it is not an advantage if the prey can produce a toxin that can kill the predator. Because, when a predator is hurt, not only will it not prey on that kind of thing in the future, but it will also warn its own kind not to prey on that kind of thing. For the prey, this is more conducive to protecting its own kind than killing the predator.
Of course, this is the case in general, and there must be something special. For example, a kind of vengeful animal will try to kill its prey but not eat it after it is hurt while preying. Also, when predators are very hungry but have nothing else to eat, they will risk being hurt to hunt. Of course, it is more beneficial to kill predators in these two situations
2. Impact of Wenchuan earthquake on ecological environment < P > The earthquake-stricken area is an important ecological function area in China, and the earthquake has caused great damage to local environmental protection facilities, ecosystems and environmental supervision capabilities.
through the preliminary analysis of the ecological environment impact in the earthquake area, we can draw the following five conclusions: First, the environmental quality in the disaster area is generally stable, but the long-term impact cannot be ignored. Due to timely response and proper measures, the environmental quality of the disaster area was generally stable after the earthquake. No major secondary environmental incidents occurred in the disaster area, all nuclear facilities were in a safe state, and no radioactive materials were found to leak into the environment. However, considering that the Wenchuan earthquake is a tectonic earthquake, there are still aftershocks, and its impact on the environmental system and ecosystem will continue. In addition, the construction intensity of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction in the earthquake-stricken areas will be great, and the risk of environmental accidents will increase when enterprises resume production. With the deepening of understanding and analysis, the comprehensive, complex and long-term impact of earthquakes on the ecological environment system will gradually emerge.
Second, the natural ecological environment is seriously damaged, and the ecological function is obviously reduced. The earthquake disaster destroyed a large number of vegetation, induced a large number of secondary disasters, and reduced the service functions of the ecosystem in water conservation, soil and water conservation, biodiversity protection, etc. The habitats of rare and endangered species have been seriously damaged; It aggravated the fragility of ecological environment and increased the arduousness and complexity of vegetation restoration; The risk of secondary environmental disasters such as flash floods and mudslides has increased, and the annual increase in soil erosion in post-disaster areas will reach millions of tons, which seriously threatens the ecological security of Chengdu Plain and even the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Third, the ability of environmental supervision and pollution control has declined, making it more difficult to improve environmental quality. After the disaster, the ability of regional environmental supervision was seriously damaged, and the basic abilities such as environmental monitoring, environmental monitoring, nature reserve management and radiation environmental supervision were seriously damaged. The basic conditions and guarantees of environmental supervision were reduced, and the environmental supervision in disaster areas was out of control, which aggravated the difficulty of environmental quality control. In addition, a large number of pollution control facilities in the region have been damaged, and the ability to guarantee the quality of water, soil and atmospheric environment has been affected to some extent, increasing the possibility of potential environmental incidents. To a certain extent, it is more difficult to improve the environmental quality in disaster areas.
Fourth, the earthquake disaster triggered new secondary environmental risks. Some enterprises in the chemical, manufacturing, food, smelting, building materials, pharmaceutical and other industries in the disaster area may release dangerous chemicals such as highly toxic and corrosive due to serious damage, thus causing new environmental risks. With the passage of time, the degradation of dead organisms will accelerate with the increase of temperature and rainfall, which will have a great impact on the environment. At the same time, in the process of earthquake relief, there may also be greater environmental security risks. The pollution of domestic garbage and domestic sewage in temporary resettlement sites has caused great bearing load and environmental risk to the environment; In some areas, there is excessive use of pesticides, which is also a great threat to the environment.
