2. Causes of desertification
The factors that cause land desertification in some parts of western China include natural and man-made factors, of which the natural factors are the objective intrinsic factors for the occurrence and development of desertification, and the man-made factors are the social triggers for the development and intensification of land desertification.
2.1 Natural factors of desertification
Natural factors are mainly in the western part of China, especially in the northwestern inland due to the distance from the ocean precipitation, water shortages and uneven distribution of water resources, sunshine and evaporation is strong, high altitude windy winds, arid climate, sparse vegetation, soil erosion, wind erosion, and other natural conditions to create and the historical legacy of degradation of the land, the poor quality of the soil, the sandy desert land.
China is a serious water shortage, per capita freshwater resources of about 1/5 of the world, and the distribution of floods in the south and drought in the north is uneven, especially in the northwest with the growth of the population per capita water resources have declined significantly. With the warming and drying of the climate, China's western precipitation in the early 21st century than in the 1970s significantly reduced, the Yellow River since the 1990s often cut off the flow of the Ili River, the Tarim River, the Shule River, the Heihe River, and other rivers in recent years the amount of water is decreasing year by year, the basin of the water crisis is getting worse and worse. Most of the western part of China, especially the northwestern provinces and districts deep inland away from the sea, high altitude and many high mountains, so that the water vapor with the wind into the region and the number of ways to reduce the difficulty of precipitation is small (most of the below 400mm, many places even below 200mm, the least 15.4mm); coupled with strong evaporation from sunshine (evaporation from the east to the west of 800mm), which increases to 3000mm, this is a strong water crisis in the basin. Increase to 3000mm), which makes most of the western region of the land's natural water supply can not make ends meet, the drought intensified, the climate is dry, so the formation of continental arid climate, a serious impact on the development of local forest and grass vegetation formation and reproduction, resulting in the scarcity of vegetation on the ground, the lack of protection of the land is vulnerable to exogenous aggression to degradation, sands.
China's Northwest Plateau arid windy climate formed by the dry soil, in the role of strong wind erosion, organic matter, minerals, etc. by the wind away from the loss of long-term land barrenness, degradation and even sands, many of the desert land in the arid and windy conditions of the gradual formation of the migration and expansion.
2.2 Anthropogenic factors of desertification
The anthropogenic factors that cause land desertification mainly include the following aspects:
2.2.1 Indiscriminate and disorderly logging, over-exploitation of forest and grass vegetation resources, resulting in the destruction of the vegetation and the demise of the land degradation of the land exposed to sand. For example, in Brazil's domestic Ha inland river basin tropical rainforest area, due to people in 20 years of crazy destruction, so that 450 kinds of grass and trees into nothing, 204 kinds of birds completely extinct, inland river is blocked by quicksand, ecosystems out of balance, people want to cry. In the 1980s, when China's rural economic system was reformed, many collective forests were distributed to individual farmers, which were wantonly cut down and destroyed because of the neglect of the protection of forests; the northern part of our country, especially the northwestern provinces and districts, is mostly an arid and semi-arid region, with backward and poor socio-economic conditions and a large population, and people here, for the sake of basic survival and development, relax their control and care and let go of their forests, grasses, and vegetation in the ecosystems, which are already very fragile. In order to survive and develop, people here relax the management and care of the forest and grass vegetation resources in the originally very fragile ecosystem, and let them cut down the forests and trees indiscriminately, and dig up the shrubs and grass vegetation arbitrarily to satisfy the needs of production and life consumption, which results in serious damage to the ecological environment and the gradual extinction of the vegetation from the point to the surface, and from the vicinity to the far distance. For example, in the Hotan area of Xinjiang, because of negligence in the management of woodcutting and firewood burning, poplar, gray poplar and other natural desert forests have been destroyed for 57,000 acres in five years; in many places in the northwest of the country, there are also randomly digging and scraping of Chinese wolfberry, licorice, meat bush hibiscus, ephedra, hairy vetch and other natural Chinese herbal medicines and economic plants, so that the vegetation has been destroyed, and the role of forest and grassland vegetation in windbreaks and sand fixation, soil and water conservation has been lowered or even lost, thereby worsening the ecological environment of the land. Land ecological environment.
