People who work, study, and live in environments where radiation sources are concentrated are prone to insomnia, memory loss, weakness, and low immunity, and their cancer cells grow twenty-four times faster than normal.
How far is radiation from us In our living environment, radiation is everywhere!
Household appliances: television, refrigerator, air conditioning, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, computers, etc.
Office equipment: cell phones, computers, photocopiers, electronic instruments, medical equipment, etc.
Home decoration: marble, laminate flooring, wallpaper, paints, etc.
Surrounding environment: television (radio) signal towers, such as nuclear radiation
Natural environment: sunspots, etc.
A healthy person can withstand a brief load of 5000R, but only 700R dose are enough to make a healthy person fatal threat, but each person's body resistance is different, and each person will have different degrees of symptoms. Generally contamination by electromagnetic radiation can cause headaches, insomnia, irregular heart rate and other central nervous system problems. At the same time, for some people's eyes may have an impact, vision loss, skin diseases and other phenomena, heavy and may cause cancer. For pregnant women, it may lead to miscarriage, and elderly people with cardiac pacemakers should be especially careful. At the same time, different people or the same person at different ages on the tolerance of electromagnetic radiation is not the same, even in the excessive environment, does not mean that all people will get sick, so there is no need to electromagnetic radiation "grass". However, the elderly, children, pregnant women or patients with pacemakers, sensitive to electromagnetic radiation and long-term work in an environment of excessive doses of electromagnetic radiation should take precautionary measures.
At about 3:30 p.m. on March 12, 2011, the sound of an explosion was heard inside Unit 1 of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, followed by white smoke about 10 minutes later. A hydrogen explosion occurred at Unit 3 of the Fukushima Daiichi plant on the morning of the 14th. Unit 2 exploded on the morning of the 15th, damaging the pressure control pool.
About 100 years ago, scientists discovered that certain substances emit three types of rays: alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays, collectively known as electromagnetic radiation.
Radiation is colorless, tasteless, silent, odorless, invisible and untouchable. However, radiation can be detected and measured by instruments. The unit of measurement of radiation dose is Sievert, abbreviated as X. 1 millisievert is equal to one thousandth of a sievert.
Radiation exists throughout cosmic space and is divided into two categories: ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation. In the field of nuclear energy, people are mainly concerned about the possible health effects of ionizing radiation and its protection. Ionizing radiation is usually referred to simply as radiation or radiation exposure.
Radiation is everywhere, in the food we eat, in the houses we live in, in the sky and the earth, in the mountains and rivers, in the grass and trees, and even in the human body there is radioactivity.
●How to avoid nuclear radiation
To avoid or reduce the dose of nuclear radiation that may be received by the staff and the public during an emergency, certain emergency protective measures can be taken, such as concealment, evacuation, iodine protection, access control, food and water control, decontamination, as well as temporary relocation, permanent resettlement, and so on.
Sheltering means that people stay in or go indoors and close doors, windows and ventilation systems to reduce inhalation and external exposure to radioactive material in the plume and to reduce external exposure from radioactive deposits. Evacuation is the emergency relocation of people from the affected area to avoid or minimize large-dose exposures from the plume or from high levels of radioactive deposits. It is a short-term measure in which people are expected to return to their place of origin within a certain limited period of time.
Iodine protection, i.e., the administration of compounds containing non-radioactive iodine to reduce the dose to the thyroid gland, may also be practiced when the accident has resulted in, or is likely to result in, the release of radioactive isotopes of iodine. The risk of negative effects from the administration of stabilized iodine is small for a single dose, but increases with increasing doses.
Harm to pregnant women
There is a lot of electromagnetic radiation in life, such as: "microwave ovens can not be used more", "can not use the computer during pregnancy", if you are a mother-to-be, you need to be more concerned about this issue. It is not enough to provide sufficient nutrition for the growth and development of the fetus, but you should also stay away from all the negative factors that may cause to the fetus, such as: electromagnetic radiation.
The effects of electromagnetic radiation on the human body vary greatly, and are usually most sensitive to women and children. Especially pregnant women and fetuses are more susceptible. Electromagnetic radiation, in the case of the embryo, prevents its early cell division and even causes cell death, and also prevents the normal development of the placenta. Science has shown that, in conjunction with the development of the fetus, the risk is much greater in the first 3 months of pregnancy than in the middle or late stages of pregnancy. Specifically, 1-3 months for the embryonic period, subjected to strong electromagnetic radiation may lead to miscarriage, may also cause fetal limb defects or deformities; 4-5 months for the fetus forming period, electromagnetic radiation may damage the central nervous system, leading to infant mental retardation; 6-10 months for the fetal growth period. The main consequence is the low immune function, the birth of a weak body, poor resistance.
