Let me answer, the types of social security systems in various countries in the world
So far, nearly 150 countries in the world have established social security systems. However, due to the different social systems, economic strength and cultural backgrounds of countries around the world, the implementation of social security systems takes time and length. Therefore, the social security systems of various countries have both similarities and differences in terms of policy orientation, system design, number of projects, specific standards and implementation methods. Based on the analysis and synthesis of the main aspects of social security, social security systems in various countries around the world can be roughly divided into five models: assistance, insurance, welfare, state security and self-help.
(1) Relief-type social security system
The rescue-type social security system refers to the state’s establishment and improvement of relevant rules and regulations on social security to ensure that every member of society is protected when encountering various situations. In the event of an accident, you can receive assistance and avoid falling into poverty. For people who are already in poverty, social security subsidies are provided to maintain their basic living. Its characteristics are: 1. The government passes corresponding legislation as the basis for implementing rescue. Citizens' application for and enjoyment of social assistance is their right to enjoy according to law, without humiliating conditions. It is different from the "charity" or "gift" of charitable institutions, and it is also different from the poverty relief and relief in the early days of capitalism. 2. The cost of social assistance is included in the government's fiscal expenditures, and its funds come from national taxes. Individuals do not pay insurance premiums. 3. The recipients of assistance are citizens, abandoned babies, orphans, disabled people, and the elderly who have fallen into poverty due to unemployment or natural and man-made disasters. 4. The standard of rescue is low level, limited to maintaining survival.
This assistance-type social security system is a single or multiple assistance system implemented before and after the beginning of industrialization. Measured by the standards of social security, it can only be said that it is in its infancy and is a rudimentary, immature and incomplete form in the social security system. This system is currently mainly implemented in some African countries with relatively slow development.
(2) Insurance-type social security system
The insurance-type social security system is implemented when industrialization has achieved certain results and the economy has a solid foundation. Its goal is for the state to provide citizens with a series of basic living security, so that citizens can receive economic compensation and protection when they are unemployed, old, disabled, or require special expenditure due to marriage, childbirth, or death. It originated in Germany and was later imitated by Western Europe, the United States, and Japan.
This kind of security system has the following characteristics: 1. The government passes legislation related to social security as the basis for implementation. 2. This kind of insurance is compulsory insurance. Individuals pay social security fees, business owners pay social security fees for employees, and governments of various countries allocate funds at different standards. Citizens can only receive various social security subsidies in accordance with the law after fulfilling their obligation to pay and obtaining the rights to enjoy them. For citizens, it is the unity of rights and obligations. 3. The coverage of security is large and includes almost all members of society. 4. There are various insurance items, which to a certain extent solve people's worries about life, old age, illness, death, unemployment, and disability. 5. Diversified sources of funds. It is conducive to forming a security fund and enhancing the economic backing of social security.
(3) Welfare social security system
The welfare social security system is a relatively comprehensive security implemented when the economy is relatively developed and the material living standards of the entire society have improved. form, its goal is to "provide every citizen with safety protection from all life and dangers from birth to death, such as disease, disaster, old age, childbirth, death, as well as widowhood, widowhood, loneliness, and the disabled." This system originated from the welfare policy of the welfare state. It was initiated in the United Kingdom and then became popular in the Nordic countries.
The main characteristics of the welfare social security system are: 1. Social security policy is a major policy of the welfare state, which is implemented in accordance with the law and has multi-level social security courts to supervise its implementation. 2. Emphasize the universality of welfare and the concepts of humanitarianism and human rights, and serve all members of society. 3. Individuals do not pay social security fees or pay low standards, and welfare expenses are basically borne by enterprises and the government.
4. The security items are complete, generally including all welfare security "from cradle to grave", and the standards are relatively high. 5. The purpose of security is no longer entirely to prevent and eradicate poverty, but to maintain a certain standard of life quality for social members and enhance personal security. It is necessary not only to meet people's social security needs, but also to start paying attention to meeting people's social welfare needs.
(4) National security-based social security system
The national security-based social security system is a social security system based on public ownership in traditional socialist countries and is a national security system. Its purpose is to "most fully meet the needs of people who are unable to work, protect the health of workers and maintain their ability to work." The state uses social security as one of the levers to solve the social and economic problems of labor. The former Soviet Union was the first and representative of this type. In the 1990s, the labor insurance system was established based on this model.
The characteristics of this national security-type social security system are: 1. The national constitution defines social security as a developing national system. The security rights enjoyed by citizens are guaranteed by the public ownership of the means of production and are based on National social and economic policies are achieved through the implementation of management within the entire national economy of the country. 2. All social security expenditures are borne by the government and enterprises, and individuals do not pay security fees. The traditional concept is that the state has reserved and deducted social security expenses in advance. 3. Trade unions organize the decision-making and management of social security undertakings. On the one hand, workers exert influence on social security through people’s representative institutions. On the other hand, trade unions from the grassroots to the central council participate in the implementation of social security. 4. The protection targets all citizens. The Constitution stipulates that everyone with the ability to work must actively participate in social production and provide material security to all members of society who are unable to work. The economic source of the guarantee is provided free of charge by the public funds of the whole society.
