1, World Professional Championship
The World Professional Championship specially established for professional snooker players is the oldest and highest level snooker competition in the world today.
The first World Professional Championship was held on1October 26th, 1926, 165438. Due to the unremitting efforts of joe davis, a snooker star at that time, and his friend Bill Kamkin, the owner of a billiard hall, the Billiards Association and Management Club (BA&CC) agreed to hold it.
From 1926 to 1940, a total of 100 people participated in this tournament, with an average of 7 people per year. Today, more than 100 people participate in this competition every year, hoping to win the highest honor and reward in the world of snooker.
1976, the world professional billiards association (WPBSA) introduced the ranking system into this tournament. The ranking is based on the World Professional Championships from 1974. So in fact, the 1974 World Professional Championship was already a ranking tournament, although it was impossible for the players at that time to misunderstand this.
Since 1976, W.D. &; H.O.WILLS began to become a sponsor of this event. Therefore, from then on, until the 1990s, the World Professional Championship was named the Embassy World Professional Championship.
2. Fidelity International Competition (Fidelity Trust International)
Traditionally, the ranking match of snooker every season begins with the F.U.T international competition. At first, this international competition was called Jameson International Competition. After that, I have played GOYAMATCHROOM Cup and BCE International Championship. 1987, change to the current name. This is the second ranking competition after the World Professional Championship of the Embassy.
3. Rothman Grand Prix.
The Rothman Grand Prix started at 1982 and was originally called the Professional Players Championship. This is the first tournament organized by the promotion company of the World Professional Billiards Association (WPBSA). 1982- 1983 joined the Jameson International Competition as a ranking match. Since 1984, Rothman has joined the ranking match with this event. From 1984, rothman grand prix.
4. Commercial credit classics.
This event was originally called Wilson Classic, and later called LADA Classic. It was selected as the ranking match in 1984, that is, during the LADA Classic. After 1985, it was renamed as the classic of commercial credit.
5. British Open.
This open tournament started at 1977, and was originally called Super Crystal British Championship. 1979, renamed Coral British Championship. Since 1984 was designated as the ranking match, the type has changed and it began to be called Coral British Open. After 1986, it was also called TENNENTS British Open. However, after 1988, TENNENTS withdrew from the sponsorship.
6. British Open
It was first called the British Golden Cup, and later called the Yamaha Organ Cup. 1985, designated as ranking match. In the same year, sponsored by ICI company, the event was named after Dulux of their company. It's called Dulux British Open, Anglo-British Open and so on.
7. Canadian Masters.
The Canadian Masters was held at 1985 for the first time, and 1988- 1989 was designated as the ranking match. This is the first time that a ranking competition has been held outside the UK.
8.ICI European Open.
ICI European Open 1989 was held in France for the first time, and it was the second time that the ranking tournament was held outside the UK after the BCE Canada Masters.
Second, professional non-ranking competition
1, Master Benson and hedges.
The competition started at 1975, sponsored by the tobacco company GALLAHERS, and named after BENSON and HEDGES cigarettes produced by their company. Among the non-ranking projects, it is the most important and highest level. In all the world snooker competitions, its status is inferior to that of the world.
Only the former 16 players are eligible to participate. It is also the longest sponsored event in the history of snooker.
2. World Cup
The first World Cup was held in 1979. In professional competitions, sponsors are the most, including STATE EXPRERS, GUENNESS, CAR CARE PLAN, TUBORG, FERINA WINDOWS, etc. The World Cup is divided into team and individual events.
Rank according to the results of these competitions every year.
Tennis: 2. ATP- professional men's tennis association
ATP is the abbreviation of Tennis Professional Association, which can be translated into Professional Men's Tennis Association.
