Livestock husbandry is the production sector in which livestock and poultry are raised for animal products or draft animals by grazing, captive breeding or a combination of both. It includes livestock feeding and herding, poultry rearing, and domestication of economic beasts. The main features and requirements of animal husbandry are:
Livestock has an important position and role in the national economy, mainly:
① Provide meat, milk, eggs and other animal food.
② Provide raw materials such as wool, cashmere, skin, mane, animal bones, sausage and so on for the industry.
③ Obtain foreign exchange through the export of livestock products.
④ Promote the development of animal husbandry input industry and livestock product processing industry and increase labor employment opportunities.
⑤ Provide organic fertilizer for crop production.
⑥ Increase farmers' income.
⑦ Provide animal power for agriculture and transportation.
⑧ To promote the economic and cultural development of the vast pastoral areas and to strengthen the unity among all ethnic groups.
Strategic planning and development
Livestock in the early stages of economic development, often manifested as a side industry of crop production, that is, the so-called "backyard animal husbandry". With the development of the economy, gradually in some sectors to develop into a relatively independent industry. For example: egg industry, broiler industry, dairy industry, beef cattle industry, pig industry. China's animal husbandry industry after 40 years of development, especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Chinese ***, in 1990, the proportion of the output value of animal husbandry to the total agricultural output value according to the price of the year has reached 26.6%. With the emergence of relatively independent animal husbandry industry, and began to differentiate a strong industrial sector, which is for animal husbandry and production services for a variety of animal husbandry input industry, including: machinery, equipment, veterinary drugs, with feed production, and a variety of animal husbandry products processing industry, such as meat processing industry, dairy processing industry, etc.. Therefore, the broad sense of the animal husbandry industry also often includes its services for the agro-industrial joint venture, such as various species of livestock and poultry companies, animal husbandry business joint company, with feed companies. Many developed countries in the world, regardless of the size of the land area and population density, the animal husbandry industry are very developed, in addition to Japan, the output value of animal husbandry accounted for more than 50% of the total value of agricultural output, such as the United States 60%, 70% of the United Kingdom, and some countries in northern Europe, 80% -90%. China since the 1980s, the growth rate of livestock production far exceeded the world average, the per capita production or output value of animal husbandry, is still lower than the world average. The main ways to develop animal husbandry include: adjusting the structure of animal husbandry according to local conditions, opening up sources of feed, improving animal breeds, strengthening feeding management, preventing disease, and improving the productivity of livestock per unit; while increasing the number of livestock.
CharacteristicsThe main characteristics and requirements of animal husbandry are:
(1) Its expansion of reproduction with the various types of livestock and poultry within the proportion of male, female, young and young animals have a very close relationship. Therefore, maintaining a reasonable herd structure is very important to accelerate the development of animal husbandry.
(2) feed is the basis of animal husbandry, only constantly solve the problem of feed, in order to accelerate the development of animal husbandry.
(3) the livestock industry is very high commodity, and the product is not easy to transport and easy to spoil. Therefore, the requirements of acquisition, processing, storage, transportation and other aspects of close coordination.
(4) animal husbandry for the natural conditions and economic conditions have a greater adaptability, that is, you can graze, but also can feed.
Due to the existence of these characteristics and requirements, therefore, the development of animal husbandry must be based on the natural and economic conditions of each place, according to local conditions, to give full play to the advantages.
Animal husbandry mainly includes cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, camels, pigs, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, rabbits, bees and other livestock and poultry breeding and deer, mink, otter, musk and other wild economic animals domestication industry. It is not only for the textile, grease, food, pharmaceutical and other industries to provide raw materials, but also for the people's lives to provide meat, milk, eggs, poultry and other rich food for agriculture to provide livestock and manure. Therefore, good animal husbandry production for the promotion of economic development, improve people's lives, increase exports, enhance national unity are of great significance. The conditions for the development of animal husbandry are: suitable natural conditions, that is, light, heat, water, soil suitable for all types of pasture and livestock growth and development, pasture area is larger, better quality, more types; there is a certain material basis, production potential is very large, can do with less investment, quick results, high returns; the majority of farmers have engaged in animal husbandry production of experience and skills, etc.. There are many types of animal husbandry, which can be divided into pastoral animal husbandry, agricultural animal husbandry and peri-urban animal husbandry according to the type of feed, livestock species composition, mode of operation.