2.2.2 Blind cultivation and overgrazing have caused soil erosion and degradation of farmland and grassland. Our country has a large population and a long-term shortage of food, in this case, people for the sake of survival and unrestricted predatory development of the land, take the means of opening up the land for planting to increase food production, seriously damaged the original vegetation, land degradation, soil sand. In the grassland pastoral areas of the northern arid areas, the capacity of the pasture to carry livestock is limited, and only a limited amount of grazing can be done, but the reality is that almost all the pastoral areas have exceeded the reasonable amount of livestock carrying capacity permitted by ecological security (according to a survey, the overloading rate of livestock in the pasture of China's sandy areas is more than 50%, and in some areas it is even as high as 100%). Many areas due to the pasture carrying capacity is too large, due to grazing too much grass and make the pasture serious degradation, some places cattle and sheep and even the grass roots of the pasture are chewed, ecologists therefore believe that cattle and sheep are pasture plants "the first killers", overgrazing is the main reason for the degradation of the grassland.
2.2.3 Excessive and irrational development and utilization of water resources, resulting in arid desertification and salinization of land. Due to the shortage of water resources in the inland northwest of China, when there is no water on the ground to the underground mining, long-term over-exploitation led to a sharp decline in the water table, rivers and lakes dry up, the original growth of good vegetation due to the loss of shallow underground water support and a large area of death, so that the former "wind-blown grass low to see the cows and sheep," the prosperity of the place inevitably became a "wind-blown bare ground up the cattle and sheep". "Wind blowing the bare ground dust" of the sand source; and some places also in the water source upstream of the development of high watering land only irrigation and not drainage, so that saline and alkali in the lowlands continue to accumulate, so that the secondary salinization of the land serious occurrence, so that the lowlands of the vegetation by saline and alkali hazards withered, farmland was also forced to abandon the cultivation of saline and alkaline desert, and the desert into a poor Ecological environment of a pair of "twin brothers", the two "woeful".
2.2.4 Indiscriminate application of pesticides, indiscriminate hunting and killing of beneficial insects and wildlife, so that the parasitic pests in the forest and grass vegetation due to the loss of natural enemies and rampant harm to the forest and grass. Arbitrary use of toxic and harmful pesticides, indiscriminate hunting and trapping of wild animals, seriously endangering the ecological food chain of pests, rodents and rabbits of natural enemies, resulting in the rampant occurrence of harmful insects, rodents and rabbits, seriously endangering the forest and grass vegetation. In the ecosystem of grassland, forest and farmland in the arid and semi-arid areas in the north, the harmful pests and rabbits and their predatory natural enemies of insects and animals are mutually exclusive in the food chain, and they were originally in a dynamic balance and a state of mutual constraints, but due to the casual use of pesticides to kill and hunt and kill the natural enemies of insects and wildlife, so that the number of pests and rabbits and the population of the natural enemies of insects and rabbits has been sharply reduced, and the ecological balance of the natural ecosystem has been broken, and the harmful pests have become rampant. The pests of rodents and rabbits and then rampant occurrence of disaster, seriously endangering the grasslands and trees. In Inner Mongolia prairie, Qinghai Sanjiangyuan area forest and grass vegetation resources by pests and rabbits is particularly serious, not only reduces the forest and grass vegetation to prevent wind and sand, maintain the function of homeland security, but also make the capacity to carry livestock decreased significantly. In order to change this situation, the state to take appropriate measures to prevent and protect, and had to invest a lot of human, financial and material resources to prevent and protect.
2.2.5 Industrial and transportation production contributes to desertification. Modern industry, transportation production, life construction development and utilization of land resources, and emissions produce greenhouse effect, triggered soil erosion, land pollution, high temperature drought, etc., contributing to the abuse of land desertification. The modern industrial revolution has greatly promoted the development and progress of human society, which has brought immediate benefits to human beings, but also made modern people suffer a lot. In the process of construction of industrial and mining enterprises, transportation and road construction, production and life not only destroyed the original landscape and vegetation, but also produced and discharged a large number of toxic and harmful solid waste pollutants and high-temperature gaseous CO2, etc., resulting in landslides, collapses, cracks and depressions, and the destroyed land in the long-term erosion, drought and exposed wind erosion after sand; the land contaminated with wastes has also become the waste of the land of the death of the grass does not grow; in the production of In the process of production and life of a large number of emissions of CO2 and other hot smoke gases, global warming, the greenhouse effect is becoming more and more prominent, resulting in drought is also becoming increasingly obvious, the world therefore lose hundreds of billions of dollars a year. Especially today, individual countries for their own economic interests, refused to sign the human control of CO2 emissions of the Kyoto Protocol, directly affecting the control of industrial emissions, it is disturbing.