Fifth, the regional differences of ecological environment impacts will challenge the post-disaster ecological restoration. The arid valley area is densely populated and the ecological environment before the earthquake is very fragile. After the devastating earthquake, a large number of landslides and mudslides occurred, and the destruction of natural vegetation was very serious. In addition, the harsh natural conditions in the arid valley made the natural recovery ability of the ecological environment in this area weak and the recovery process was slow. The earthquake had obvious impact on the natural ecological environment in this area, and the post-disaster reconstruction faced greater ecological environment pressure. The contradiction between ecological protection and economic development became more prominent, and the ecological environment would further deteriorate. In the mountainous area near the basin, the population is relatively dense, and the environmental hazards such as the destruction of environmental protection facilities and the leakage of pollutants from industrial and mining enterprises caused by the earthquake are relatively serious, and the environmental quality of water, atmosphere and soil is seriously affected.
there is also a lack of research on the impact of earthquakes on ecosystems and biological effects. Wenchuan area is very characteristic, the local geological structure is particularly fragile, and the mountains and canyons are steep. Whether it is raining or drought, the rock strata will loosen and collapse from time to time. Strong earthquakes will destroy and affect the ecological environment in many ways, which will not only have serious consequences for the growth and survival of animals and plants in nature, but also have an impact on agriculture. Wenchuan area belongs to the alpine valley area, with loose phyllite and gneiss as the main strata structure, poor geological conditions and fragile ecological environment.
the impact of Wenchuan earthquake on the local ecological environment is mainly reflected in the destruction of vegetation and farmland. A large number of vegetation in the middle and upper part of the mountain will be destroyed, thus forming a barren trail; At the same time, some animal and plant habitats in this area will be lost, affecting rare animal and plant resources, such as giant pandas in this area; However, agriculture in Wenchuan, Maoxian, Lixian and other areas is mostly in the valley area and the slope in the middle and lower part of the mountain, which is easily washed away by mudslides, thus losing a lot of cultivated land. A large number of farmland was flooded and destroyed, resulting in a sharp decrease in farmland area. In addition, the newly covered alluvial exotic soil has low fertility and farming performance, and the land productivity may be greatly reduced.
In addition, the damage of the earthquake to agricultural production facilities can not be ignored, and the impact on agricultural production in the later period is obvious. Although there is still no specific statistics on the number of disasters, agricultural production facilities, agricultural means of production and production tools have been damaged after the earthquake, and productivity will be damaged to a considerable extent. However, agriculture in the old disaster-stricken areas that have experienced earthquakes will still face many problems, including insufficient funds, weak technology, and outbreaks of pests and diseases.
The measures we should take in agriculture are as follows:
First, investigate and evaluate the agricultural impact, and count the area, type, distribution and potential impact of damaged farmland. As a natural factor affecting agriculture, earthquake should strengthen the monitoring and monitoring of its biological effects on grain production. Then, speed up the restoration and reconstruction of damaged farmland in the disaster area. Then, adjust the agricultural structure to meet the basic needs in the short term and restore productivity in the long term. In the short term after the disaster, food supply will be a big problem. Therefore, we should abandon the original planting mode with long production cycle and adjust it to grain crops and vegetables with short production cycle, such as wheat, highland barley, potatoes and corn, so as to meet the basic life after the disaster as soon as possible. In the long run, agricultural production should be combined with restoring land productivity.
finally, strengthen policy support for agricultural production recovery. For example, increase subsidies and subsidies for local agriculture, repair farmland water conservancy and breeding sites, strengthen the guidance of production technology, provide preferential credit policies and other aspects of support. Next, establish experimental sites in appropriate areas of field stations, preserve the ecology of some sites damaged by earthquakes, conduct long-term positioning observation and research, understand the potential long-term impact of the ecological environment caused by earthquakes and the response and adaptation process of organisms, and compare the natural succession process of sites formed by earthquakes with artificial restoration.