Types of pastoral animal husbandryPastoral animal husbandry is a market-oriented type of agricultural geography, mainly distributed in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and other countries and regions. These regions have large arid and semi-arid climate zones. These areas are sparsely vegetated, unsuitable for planting, and the pasture is vast and suitable for livestock grazing, thus forming this type of agricultural geography.
Livestock:
In the United States, Argentina, cattle ranching plays an important role in the large pastures.
Sheep farming is important on large ranches in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
Representatives of the country
Argentina's Pampas grasslands on the ranch cattle ranching, because of its good economic efficiency, has become an outstanding representative of the world's large ranch operations. Pampas grasslands
mild climate, lush grass, is one of the world's excellent natural pasture; sparsely populated, and land rent is very low for the possibility of large-scale operation of the ranch; from the seaport close to the location of the advantages of the region, to promote the ranch of the commodity business. Before the arrival of Europeans, Indians were free to graze their livestock here. After the arrival of Europeans, the Pampas grasslands gradually surrounded by barbed wire around the large-scale grazing sites divided, rough self-sufficient ranching industry was replaced by intensive commodity cattle industry. The large ranches were owned by the ranchers, and the former free-range cattle ranchers were hired by the ranchers to graze their herds.
Argentina is a sparsely populated country that produces beef mainly for export. The passage of the railroad, easy to transport beef cattle to the port city slaughtered and processed for export; the invention of the sea freezer ship, so that the Pampas beef market expanded to Europe. In order to ensure the development of cattle ranching in the Pampas, the Argentinean people on the one hand, take the fence grazing, zoning rotational grazing, planting fodder, drilling wells to ensure that human and animal drinking water and pasture growth of water and other measures, so that the pasture does not deteriorate; on the other hand, breeding cattle, strengthen the cultivation of cattle breeding, as well as the study of cattle disease. Pampas livestock commercialization, specialization, regionalization, has become a typical pasture grazing industry.
CharacteristicsRanch grazing industry has a large production scale, high commodity rate, high degree of specialization.
Location conditionsmild climate, lush grass, sparsely populated, low land rent, flat terrain, close to the seaport, high level of science and technology.
Advantageous conditionsLow land price, sparsely populated, many grasses, lush growth, mild subtropical climate, close to the seaport, export convenience.
ManagementHigh commodity rate, large scale, cultivation of good breeding cattle, advanced freezing and preservation technology, improve transportation conditions, open up water sources to grow fodder.
Development Measures1. Cultivate good breed of cattle
The earliest good breed of cattle in the Pampas was brought by Europeans. Later, the Argentines intensified their research on the breeding of good cattle and herd diseases and have been world leaders in this field.
2. Improve transportation conditions
The Great Railway was built across the Pampas. In this way, beef cattle from the big ranches can be easily transported to the capital city of Buenos Aires for slaughtering and processing, and then loaded onto ships for shipment abroad.
3. Opening up water sources
Many wells were drilled on the grasslands to ensure the normal growth of pasture grasses as well as to provide drinking water for the cattle and people.
4. Growing fodder
Some fodder crops or pasture were grown to supplement the natural pasture during grazing.
Dairy Livestock IndustryDairy Livestock Industry is a commercialized and intensive type of animal husbandry geared towards the urban market, formed with the development of cities. The main object of production is dairy cows, and the products are milk and its products, such as milk powder, butter and cheese. The more developed areas of the dairy industry is mainly around the Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, and Australia, New Zealand and other places.
Western and Central Europe, some areas of the climate cool, humid, rainy and foggy, less sunshine, conducive to the growth of succulent pasture. In addition to the need for juicy pasture, dairy cows also need high protein concentrate feed. Western Europe dairy livestock region both planted high-quality pasture, but also planted concentrate crops. In the choice of location, Western Europe, a high degree of urbanization, people have the habit of drinking milk, and thus the production of milk-based dairy livestock industry is located in the surrounding large cities, while the production of dairy products dairy livestock industry is relatively far from the city. Western Europe dairy livestock industry mechanization degree is high, there are special automatic milking equipment, alleviate the labor shortage problem.