(5) Self-service social security system
The self-service social security system refers to a form of security that focuses on self-help and aims to promote economic development. It is characterized by the fact that the government does not provide funding. Except for public welfare and cultural facilities, the costs are borne by the employer and employees. This system is mainly implemented in countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, and has achieved remarkable results in countries such as Singapore.
Looking at the development process of social security in various countries around the world, due to differences in basic social systems and national conditions of each country, social security mechanisms and security levels are obviously different, and their impact on savings and consumption is also different. Countries generally use the ratio of social security expenditures to national income (or gross national product) as an indicator of the scale of social security expenditures in each country. According to this indicator, Japan is 13.8, Sweden is 49.0, France is 34.9, Germany is 29.7, the United Kingdom is 24.5, and the United States is 18.0 (all in 1991).
Obviously, Japan has the lowest social security payment scale, followed by the United States, while the UK, France, Germany, and Switzerland all have higher social security payment scales. Based on the different scales of social security payments and their impact on economic development, we divide major developed countries into two categories: one is low-security countries represented by the United States and Japan; the other is represented by the United Kingdom and Sweden. A high-security, high-welfare country.
The United States and Japan: Social security is a "stabilizer"
The correlation between social security and consumption in the United States and Japan is not clear
Same as in Europe Compared with developed countries, the level of social security in the United States and Japan is not high, but the two countries are completely different in terms of their consumption levels and savings rates. From an international comparison, the United States is a typical country with a low savings rate, while Japan is a typical country with an oriental style and a high savings rate. Relevant data shows that between 1970 and 1994 in the United States and Japan, the proportion of personal savings in disposable income in Japan was 15-20 percentage points higher than that in the United States; the proportion of personal consumption in GDP in the United States was about 10 percentage points higher than that in Japan, which is higher than the world average. It's still about 5 percentage points higher. It can be seen that although the United States and Japan are both countries with low social security, their savings rates and consumption levels are completely different.
It is generally believed that the high consumption behavior of American residents is mainly due to: (1) The U.S. government has had a huge fiscal deficit for a long time; (2) Consumer credit is very developed in the United States; (3) Since the 1980s, The U.S. stock market has developed rapidly, and the wealth effect has caused residents' consumption demand to increase significantly and savings to decrease. It can be seen that high consumption in the United States has little correlation with social security.
Japan’s high savings rate is mainly due to: (1) The Japanese people have the tradition of diligent and thrifty savings of the Eastern people; (2) Japanese residents have a very strong motivation to save for education; (3) Japan’s sustained and rapid economic development , causing residents’ wage income to grow faster; (4) the level of social security is low, which does not rule out the existence of motivations for saving for old age. From this point of view, Japan's high savings rate and social security seem to have a certain positive correlation, but it is not obvious.
The impact of the implementation of social security on economic growth
Although the impact of social security in the United States and Japan on savings rates and consumption is not obvious, the United States and Japan, as world leaders, For economically powerful countries, the implementation of the social security system has indeed played a "stabilizer" role in its economic development.
(1) It has played a positive role in easing the economic crisis, coordinating social contradictions and promoting social stability. The United States and Japan have adopted moderate social security measures to partially offset the decline in affordability caused by the massive unemployment caused by the recession, and have played a positive role in ensuring basic national income, certain consumer demand, and social stability.
(2) Social security regulates macroeconomic operations and increases effective social demand through the redistribution of national income. For example, most social welfare expenditures in the United States go to low-income families in the form of government transfer payments. Under the influence of higher marginal consumption of poor families or individuals, more than 90% of these transfer payments form social purchasing power, allowing the U.S. economy to maintain a relatively stable economy. High effective demand state. At the same time, institutionalized transfer payments and the progressive income tax system together constitute the "automatic stabilizer" in American economic life, playing a role in spontaneously adjusting the prosperity in the macroeconomic process.
(3) The government’s social welfare expenditures have made up to a considerable extent the lack of expenditures by individuals and families on labor force training and training, and have played a positive role in cultivating and developing the country’s human capital.
Medical
Singapore's health standards continue to improve, mainly due to the reduction of infectious diseases, the improvement of people's living standards, good health services, and strict health inspection measures. Government and private institutions have Providing a wide range of preventive, medical, rehabilitative and other health care services, the government heavily subsidizes its health care services to ensure that everyone can take advantage of these services.
Singapore *** has five government hospitals, 6 restructured government hospitals, 10 private hospitals, 13 government polyclinics, 10 outpatient clinics, 13 women and children's clinics and 1,000 There are more than 800 private practitioners, and permanent residents can also make use of the medical and dental equipment provided by government hospitals and polyclinics at the same fees as citizens.
Polyclinics
Government polyclinics provide comprehensive health services to the entire family. These clinics are located in major HDB town centers and residential areas. , the services provided by Fangfang Clinic to the public include maternal and child health care, immunization injections, testing for hepatitis B and other infectious diseases, physical examinations for the elderly, X-ray examinations and dental treatments, etc.