Solar Radiation Editorial
The electromagnetic waves and particle streams emitted by the sun into cosmic space. The solar radiation energy received by the Earth is only one part in two billion of the total radiant energy radiated by the Sun into cosmic space, but it is the main source of energy for the Earth's atmospheric motion. The solar radiant energy that reaches the upper boundary of the Earth's atmosphere is called the astronomical solar radiation. When the Earth is located in the average distance between the sun and the earth, the upper boundary of the Earth's atmosphere perpendicular to the sun's rays per unit area in a unit of time by the total energy of the full spectrum of solar radiation, called the solar constant. The common unit of the solar constant is watt/meter 2. The value of the solar constant varies according to the observation methods and techniques. The value of the solar constant published by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1981 is 1368 W/m2. More than 99% of the spectrum of solar radiation in the upper boundary of the Earth's atmosphere is between the wavelengths of 0.15 and 4.0 microns. About 50% of the solar energy is in the visible spectral region (wavelengths of 0.4 to 0.76 micrometers), 7% is in the ultraviolet spectral region (wavelengths of 0.76 micrometers), and the maximum energy is at a wavelength of 0.475 micrometers. Because the wavelength of solar radiation is much smaller than the wavelength of terrestrial and atmospheric radiation (about 3 to 120 microns), it is usually also called solar radiation for short-wave radiation, and terrestrial and atmospheric radiation for long-wave radiation. Solar activity and changes in the distance between the sun and the earth will cause changes in solar radiation energy in the upper boundary of the earth's atmosphere solar radiation through the atmosphere, part of it reaches the ground, known as direct solar radiation; the other part of the atmosphere for the molecules, atmospheric dust, water vapor and other absorbing, scattering and reflecting. Part of the scattered solar radiation returns to cosmic space, and the other part reaches the ground, and the part that reaches the ground is called scattered solar radiation. The sum of scattered solar radiation and direct solar radiation reaching the ground is called total radiation. When solar radiation passes through the atmosphere, its intensity and spectral energy distribution change. The energy of solar radiation reaching the ground is much smaller than the upper atmospheric boundary, and the distribution of energy in the solar spectrum is almost extinct in the ultraviolet spectral region, decreases to 40% in the visible spectral region, and increases to 60% in the infrared spectral region.
In the upper boundary of the Earth's atmosphere, the northern hemisphere summer solstice, the total amount of daily radiation is the largest, from the poles to the equator distribution is relatively uniform; winter solstice, the northern hemisphere, the total amount of daily radiation is the smallest, zero in the polar circle, the largest difference between north and south. The opposite is true in the Southern Hemisphere. At the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the distribution of total daily radiation is proportional to the cosine of latitude. In the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, total daily radiation is maximum twice a year, with small annual variations. The higher the latitude, the greater the variation in total daily radiation. The distribution of total annual global radiation reaching the surface is essentially banded and is disrupted only at low latitudes. At the equator, the total annual radiation is not the highest due to cloudiness. In the subtropical high-pressure belts of the northern and southern hemispheres, especially in the continental deserts, the total annual radiation is higher, with a maximum in north-eastern Africa. Solar radiation is the main source of energy in the Earth's surface layer. The distribution of solar radiation in the upper boundary of the atmosphere is determined by the astronomical position of the earth, called this for astronomical radiation. The climate determined by astronomical radiation is called the astronomical climate. Astronomical climate reflects the basic outline of the spatial distribution and temporal variation of the global climate. Solar radiation changes regularly with the seasons, forming the four seasons. In addition to the variations of the sun itself, the astronomical radiant energy is mainly determined by the sun-earth distance, the sun's altitude angle and the length of the day. The Earth's orbit around the Sun is elliptical, and the Sun is located at one of the two focal points. Therefore, the sun-earth distance is always changing. It passes through perihelion from January 2 to 5 and aphelion from July 3 to 4 each year. The intensity of solar radiation received on Earth is inversely proportional to the square of the Sun-Earth distance. The angle between the sun's rays and the earth's plane is called the solar altitude angle, which has daily and annual variations. A large solar altitude angle is associated with strong solar radiation. Day length is the length of time between sunrise and sunset. Equator on the four seasons the length of day are 12 hours, the equator outside the day length of the four seasons there are changes, 40 ° latitude of the spring and autumn equinox day length of 12 hours, the summer solstice and the winter solstice day length of 14 hours and 51 minutes and 9 hours and 09 minutes, respectively, to the latitude of 66 ° 33 ′ appeared in the phenomenon of the polar day and the polar night. The winter and summer seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres are opposite in time. The temporal and spatial variations of astronomical radiation are characterized by: ① The equator receives the most radiation throughout the year and the poles the least. This uneven distribution of heat will inevitably lead to differences in air temperature at all latitudes on the surface of the earth, tropical, temperate and boreal climates on the surface of the earth; ② astronomical radiation in summer and winter is small, it leads to high temperature in the summer and low temperature in the winter. Atmospheric weakening of solar radiation includes atmospheric absorption, scattering and reflection of solar radiation. Solar radiation through the entire atmosphere, the ultraviolet below 0.29μm is almost completely absorbed, in the visible region of the atmosphere absorbs very little. There are strong absorption bands in the infrared region. The substances in the atmosphere that absorb solar radiation are mainly oxygen, ozone, water vapor and liquid water, followed by carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dust. Clouds strongly absorb and scatter solar radiation and also strongly absorb solar radiation reflected from the ground. The average albedo of clouds is 0.50 to 0.55. The sum of direct and scattered solar radiation reaching the ground after atmospheric attenuation is called total solar radiation. On a global average, total solar radiation accounts for only 45% of the solar radiation reaching the upper boundary of the atmosphere. Total radiation decreases with increasing latitude and increases with increasing altitude. It is greatest around noon during the day and zero at night; it is greater in summer and smaller in winter during the year.
Solar radiation energy in the visible light (0.4 ~ 0.76 μm), infrared (& gt; 0.76 μm) and ultraviolet (& lt; 0.4 μm) accounted for 50%, 43% and 7%, respectively, that is, concentrated in the short-wave band, so the solar radiation is known as short-wave radiation. Solar radiation test is to assess the outdoor use and storage of equipment without shelter to withstand the thermal and optical effects of solar radiation. Solar radiation test standards:
Currently, the solar radiation test test laboratory is very few, Beijing on the environmental reliability and electromagnetic compatibility test service center, in addition to Shanghai and Guangzhou have one.