - also used by the Amerindians - and the sealskin skiff and canoe. The different sealskin skiffs were usually small boats maneuvered by one person and paddled with a pair of short oars, which, along with their narrow hulls, made the sealskin skiffs very maneuverable, both on the sea and on the ice. It is there, in the UNGA Bay of New Quebec, that the sealskin skiffs are most in evidence, however, among the Inuit and Indians the nomadic way of life has disappeared, snowmobiles have replaced sleds, and camps have replaced snow huts. [3]? The Yellow Man on the Arctic Circle Thousands of years ago, one of the last migratory armies of mankind set out from Asia across the Bering Strait toward the American hinterland. Where did they expect the Amerindians to be waiting for them ahead of them, chasing them down and brutally killing them? The Inuit fought and retreated, and finally retreated to the Arctic Circle, in the winter, the Indians thought that the Inuit would soon be frozen to death, so they stopped the pursuit. Unexpectedly, the Inuit miraculously survived in the Arctic, and they created a miracle of human survival. Although from Asia, but due to long-term living in the polar environment, Inuit and Asian yellow people have been different. They are short and stout, with long, thin eyes, a wide nose, the tip of the nose downward curved, wide face plate, thick subcutaneous fat. The short stature can withstand the cold, while the small eyes can prevent the polar ice and snow reflected glare on the eyes. Such physical characteristics gave them an amazing ability to withstand the cold. But another important reason for the Inuit's resistance to the cold is that they ate high protein, high calorie foods.