Patients seeking medical treatment for the first time must bring their ID cards. Children under the age of twelve must bring their birth certificates. After the patient completes the registration procedures, the clinic staff will issue him a diagnosis card and a Waiting in line to see the doctor’s number.
The consultation fee at the polyclinic is 7 yuan for adults, 5 yuan for adults over 65 years old and students under 18 years old. The cost of medicines is additional. The cost of medicines for one week is from 1 yuan to 1 yuan. The price ranges from four yuan; there is also a fee for lighting and blood tests, but the fees are low. The clinic is open from Monday to Friday from 8 am to 1 pm, and from 2 pm to 4:30 pm, Saturday Then from 8 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.
Government Hospitals
Government hospitals provide specialist outpatient services. Doctors from polyclinics and private practitioners can write letters of introduction to introduce patients to see specialist doctors in government hospitals. Patients can do this for the first time The fee for consultation is NT$40 to NT$50, and each follow-up consultation is NT$20 to NT$30.
The hospital fee depends on the ward level. The daily fee for "C" grade wards is NT$, and the daily fee for "A1" grade wards is NT$. ; In addition, laboratory tests, X-ray examinations and other services such as surgery are charged separately.
Private clinics and hospitals
The consultation fees of private practitioners generally start from 12 yuan. Depending on the nature of the treatment, private specialists, such as plastic surgeons or gynecologists, charge higher fees, starting from $50. Private hospitals and reorganized government hospitals charge higher fees than government hospitals, and the fees vary from hospital to hospital. Charges for a four-person ward start from NT$120 per day, and charges for a single ward start from NT$335 per day.
Elderly Health Care Program
In order to ensure that the elderly can receive medical care near their homes, the government has set up elderly health care centers in various HDB districts. Currently, there are six centers specifically for each district. Services for the elderly. Services at these centers include rehabilitation treatment, regular physical check-ups and elderly care courses for family members. The fee is about $5 to $5 per day; parents of permanent residents can also participate in the activities of these health plans if they hold long-term family visit permits and have settled in Singapore.
Family Doctors
There are several private clinics in all HDB estates. The opening hours are from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. Some clinics are open in the morning on weekends. It is also open from 9:00 to 12:00 noon; in order to provide your family with better medical care, it is best to find a doctor from a clinic near your home as a family doctor.
Social Welfare
Central Provident Fund
The Central Provident Fund was established in 1955 to provide financial and living support to retired people and people who have lost the ability to work. As for protection, the provident fund is a comprehensive social savings protection plan that protects people's health care needs, post-retirement living needs, housing purchase subsidies, and education insurance and other support.
Under the provident fund regulations, employers and employees are required to pay *** both. Employment pass and work pass holders are not required to pay provident fund. Singapore citizens and residents under the age of 55 are not required to pay the provident fund. For permanent resident employees who have been employed for more than two years, the employee’s monthly contribution is 20, and the employer must pay 12; the permanent resident employee’s first-year contribution is 3, and the employer must pay 5, and the next year the employee must pay 9, and the employer must pay 15; thereafter, the normal The government has gradually planned for the employer’s contribution rate to return to the original level of 20%.
Provident Fund Account
Provident Fund account*** is divided into ordinary account, health savings account and special account:
1) The deposits in ordinary account can be used to purchase housing. It can be used to purchase real estate, such as new HDB flats and private houses. In addition, it can also be used to purchase insurance, such as home insurance and dependents insurance. Members can also invest their deposits in approved stocks, bonds, unit trusts, fund management and gold, etc. , the deposits in the ordinary account can also be used to finance the tuition fees of children or themselves in tertiary education. It can also be used to pay tuition fees for all full-time diploma courses at six local tertiary institutions;
2) Medisave account: The savings in the Medisave account can be used for hospitalization expenses of the member, spouse, children, parents and grandparents. Their grandparents must be Singapore citizens or permanent residents; in addition, provident fund members can also use the savings in this account to pay; The premium of "MediShield Insurance Plan"; this insurance plan ensures that members have the ability to cope with huge medical expenses when they are seriously ill and need to be hospitalized or receive treatment for a long time;
3) Special account: in the special account The savings will be kept in the account for retirement, pension and emergency needs.
Provident Fund Interest Rate
Under normal circumstances, the savings interest rate of Provident Fund depositors corresponds to the interest rate in the market. However, under the legal protection of Provident Fund, depositors of Provident Fund are guaranteed to receive at least two The deposit interest rate is 5.5%, and longer savings plans can get additional higher interest rates.
Provide Fund Withdrawal
Depositors can withdraw the deposits from their provident fund accounts after reaching the age of 55, but according to legal requirements, a minimum deposit must still be retained in the account as Basic protection in old age. In addition to being able to withdraw deposits at the age of fifty-five, provident fund deposits can also be withdrawn when a member permanently leaves Singapore or becomes permanently disabled and mentally unstable. On the other hand, if a member continues to work after the age of fifty-five, Working, members can withdraw their deposits after every three years, i.e. at age fifty-eight, sixty-one or sixty-four, etc.
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