Pastoral developmentSince the founding of New China, China's animal husbandry has developed rapidly, the value of animal husbandry continues to increase, from 3.37 billion yuan in 1949 to 20.93 billion yuan in 1978; 1990, the value of animal husbandry output further increased to 196.7 billion yuan, more than 58 times in 1949 and more than 9 times in 1978; to 2010, the value of animal husbandry output has been More than 200 billion yuan, accounting for the proportion of the national agricultural output value of more than for 30.04%, can be seen with the increasing value of China's livestock industry, its position in agriculture has also been improved, in 2010, the livestock industry has become China's agriculture and rural economy, the pillar industry, its large-scale production, industrialization and management features prominent, regional layout, market-oriented features. By 2015, the proportion of large-scale livestock and poultry farming nationwide will have increased by 10-15 percentage points, and the output value of the livestock industry will have reached 36% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries. At the same time, it is also the first time to propose financial support for animal husbandry, and encourage conditional places to set up animal husbandry loan guarantee funds, guarantee companies, and provide services for the financing of leading enterprises in farming and processing. The introduction of financial policies is expected to enable large-scale farming enterprises to break through the capital, scale bottlenecks. The development of animal husbandry is promising.
Since the reform and opening up, China's livestock production infrastructure continues to improve, the rapid transformation of production methods, the comprehensive production capacity of the livestock industry and the ability to ensure an effective supply of the market continues to strengthen. 2010 China's meat, poultry and egg production ranked first in the world, milk production ranked third in the world. With the growth of production, China's per capita share of livestock products also continued to rise. In 1978, the national per capita share of meat, eggs and milk were only 9.1 kilograms, 2.4 kilograms and 1.0 kilograms respectively, and by 2010, the per capita share had reached 45.8 kilograms, 20.7 kilograms and 26.7 kilograms, which were 5.0 times, 8.6 times and 26.7 times more than that of 1978 respectively.
2010, China's urban residents are still in a steady increase in animal food consumption, "rising" stage, especially beef and lamb, poultry, liquid milk and dairy products, aquatic products, there will be a rapid increase in the trend. With the increase in income of the majority of rural residents, meat and egg consumption will see a rapid growth phase. The emergence of realistic demand for rural milk consumption may come some years later, but its potential will be greater. Overall, in the next 15-20 years, Chinese residents' consumption of livestock products will enter a period of steady growth. The development of China's livestock industry still has a large potential for development.
"Twelfth Five-Year" period of comprehensive production capacity of animal husbandry will be significantly enhanced, large-scale, standardization, industrialization further improved. It is expected that by 2015, meat, eggs, milk production reached 85 million tons, 29 million tons and 50 million tons, respectively, wool production reached 430,000 tons, animal husbandry output value accounted for the proportion of total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries reached 36%. Good prospects for the development of animal husbandry will continue to drive the veterinary industry to move forward steadily.
Types of divisionBased on the zoning principles and indicators of livestock zoning, in full consideration of feed resources, natural environment, feeding technology and social needs, as well as national habits and production characteristics of the regional differences in the basis of China's animal husbandry is divided into seven livestock regional types of zones, namely, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau region, Mongolia and New Zealand Plateau, Loess Plateau, Southwest mountainous areas, Northeast, the Huanghuaihai area, the East China Sea region; and partition outlining the resources of the livestock industry, the Huanghuaihai area, the East China Sea area. And sub-districts outlining animal husbandry resources, animal husbandry development conditions and the main problems, put forward the direction of the development of animal husbandry in each district and its main measures.
Agricultural areaAgricultural area to feed mainly livestock husbandry called agricultural animal husbandry. Agricultural animal husbandry is characterized by:
① food-consuming by-products-based animal husbandry. Livestock species are mainly more food-consuming pigs, poultry, livestock and goats, feed sources are cotton cake, soybean meal, hulls, bran, yams and other agricultural by-products, fodder aged grain, straw and weeds, wild vegetables, and the use of hillsides and sporadic grass grazing.