The ATP series includes the following six events:
1, Master Cup;
2. World doubles champion;
3. World team champion;
4. Tennis Masters Series, the so-called Super Nine Tournament;
5. International gold series;
6. International series.
The international series is the lowest level of ATP events, and its total prize money is divided into $400,000, $600,000, $800,000 and $6,543.8+00,000. The total prize money of the International Gold Series is 800,000,654.38+0,000 USD. Of course, the total prize money of the nine masters is more than 1 10,000, and their prizes are decided by their respective organizing committees. Our previous Heineken Open in Shanghai was the lowest level ATP event of $400,000. The total prize money of the Challenge Series is divided into the following categories: 25,000 US dollars, 50,000 US dollars, 37,500 US dollars plus free accommodation, 75,000 US dollars, 6,543,800 US dollars, 6,543,800 US dollars plus free accommodation and 6,543,800 US dollars. Take part in the $50,000 challenge. If you win the championship, you can get 50 points in ATP computer ranking and a prize of $7,200. Finally, let's talk about WTA. Its competition system is very simple, and it is divided into Tier 1-5 levels. The lowest level 5' s total prize money is 65,438+065,438+00,000 dollars, the fourth level is 65,438+04,000 dollars, the third level is 65,438+07,000 dollars and 225,000 dollars, and the second level is 585,000 dollars.
3. Professional Women's Tennis Association
The Professional Women's Tennis Association (WTA) was established on 1973. Its players are headquartered in St. Petersburg, Florida. Its main office is currently in Connecticut, and there is also a small branch in Europe. The WTA Tour is headquartered in Stamford, southwestern Connecticut, USA. Sports Science Department, Medical Department, Tour Operation Department and Player Relations Office are located in St. Petersburg, Florida, USA. The organization also has a European headquarters office in London. WTA is managed by the chairman and the board of directors. Most of them are active participants, while others are business consultants. The Council provides advice to the women's tennis professional association, which is the core institution of the whole tennis sport. Like men's tennis, WTA's main responsibility is to take care of all the players' problems. Players have their own agents in the Women's Tennis Association, and the Women's Professional Tennis Association decides all the rules of the whole tour and sponsors some exhibition games so that players can participate in some such games without worrying about conflicts with real professional leagues.
Course type
Tennis courts can be divided into outdoor and indoor, and have various court surfaces. This will be determined by economic factors. For example, lawn tennis is the most basic outdoor venue, but its establishment and maintenance costs are too expensive, so it is now replaced by an artificial court, which is cheaper and easier to maintain. In addition, a clay court is popular in Europe, and its French Open is such a court.
Lawn court (Wimbledon)
Lawn court is a kind of venue with the longest history and the most traditional significance. It is characterized by low friction between the ball and the ground, fast rebound speed of the ball, and very high requirements for players' response, agility, running speed and technology. Therefore, the grass is often regarded as the world of "offensive tennis", and various online offensive tactics such as serving and following the ball are almost regarded as the magic weapon to win on the grass tennis court, but it is difficult for the bottom line players to do it on the grass tennis court. However, due to the extremely high requirements for the characteristics and specifications of grass, coupled with climate restrictions and high maintenance costs, it is difficult to popularize it all over the world. At present, almost all the few lawn professional tennis tournaments are held in the British Isles every year, and the time is concentrated in June and July. Wimbledon is the oldest and most prestigious tournament.
Hongtuchang (French Open)
More accurately, it is a "soft court", and the most typical representative is the French Open Tennis Tournament on clay court. In addition, all kinds of common sand and mud can be called soft soil foundation. This kind of stadium is characterized by high friction between the ball and the ground and slow ball speed. Players will have a lot of sliding space when running, especially when they make an emergency stop, which determines that players must have better physical fitness, running and moving ability and more tenacious will quality than other courts. It is a great test for players to fight for the bottom line in this kind of venue. Players usually have to pay several times of sweat and patience to deal with their opponents at the bottom line. Winners are often not aggressive servers, but people struggling at the bottom line.
Hard court (Australian Open \ US Open)
Most modern competitions are played on hard court, which is also the most common and common venue. Hard court is generally paved with cement and asphalt, and the surface is coated with red and green plastic. Its surface is smooth and hard, and the ball bounces regularly, but it bounces quickly. Many excellent tennis players think that hard court tennis is more explosive and hard court is dominant in tennis matches, so we should pay special attention to it. It should be noted that the hard court is not as elastic as other courses, and the surface reaction is strong and stiff, which is easy to hurt players, and this kind of injury has cost many excellent tennis players a lot.