Keep some earthquake sites, carry out monitoring and research on the long-term ecological restoration process of the surface on the spot, deeply understand the long-term ecological impact and biological adaptation process caused by the earthquake, and carry out comparative research on natural restoration and artificial restoration after the earthquake. Faced with this situation, the following measures should be taken:
1. Improve the level of governance and protection to ensure the safety of nuclear and radiation environment
(1) Conduct nuclear and radiation safety assessment and do a good job in facility safety supervision. Strengthen the supervision of radioactive sources at the municipal level and improve the construction of urban radioactive waste repository. Accelerate the decommissioning of nuclear facilities and the remediation of contaminated sites. Improve the radiation environment monitoring network in disaster areas and build a radiation safety early warning and monitoring system. As soon as possible, comprehensively investigate the environmental impact of various secondary disasters caused by earthquakes on urban and rural centralized drinking water sources, and take targeted measures to restore and improve the water quality of water sources. Continue to carry out the division of centralized drinking water source protection areas in disaster areas, and implement closure and ecological isolation of the first-class protection areas during the recovery and reconstruction period. Carry out comprehensive improvement of drinking water sources in disaster areas. Resolutely ban sewage outlets in water source protection areas. Prevent and control the pollution of drinking water sources caused by secondary environmental disasters such as pathogenic microorganisms, petroleum and pesticides caused by earthquakes. Strictly restrict the construction of chemical, papermaking, printing and dyeing enterprises with serious pollution in the upstream of drinking water source protection areas. The original polluting enterprises in the water source protection areas are prohibited from resuming operation after being destroyed, and the polluting enterprises in the water source protection areas are gradually shut down and transferred. Establish an early warning and emergency mechanism for water sources. Establish an emergency safeguard system for drinking water sources, including pollution source early warning, water quality safety emergency treatment and water plant emergency treatment.
(2) speed up the restoration and construction of urban sewage treatment facilities and improve the urban water environment
(3) scientifically implement the restoration of water ecosystem in disaster areas
carry out comprehensive improvement of river basins and restore the water ecosystem. Focus on the ecological restoration of severely damaged rivers, lakes and wetlands in the hardest hit areas, and carry out comprehensive improvement of the affected watersheds and key small watersheds in a timely manner according to the principle of nature conservation, and promote the prevention and control of non-point source pollution according to local conditions
II. Comprehensively deal with the solid waste pollution in the disaster areas and repair the contaminated soil
(1) Effectively clean up the ruins and reuse the abandoned resources
Clean up and discard the ruins in stages and steps according to the principles of reduction, reuse and recycling. Give priority to hazardous wastes and environmentally sensitive areas.
(II) Accelerate the construction of regional hazardous waste and medical waste disposal facilities
Strengthen the supervision of the whole process of medical waste generation, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.
(3) repair damaged domestic waste treatment facilities as soon as possible, and speed up the process of harmless treatment
(4) speed up the remediation and treatment of contaminated sites
comprehensively carry out the investigation of contaminated sites in combination with the requirements of enterprise restoration and urban reconstruction planning. Establish a system for risk assessment and remediation of contaminated soil. Carry out demonstration of treatment and restoration of high-risk areas and heavily polluted soil.
3. Restore the pollution control facilities of enterprises, and promote the orderly layout of industries to promote development
(1) Carry out the risk investigation, restoration and transformation of pollution control facilities of enterprises in an all-round way
Regard the restoration of pollution control facilities, the formulation of emergency plans and the implementation of risk prevention measures as the requirements for enterprises to resume production, and improve their awareness of environmental risk prevention. Conduct comprehensive risk investigation and assessment of damaged pollution control facilities in a timely manner, distinguish different environmental risks and priorities according to the principle of "classified management and promoting production", and put forward different rectification requirements.
(2) eliminate, restore and upgrade simultaneously, and promote new industrialization
The recovery and reconstruction of industries should start from a high starting point, and the environmental access of high-risk polluting industries should be strictly controlled to avoid the repeated development of low-level industries. In the process of reconstruction and new construction in disaster areas, the environmental impact assessment system should be strictly implemented, combined with promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, eliminating backward production capacity and promoting technological progress of enterprises to promote industrial upgrading and sustainable development.