② part-time animal husbandry is more developed, such as dairy servitude or meat servitude cattle industry, horse breeding and donkey farming.
③ to house-feeding-based. In addition to short-term stubble grazing after the crop harvest, the rest of the time are in the barn for artificial feeding.
④ The proportion of feed costs is relatively high, generally accounting for more than 65% of the livestock fee. It can fully realize the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, with more detailed management and higher production level. The mode of operation is mainly the agricultural side business, as well as state-run ranches and animal husbandry specialists. Livestock husbandry in agricultural areas is still the main part of China's livestock husbandry.
PastoralIn the grasslands and desert areas, grazing-based animal husbandry is called pastoral animal husbandry. Livestock are mainly herbivores. Rough management, agriculture and animal husbandry are not closely integrated, seasonal fluctuations in the supply of forage, vulnerable to the threat of disastrous weather, livestock productivity is low and uneven. China's pastoral areas are located in the northern and western borders, including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi and other provinces, autonomous regions, *** there are 266 pastoral, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral counties (flags), the area of the country's total land area of more than 50% of the total number of head of livestock accounted for the country's total number of head of livestock, 22%. Development of the basic principles are: rational use and protection of existing natural pastures; focus on grassland construction and other construction, such as the development of water sources, grass storage and preparation, to improve the conditions of pastoral production; adjust the herd structure, the development of seasonal production, such as lamb slaughter, early fattening and slaughtering of beef cattle, Yang summer full of fat in autumn, avoiding the short winter thinning and spring lack of short; agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry combined with the development of; and the adoption of applicable technology, accelerate technological transformation and so on.
The first step in the development of the new technology is the development of the new technology.
GrasslandThe use of grassland to directly graze livestock, or grassland as forage mowing land to feed livestock husbandry that grassland husbandry. China's grassland from the nature of plant communities living, can be divided into natural grassland, artificial grassland, semi-artificial grassland three categories; from the distribution of grassland, can be divided into the northern pasture and the southern grass hill grass slope two categories. The problems of grassland animal husbandry in China are: degradation of grassland resources and low productivity level of animal husbandry. In addition to the insufficiently advanced mode of operation, it is also related to the poorer natural conditions in these areas. The main way to develop grassland animal husbandry is:
① Improvement of grassland.
② Expansion of artificial grass planting in places with conditions.
③ Construction of livestock sheds.
④ Strengthen the construction of service system.
⑤ Reform the unreasonable circulation system.
Semi-agriculturalAlong the Great Wall to the north and south in a narrow band, it is one of the main supply bases for service animals and meat animals in the agricultural areas. This area has historically been the alternating development of agriculture and animal husbandry changes in the region, with the Han Chinese operating pure agriculture and Mongolia operating pure pastoral production mode as a feature. Area of dry farming and grazing livestock interlaced distribution, animal husbandry both pure pasture grazing and agricultural areas with the characteristics of fodder. The natural grassland of Horqin Plateau and Damshang Plateau in the region is mainly used for grazing cattle, horses and sheep, and is an important production base for meat, milk and fine wool. In addition, Ningxia's Yanchi, Shandong Hui agriculture and animal husbandry, Tongxin and adjacent areas of Inner Mongolia, has always been to the development of beach sheep, produced by the two wool fur is particularly renowned.
SuburbanMainly distributed in cities and large industrial and mining areas around, to raise pigs, chickens, dairy cows and other livestock and poultry, for the city, industrial and mining areas directly provide meat, eggs, milk and other livestock products. In addition to suburban rural collective and individual livestock and poultry, there are dairy farms, large-scale mechanized pig and chicken farms, the formation of the technical level and the rate of commodities are higher in the city, industrial and mining areas of the base of non-staple food.
Talent resourcesIn China, higher animal husbandry personnel, mainly by the China Agricultural University and the distribution of the provinces (cities, autonomous regions) of agriculture (animal husbandry) institutions of higher learning to cultivate; medium animal husbandry personnel, mainly by the animal husbandry (agriculture) secondary vocational schools to cultivate, such as the Jilin Provincial School of Animal Husbandry and so on.