Carpet field
As the name implies, this is a "portable" rollable tennis court with a plastic surface and a nylon woven surface. Generally, special glue can be used to stick on the ground of asphalt, cement and concrete foundation with certain strength and hardness, and some can even be directly laid or stuck on any supporting ground. It is easy to roll, suitable for transportation and adaptable, and can be used indoors, outdoors and even on the roof. The speed of the ball depends on the smoothness of the field surface and the roughness of the carpet surface. In terms of maintenance, this kind of site is also very simple, as long as the ground is kept clean, undamaged and free of water (equipped with corresponding drainage facilities).
Rank according to the items specified by ATP or WTA (mentioned above) every year, and the expired points will be deducted from the original points.
Note: Four Grand Slams: 1. Australian Open (Melbourne Park Tennis Open in Australia, held every March) 2. French Open (Roland Galos Open) 3. British Wimbledon Tennis Open. U.s. Open.
F 1: competition system
F 1 Competition has been held for 45 years (1950- 1995), and * * has held 580 games. Among them, Europe held the most, * * * held 407 times, mostly in Monza, Italy, * * held 45 times, followed by Monaco, Zan Dehydration and Zan.
In the past, the streets and roads of the city were often used as the track, and the rules of the game were not perfect, which greatly restricted the players. With the appearance of professional track, the rules of the game are constantly improved, which makes drivers play better. Among them, it can be divided into two categories;
First, considering the safety and fairness of the competition, the FIA has formulated three principled rules.
In order to provide a relatively fair competition environment for the contestants, so that they can give full play to their respective potentials, the organizing committee has made clear regulations on all dimensions of the racing car, including the weight, dimensions, fuel type, cylinder and tire dimensions, and the installation of aerodynamic devices. Because this device exerts downward pressure on the tire, the speed can be increased.
In order to prevent accidents, the organizing Committee provided the most perfect safety measures. It stipulates the basic structure of vehicles, military tires, safety rubber fuel tanks, fuel flame retardants, safety helmets and other devices. It also specifies the dimensions for drivers to enter the cockpit and cabin. At the same time, it also stipulates the position of fuel depot and fuel in the maintenance station, and requires the protection measures of Zhumen.
The Organizing Committee stipulates that only 16 races will be held every year, and it is forbidden to increase the number of races to prevent heavy economic burden on teams and individuals. The cylinders of racing engine shall be oval, and the number shall not exceed 12. At the same time, there should be four-stroke interchange and natural inhalation. Two of the four tires in this car can be driven.
Because of the particularity of F 1 competition, there are very strict requirements on the length, width, road surface condition and safety measures of special track, in order to avoid danger. So the track is generally circular, 3? 7 kilometers, the total length of the track is 305? 320 kilometers, he generally can't have too long straight, and there should be wide grass or sand beside the track to reduce the threat to the audience.
For a qualified dedicated track, the following equipment is essential:
1, the track must have many corners to control the speed. The current track is 3 to 7 kilometers per lap, 7 to 1 1 meter wide.
2. The starting and ending straights should be able to place two cars side by side without being crowded, so it is generally required that12m is wide and 250m long.
3. For the safety of spectators, the stands must be separated from the track by railings and barbed wire with a height of1.2m..
4. The track must be equipped with cameras and TV towers to facilitate TV broadcast.
In order to let the audience in the stands see the whole process of the game clearly, a large-screen TV set must be installed opposite the stands.
6. The safety officer should set up an observation station in a relatively dangerous area, so that the safety officer can keep the track unobstructed at any time, handle emergencies in time, and send a potential dangerous safety signal to the driver.
There is a helicopter to give first aid to the injured driver.
8. In the protective place next to the maintenance station, there should be a medical station with an operating room and an emergency room.
9. Each team should be equipped with a permanent facility maintenance point.
10, the sponsor reception stand is located in the high stand behind the pit and must be able to overlook the pit.
1 1, there should be parking lots for transport vehicles and campers.
12. In order to facilitate the commander to contact the safety personnel through the radio device and ensure the smooth progress of the race, the race control tower must be set at the place where the entrance of the pit can be seen, that is, the second floor of the whole control tower.