2.2.6 Lack of awareness, unsound legal system, lax law enforcement, ineffective management, prevalence of bureaucratic corruption, disputes and wars, and man-made fires are also important factors leading to land desertification. In the forestry industry, there are all kinds of corruption, which has caused great losses to the forestry industry but has not attracted enough attention. We know that the construction of the fourth phase of the "Three Norths" protection forest project has been launched, in the project construction costs, in the project's "huge" construction achievements, who knows how much is made up of false declarations and falsifications by some local governments and project implementation units. ; Especially detestable is that many bureaucrats to create a name, Zhang Guanzhi will be national debt funds into their own pockets, thus making the prevention and control of sand and other ecological construction has become a virtual thing, so the impact of the damage, weakened and delayed the land desertification management efforts and process.
3. Desertification prevention and control countermeasures
Desertification management by a local department, or even a few people a method is difficult to work, it must be the whole society to take action, forestry, agriculture and animal husbandry, water conservancy, environmental protection, economy, science and technology, justice, publicity, education and so on multi-pronged, to take the legal, administrative, economic, technological and other integrated management countermeasures. Specifically, the main measures should be taken as follows:
3.1 vigorously afforestation and planting of grass, move to reduce population pressure, improve the use of energy, legislation to establish the protection of the law enforcement efforts to increase, exemption, curb, prohibit all acts of destruction of the natural ecological environment. The CPC Central Committee and State Council made the strategic decision of "Western development, ecology should be the first", and launched the implementation of a series of ecological environment protection and construction projects, such as returning farmland to forests, returning pasture to grassland and protecting natural forests, which created a good opportunity for people to enter and retreat from the sand and preventing and controlling desertification of the land, and thus created a new situation of preventing and controlling sand and maintaining land security in China. This has created a new situation for China to prevent and control sand and maintain land security, and effectively curbed the development trend of land desertification. Attaching importance to the ecological construction and protection in the north, the ecological migration in the ecologically fragile areas is carried out in a planned and step-by-step manner; in the areas with the conditions, the application of biogas, wind energy, solar energy technology and resources is promoted, so as to avoid the destruction of forests and vegetation due to the consumption of energy by burning wood; at the same time, the legal system for the construction and protection of the ecological environment in the west is set up and the system of one-vote veto for the ecological destruction is implemented; the law enforcement efforts in the prevention and control of sand and sand and in the protection of the ecological environment are intensified, and severe crackdowns are made on the development of the land desertification trend. Law enforcement efforts, crack down on indiscriminate cutting of forests and trees and other destruction of natural ecological and environmental resources of all kinds of illegal and criminal behavior and the sand control work of irresponsible bureaucrats and polluters.
3.2 The implementation of the legal use of land reclamation system, the development of ecological intensive agriculture, reasonable limits on animal husbandry. Formulation of sand control planning, delineation of forbidden agriculture, forbidden pasture, forbidden woodcutting area, to take the fence marking forbidden protection measures, the establishment of closed captive breeding, resting rotational grazing limited grazing system, the implementation of the return of pasture to grass project, and vigorously cultivate artificial high-yield grassland, reduce the amount of natural pasture livestock, shorten the natural pasture grazing time in order to slow down the pressure of natural grassland pasture. The Chinese Academy of Sciences Plant Institute in Inner Mongolia Hunsandak sandy area using a small area of efficient land to plant efficient red corn for a large number of captive livestock to provide fodder, a better solution to the development of livestock in arid, semi-arid grassland areas and the protection of the environment contradictions, has a typical representative significance is worth demonstrating the popularization of the application.