Pollution performanceLivestock and poultry pollution
Livestock and poultry excreta in the main components are nitrogenous compounds, calcium, phosphorus, soluble nitrogen-free substances, crude fiber, other trace elements, some drugs, the content of various components of the different varieties of livestock and poultry species, feed, feeding methods, and so on, with the manure discharged will be on the air, water, soil and so on, to produce pollution. Waste includes eggshells, offal, hair, blood and scraps, these wastes can become useful substances after timely recycling and processing, if not handled in a timely manner and discarded with the feces, then it will also become a pollutant together with the excreta.
Spreading **** disease
According to statistics, there are more than 90 kinds of zoonotic **** infectious diseases transmitted from animals to people, and the main carrier of these zoonotic **** infectious diseases is feces and excreta. In the case of pigs, the most typical is the parasitic disease transmitted to human beings, in June 2005 in Sichuan Province, there was a case of streptococcal disease in pigs transmitted to human beings, resulting in dozens of deaths. In poultry, the most serious case is the avian influenza virus infecting human beings, such as the case of avian influenza in Hong Kong that caused two deaths in 1997 and the case of avian influenza that occurred in Dingdang Township, Guangxi in 2004. In cattle, there is foot-and-mouth disease, in March 2001, a large number of even-toed beasts in the United Kingdom foot-and-mouth disease, in the treatment of sick animals in the occurrence of two cases of staff infection, as well as anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis infection is also common. In human and animal **** infectious diseases, virulent diseases pose a great threat to human beings.
Eutrophication of water bodies
Livestock feces and urine and livestock products processing plant sewage discharge is very easy to cause eutrophication of water bodies. These pollutants are discharged directly into natural water bodies, such as reservoirs, lakes, rice paddies and other waters without treatment. Aquatic organisms in the water, such as algae, get rich nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. and immediately reproduce in large quantities, consuming the oxygen in the water, threatening the survival of fish in the ponds, and even death. In the media is common in industrial sewage caused by fish death, in practice, livestock and poultry farms next to the fish ponds fish deaths often occur; in the paddy field so that the seedlings futile, collapse, late maturity or immaturity of the rice, so that the rice crop is extinct. Due to the proliferation of aquatic organisms, organic matter in the water at the bottom of the anaerobic decomposition, the production of thiols and other malodorous substances, so that the body of water blackened and smelly, "eutrophication" of the water body is difficult to re-purify and restore vitality, which is the production of livestock production of a major object of pollution.
Drug residues
Due to the development of large-scale, intensive animal husbandry, the use of large quantities of antibiotics and sulfonamides has become the main means of livestock and poultry disease control, due to the economic benefits of driving and the lack of scientific knowledge of the people, the phenomenon of abuse of drugs is widespread, resulting in livestock and poultry products (including meat, eggs, and milk) residues of drugs. These products are transferred to the human body through people's ingestion and affect the health. Such as chloramphenicol, which mainly harms the human hematopoietic system, causing disorders of anemia and even leukemia; organochlorine drugs in the DDT toxicity and stability, through the biological can be made to contain trace amounts of DDT enriched to the extent of serious carcinogenic hazards.
Heavy metal hazards
Heavy metal hazards are mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. Heavy metals can not be degraded into harmless substances, they enter the water and soil, some of them are absorbed by plants and animals, and there is a step-by-step enrichment effect, which can lead to poisoning of animals and humans, death or cancer.
Feed additives and growth promoters of livestock products of public health
Because of the human one-sided pursuit of economic efficiency, regardless of the additives and growth promoters to form the public health occurs from time to time. Such as June 1999 in Belgium, meat, eggs, milk contamination dioxin event, to Belgium and Europe caused huge economic losses; 1985 found the first case of mad cow disease in the United Kingdom, since 1996, France, Denmark, Germany and other countries in the European Union have been mad cow disease, to the European beef industry caused a serious blow, caused by the main reason is that the animal blood and bone meal used in feed additives. Growth promoters such as the common "leptin" (chemical name clenbuterol hydrochloride), added to the feed can make the pig production rate, carcass lean rate increased by 10%, although it can improve the economic benefits, but its residue to the people who eat the harm caused by the immeasurable.