F 1 competition schedule
2008 F 1 timetable:
March 16: Australia Station (Melbourne)
March 23rd: Malaysia (Sepang)
April 6: Bahrain
April 27th: Spain (Barcelona)
May 1 1: Turkey (Istanbul)
May 25: Monaco
June 8: Canada (Montreal)
June 22nd: France (Manicur)
July 6th: Britain (Silverstone)
July 20th: Germany (Hockenheim)
August 3: Hungary (Budapest)
August 24th: Europe (Valencia, Spain)
September 7th: Belgium (Spa-Fran? ois)
September 14: Italy (Monza)
September 28th: Singapore [confirmed as an evening performance].
10 June 12: Japan (Mount Fuji)
65438+ 10/9: China (Shanghai)
1 1.2: Brazil (Sao Paulo)
Every year, F 1 competition should choose different venues with different geographical conditions. Some of them are now on the plateau, and the thin air tests the physical quality of drivers; Some are racetracks composed of streets, with narrow and tortuous roads, and drivers will crash if they operate improperly; Some tracks seem to have wide roads, but they also have the skills to test drivers' uphill and downhill; Other tracks are built in dense forests, and the runway fluctuates greatly, making it difficult for drivers to control the car. Due to frequent racing accidents, the FIA requires that all tracks in the host country must have enough grass buffer zones. The ambulance personnel of each stadium must also be distributed in every corner of the stadium, and strive to run into the scene for rescue at the moment of the accident.
2007 /2000
Friday:
The first practice match: 90 minutes /60 minutes.
The second practice match: 90 minutes /60 minutes
Saturday:
The third practice match: 60 minutes /45 minutes.
The fourth practice match: 60 minutes (terminated in 2005) /45 minutes (limited to 10 test circle).
Rules for the 2008 Qualifying Tournament:
The first qualifying session: 20 minutes (in 2006-07, it was 15 minutes, and now it is 12 team, so the first session gave the small team more opportunities).
The second qualifying session: 15 minutes (also in the 2006-2007 season)
Qualifying in the third quarter: 10 minutes (in 2006-2007, it was 15 minutes, so the fuel consumed in qualifying in the third quarter will not be replenished during the competition).
Mode of 2006 -2007: Three qualifying sessions will be held, each session will last for 15 minutes, and six cars will be eliminated in each round, that is, 22 stops 16, 10.
Mode in 2005: the two-lap cumulative time system was implemented, which was later abolished in France and the one-lap ranking system was implemented.
Mode in 2003-2004: Two-lap qualifying system was implemented. The first qualifying match in 2003 was held at 2 pm on Friday, and the two rounds in 2004 were held on Saturday. The FIA stipulates that the first qualifying session will be held in the reverse order of the last race, and the second qualifying session will be held in the reverse order of the first qualifying session.
199 1-2002 mode: 1 hour qualifying system is implemented, but the number of laps of the efficiency circle is limited to 12, but the number of laps of the continuous efficiency circle cannot exceed 4 laps.
1990 mode: 1 hour qualifying system, unlimited laps.
Sunday:
Pre-competition practice: 20 minutes /30 minutes (this stage may be cancelled or restricted in 2008).
Competition: The FIA stipulates that the distance of each competition is not less than 305km, not more than 320km (except Monaco's 260km), not less than 1 hour, 10 minute and not more than 2 hours.
F 1 year championship is divided into two categories, driver championship and team championship. In the eyes of many F 1 experts, the value of the team championship is greater than the driver championship. The scoring method is the integral system, and the points of drivers and teams are cumulative. Team points are accumulated by the points of two drivers. If the race is forced to stop before 75% of the race, the points must be multiplied by 1/2, and the world champion of the driver and the team can be determined by accumulating points at each sub-station. If the final score is the same, compare the number of champions, runners-up and runners-up in each substation ... until one side is more than the other. If it is still the same, it is necessary to compare the fastest lap time and pole position in the race, and the final way will be decided by drawing lots.
2008 F 1 integral system
First place: 10 points
Second place: 8 points
Third place: 6 points
Fourth place: 5 points
Fifth place: 4 points
Sixth place: 3 points
Seventh place: 2 points
Eighth place: 1 minute