(III) Guiding the reconstruction of disaster areas according to the reconstruction ecological risk and environmental capacity
The population should be moved out as far as possible or concentrated in a few livable flat dam areas in the reconstruction ecological extreme risk area. If construction is really necessary, the scale of the city should be reasonably controlled. Strictly restrict the development of industries and trades that cause serious damage to the ecological environment, prohibit the construction and restoration of highly polluting enterprises, and focus on the development of eco-tourism. To rebuild the ecological high-risk area, we should strengthen ecological protection and construction, and restore the natural ecosystem in this area by means of artificial assisted natural restoration. It is necessary to rationally choose the development direction, adjust the regional industrial structure, develop characteristic industries that can be carried by resources and environment that are beneficial to the development of regional leading ecological functions, and restrict or prohibit industrial development that does not meet the needs of protecting leading ecological functions. The carrying capacity of resources and environment in the risk area of ecological reconstruction is relatively high, so development and construction should be limited. The carrying capacity of resources and environment in the reconstruction low-risk area is relatively high, the ecological environment risk caused by development and construction activities is relatively low, and the reconstruction conditions are relatively good. Reasonable industrial layout according to atmospheric environmental capacity. Reasonable industrial layout according to the environmental capacity of surface water.
Fourth, protect biodiversity and promote the restoration and reconstruction of natural ecosystems
(1) Give priority to the restoration of national and provincial nature reserves
(2) Actively restore the ecological functions of important ecological function areas
(3) Focus on the restoration of key sensitive areas and ecological demonstration areas, and carry out ecological restoration demonstration projects
Fifth, restore and improve supervision capabilities to ensure the environmental safety of reconstruction
. Reinforce damaged business premises; Rebuild damaged business premises; Improve the construction of district and county environmental protection institutions.
(2) Enhance the environmental emergency response capability in disaster areas
Build a mobile monitoring system.
(3) promoting the construction of environmental monitoring and monitoring standards
(4) promoting the construction of special monitoring capacity
(5) further improving the regional environmental monitoring capacity
(6) establishing a medium-and long-term ecological environmental impact monitoring and evaluation system in disaster areas
implementing investment projects and raising funds well. It is necessary to establish a government-based investment and financing mechanism for ecological environment restoration and reconstruction. The protection and management of nuclear facilities, the restoration of national nature reserves and important ecological function areas are fully supported by the central government, and other projects are supported in different proportions. With the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, we will formulate and implement preferential policies conducive to recovery and reconstruction, increase the support for basic work of investigation, evaluation and scientific research, ensure the quality of the project and give full play to the efficiency of funds.
first of all, we should speed up the investigation and evaluation of post-disaster environmental impact, and determine the appropriate population size and industrial access requirements for the recovery and reconstruction of the disaster-stricken areas and counties on the basis of carrying out the evaluation of resources and environmental capacity in the disaster-stricken areas. Environmental impact assessment must be carried out in the overall planning and related special planning of restoration and reconstruction in all disaster-stricken counties and cities, and the planning should be optimized and adjusted according to the conclusions and opinions of environmental impact assessment. All urban environmental protection infrastructure in counties and cities must be planned, constructed and implemented simultaneously with the main urban projects. The recovery and reconstruction of industrial enterprises must strictly implement industrial policies and various environmental protection requirements, and resolutely eliminate high-consumption and high-pollution industrial enterprises and backward production processes and equipment. The restored industrial enterprises must also restore, use and operate pollution prevention facilities and production facilities at the same time. All newly-built enterprises must strictly implement the environmental impact assessment system, actively promote circular economy and clean production, and control pollution from the source and the whole process.
Secondly, formulate and implement preferential policies that are conducive to recovery and reconstruction. All the state commissions for administrative fees in disaster areas are returned to the disaster areas, and a certain proportion is extracted for ecological environment restoration and reconstruction. country