Countermeasures against pollutionFormulate laws and regulations to prevent pollution, and strengthen environmental supervision
According to the specific development of China's animal husbandry and level, to find out a set of feasible quality standards for animal husbandry environment and livestock and poultry excreta and waste discharge standards for the existing large-scale livestock and poultry farms and new, rebuilt, expanded livestock and poultry farms planning and management, to provide the theoretical and legal basis for livestock and poultry farms, environmental governance Incorporate the environmental management of livestock and poultry farms into the management track of the legal system. The establishment of a sound professional livestock industry environmental quality supervision institutions, livestock and poultry farms in all aspects of the pollution caused by the corresponding provisions, mapping livestock and poultry farms and the surrounding air, soil, water, rivers, lakes and other pollution levels and the harm caused by the targeted measures in order to governance, to achieve the purpose of the environmental governance of the livestock and poultry industry.
*** The relevant departments should increase the management of pollution in the livestock industry
*** The department should be tilted through the policy to mobilize the livestock industry on the environmental pollution management of the enthusiasm, and encourage livestock enterprises in the operation of the continuous economic benefits at the same time, the reasonable arrangement of environmental protection and management of the investment, as well as the production of safe livestock products, in order to achieve the effect of sustainable development of the animal husbandry industry
Biofeeding
Bio-feedImprove the utilization of livestock and poultry feed, especially to improve the utilization of nitrogen in the feed, reduce nitrogen pollution in livestock and poultry manure, is to eliminate the pollution of animal husbandry production of the "root" of the move, in order to achieve this purpose, in addition to the use of cultivation of fine breeds, scientific breeding, scientific ingredients, set of human safety and can promote the growth of livestock and poultry additives, etc., but also set of ecological nutritional principles to Development of environmentally friendly feed.
Eco-engineering technologyThrough the construction of livestock ecological engineering, vigorously develop ecological animal husbandry, waste-free, pollution-free livestock production. Ecological engineering is the use of modern ecology, ecological economics principles and laws, the use of systems engineering to guide animal husbandry production, and will be through the economic and ecological virtuous cycle to realize the quality of animal husbandry, high efficiency and sustainable development.
Veterinary epidemic prevention systemLivestock and poultry disease is a serious danger to the sustainable development of animal husbandry key, according to the Ministry of Agriculture in 1993, livestock and poultry mortality survey estimates, pigs for about 12%, 20% of poultry, cattle 5%, and so on, the economic losses caused by a year of about 30 billion yuan, which is a shocking number. Therefore, only the establishment of a sound national top-down veterinary epidemic prevention system, to achieve national prevention and control surface, reduce the mortality rate of livestock and poultry, to ensure the healthy growth of livestock and poultry, so as to ensure the sustainable development of animal husbandry.
Safety and security systemThe use of livestock and poultry disease diagnosis and monitoring means, as well as to strengthen the livestock and poultry origin, slaughter, transportation, market and other aspects of the quarantine monitoring and gradually strengthen the feed and additives, veterinary drugs and biological products, animal health, harmful residues, livestock and poultry farms, environmental conditions, livestock and poultry products processing and sales process of the safety monitoring, in particular, we must strengthen the process of livestock and poultry products sales supervision and law enforcement In particular, we should strengthen the supervision and law enforcement in the sales process of livestock products, to eliminate unscrupulous traders with non-quarantine health standards of meat to disrupt the market, endangering people's physical and mental health, with green environmental production of green livestock products, in order to achieve sustainable development of human society, but also to promote and ensure the sustainable development of animal husbandry.
Problems1 The degree of standardization is not high, the overall production level is low
In the survey of 70 large-scale farms, basically to achieve the "six" standard (good breed of livestock and poultry, breeding facilities, standardized production, epidemic prevention and institutionalization of manure treatment harmless, supervision and regularity) of only 2, the proportion is extremely low, the degree of standardization and the European Union, the United States and so on, compared with the gap is very large.