3.3 According to the law management, scientific deployment and rational development and utilization of water resources, to protect the ecological water needs. First, the establishment of limited water resources, water conservation, recycling and treatment of water thought and mechanism to change the water is "inexhaustible" point of view. In both urban and rural areas, we advocate water conservation and rational water use. In urban industrial and mining areas, focus on the construction of large-scale sewage treatment plants to solve the problem of wastewater reuse and alleviate water shortages; agricultural production should change the backward irrigation methods, and promote water-saving irrigation. Secondly, establish and improve the water resource fee collection system, raise the price of non-ecological water use and excess water use, and use economic means to restrict the water use of urban industries and so on. Thirdly, establish a unified dispatching and compensation system for the whole basin, and take measures to release water from upstream reservoirs during the summer peak season, especially in drought years, to ensure the supply of ecological water for domestic use in the whole basin; at the same time, in accordance with the market economy principle of "whoever benefits pays", establish an inter-regional compensation mechanism for the whole basin, i.e., the downstream areas that benefit from the water use directly pay a certain amount of compensation fees for the resources by means of taxes or other means, and subsidize the upstream areas in planting trees and forests. The upstream area will pay a certain amount of resource compensation fee by means of tax or other means, which will subsidize the upstream area to plant trees and forests to conserve water, maintain soil and water, develop water-saving irrigation, and build sewage treatment plants to make up for the economic loss of the upstream area due to taking care of the water use of the downstream area and to prevent the drought and desertification, which is said to be able to realize the upstream and downstream win-win situation of the whole basin. Fourthly, the management of groundwater resources should be strengthened and policy measures should be taken to restrict the exploitation of groundwater resources, to combat illegal exploitation of groundwater resources and to prevent the decline of groundwater level.
3.4 Combating indiscriminate hunting, rational use of pesticides, and advocating ecological prevention and control to realize the sustainable development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry ecological economy. Increase the fight against indiscriminate hunting of wild protected animals, curb and reduce indiscriminate hunting of wild animals; encourage the use of biological pesticides, limit the use of high residue pesticides, prohibit the use of highly toxic pesticides, protect and develop natural enemies of insects and wildlife, use ecological prevention and control technology, pests in the ecology of forests and grasses, rodent control, curbing pests, pests and breeding hazards, pests, pests and naturally controlled in the Economic threshold, in order to prevent the degradation of woodland and grassland farmland sand, to ensure the sustainable use of land resources, to achieve ecological, economic and social benefits of the coordination and unity of the ecological, forestry and animal husbandry to achieve sustainable development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry ecological and economic.
3.5 Establishment of production and construction project land environmental assessment and approval system. The implementation of project ecological and environmental protection assessment and demonstration, project approval system, in order to facilitate the sustainable development of industrial and agricultural production and ecological environment and economy, conducive to the land ecological environment and the sustainable use of resources as a criterion for the measurement of all construction projects, through the assessment and demonstration of the superiority of the inferiority of the winners and the elimination of the advantages in addition to the disadvantages of the high energy consumption, high water consumption, high emissions, unfavorable land ecological environment of the production of the construction project, with the restriction, stop, ban, shut down, Turn and other methods to be dealt with, to prevent the exchange of economic growth, so that the natural ecological environment of the land suffered damage.
3.6 Preventing and controlling corruption as a supporting measure for sand control. The establishment of sand control ecological projects and seedlings and seeds and other ecological construction materials government organizations bidding and construction and procurement supervision and reimbursement system to curb grass-roots, departmental bureaucratic corruption, to ensure that sand control and other construction projects such as the construction of special funds can be truly used for sand control and sand control. The national establishment of the implementation of the construction project construction, medical equipment products, such as open bidding construction procurement and supply system, the relevant aspects of the corruption of the wind, save money, and the good thing to do a good job; the national sand control and other ecological construction projects should be used as a lesson to establish an open bidding construction, procurement and supply system, in order to curb the corruption of the construction of sand control and to do a good job of the project.
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3.7 Increase publicity and education efforts to enhance people's awareness of sand control. Through all-round, multi-level, regular ecological construction and protection of publicity and education, the organization plans to create and broadcast ecological public service advertisements that can enhance people's awareness of sand control, to create a good cultural and public opinion atmosphere, so that the whole society, at all levels, especially in the arid and semi-arid areas of the west of every person, from the depths of their minds, have a conservation of water, sand control, and protection of the environment awareness, establish "Protecting land resources and environment is honorable, destroying land resources and environment is shameful" idea.