2 feed veterinary enterprises overall strength is low, the market competitiveness is not strong
86 feed manufacturers surveyed, more than 80% of the annual production scale of less than 50,000t; 26 veterinary drug manufacturers, annual output value of more than 5 million yuan accounted for only 23%, compared with similar enterprises in sister provinces and regions, there is a large gap. Investigation of the 26 veterinary drug manufacturers, 18 are bought raw materials for simple mixing or sterilization of packaging, product technology content is low; 15 feed manufacturers in 12 of the introduction of technology, independent innovation capability is seriously inadequate. In terms of product research and development, only 5 of the 26 enterprises have set up a specialized R & D department, accounting for only 19.2%.
3 The service system needs to be strengthened, it is difficult to meet the work needs
30 animal husbandry technology promotion institutions, 73% of the unit working conditions can not meet the work needs. 56% of the counties and 40% of the townships have less than 70% of the technical staff in this specialty, and 17% of the counties and 50% of the townships have more than 50% of the employees over 46 years old. Among the 100 survey respondents, 69% of county stations and 60% of townships have tight working funds, making it difficult to guarantee normal work. Labor protection for animal husbandry and veterinary staff is lacking. The province's only Ansai and Wuqi and other individual counties for the epidemic prevention staff for medical insurance and accidental injury insurance and other commercial insurance.
4 lack of human resources, and industrial development is not coordinated
In the rural lack of young and strong, educated labor force phenomenon is prominent. 100 survey villages, the labor force in the age of 45 ~ 60 years of age accounted for more than 65% of the country above the level of literacy of less than 18%, directly affecting the promotion of advanced animal husbandry technology and management model; scale field lack of both professional and business know how to head the field, Manager type talents. In the survey of 70 large-scale farms, 48.5% are layman boss; technology promotion lack of modern animal husbandry development service-oriented talents. 30 animal husbandry technology promotion institutions, familiar with the design of the enclosure and equipment configuration of less than 8% of the technical staff, will interpret the DHI report of only 8 people, master the TMR technology of only 4 people; technical support the lack of laboratory testing, inspection talents. 20 county-level animal disease control center, can meet the normal work of the veterinary laboratory, and can meet the requirements for the veterinary laboratory. The county-level animal disease control centers, can meet the needs of veterinary laboratories to carry out normal work in only 11 counties, the existing human resources and the rapid development of animal husbandry is not coordinated.
5 constraints, lack of policy support
Investment, risk, pollution, loans, land, insurance, difficult, "three big three difficult" problem has become the main constraints on the development of animal husbandry. The average household own funds 5 ~ 80,000 yuan, but an annual output of 200 head of pig farmers need to invest about 180,000 yuan; construction of a "stone sheep model" (stone sheep broiler model is to stone sheep group as a leader, to take the "company + farmers" order mode, by the group and the farmers to sign a long-term feeding contract, guidance for the construction of standardized broiler rearing enclosure, unified supply of chicks, feed, medicine, vaccination, recycling of broilers) The investment required to build the enclosure for 5000 broilers is about 150,000 RMB, which is beyond the investment capacity of ordinary farmers; 68% of the survey respondents reflect that the big risk of epidemics is the main factor restricting the development of animal husbandry, and 51% reflect that the big risk of the market is the main factor restricting the development of animal husbandry; with the construction of new rural areas, the construction of ecological civilization, the integration of urban and rural areas, and the sustainable and healthy development of agriculture. Environmental pollution has become the main factor restricting the development of large-scale animal husbandry. 63 questionnaires reflect the difficulty of loans is the biggest obstacle restricting the expansion of animal husbandry production, 70 large-scale farms only 12 to obtain bank credit. 58 questionnaires reflect the difficulty of land use restricting the rapid expansion of large-scale animal husbandry. The lack of a comprehensive insurance system for high-risk farming, such as sows 1,000 yuan insurance policy and the cost of each sow more than 3,000 yuan price disparity is large, can not effectively protect the interests of farmers, livestock insurance system is not sound.