Teaching Objectives
Master the dangerous goods transportation packaging and packaging marking, the accumulation of dangerous goods in the container, assembly, segregation, understanding of the dangerous goods name and number, dangerous goods containers, loading and unloading and storage.
Key Words
Dangerous Goods (Dangerous Freight) Transportation Packaging (Transport Package) Stowage (Stowage) Loading and Unloading (Load and Unload) Storage
11 Dangerous Goods Container Transportation
11.1 11.2 Dangerous Goods Container Transportation 11.2 Dangerous Goods Transportation Packaging and Packaging Marking 11.3 Accumulation of Dangerous Goods in Containers 11.4 Loading and Unloading and Storage of Dangerous Goods Containers ◎ Exercises and Reflections
11.1 Dangerous Goods Container Transportation
11.1.1 Overview
With the rapid development of the economy, the proportion of goods transportation in the economy is becoming more and more prominent. occupies an increasingly prominent proportion. Dangerous goods transportation belongs to special cargo transportation and occupies a very important position in cargo transportation. Dangerous goods is a class of physical, chemical or biological properties of the goods, due to its explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, radioactive and other characteristics, in the transportation, loading and unloading and storage process, easy to cause casualties and property losses, and therefore require special protective measures. Dangerous goods packaging technical conditions and quality requirements to ensure the safety of dangerous goods transportation has an important role. Dangerous goods packaging is good, both to ensure that the nature of dangerous goods in the transportation process does not change, but also to ensure the safety of goods transportation and facilitate loading and unloading. On the contrary, it will cause great threat to the transportation and safety of goods. In the loading and unloading and custody, it is also necessary to increase the management of dangerous goods containers. Dangerous goods loading and unloading work as far as possible to be arranged in a special operating site, strictly according to the cargo stowage chart loading, the implementation of loading and unloading of cargo precautions, and strengthen the supervision of loading and unloading management. Dangerous goods container transportation, storage should be in line with the relevant stacking, storage, transit laws and regulations, as well as the rules and regulations of the enterprise.
11.1.2 Classification of Dangerous Goods
Dangerous goods mainly include: explosives, oxidizers, compressed and liquefied gases, flammable liquids, flammable solids, flammable and spontaneous combustion substances in contact with humidity, poisonous substances, radioactive substances, corrosive substances and so on. According to their different hazardous characteristics, they can be divided into the following nine categories: Category 1 for explosives (6 sub-categories); Category 2 for gases (3 sub-categories); Category 3 for flammable liquids; Category 4.1 for flammable solids, Category 4.2 for substances susceptible to spontaneous combustion; Category 5.1 for oxidizing substances, Category 5.2 for organic peroxides; Category 6.1 for poisonous substances, Category 6.2 for infectious substances; Category 7 for radioactive substances; category 8 for corrosive substances; and category 9 for miscellaneous substances (i.e., which experience has demonstrated or may demonstrate to be hazardous).
11.1.3 Regulations Governing the Transportation of Dangerous Goods
The regulation of the transportation of dangerous goods is mainly governed by legislation or by the adoption of recommendatory measures, but regulations and practices are not consistent from country to country and region to region, which creates difficulties in administration. In 1929, the International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) recognized the need for international regulation of the carriage of dangerous goods by sea and recommended that rules in that regard should be given international effect. In 1948, SOLAS adopted the Classification of Dangerous Goods and the General Provisions relating to the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Vessels and recommended that further studies should be carried out to enable the drafting of an international code. In 1956, the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods) submitted a bill to the United Nations General Assembly, the Transport of Dangerous Goods, known as the Orange Book. The ultimate aim was to achieve worldwide consistency in the management of dangerous goods by sea and other modes of transport. In 1965, the first International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code) was promulgated. The Code, which throughout took into account the practices and formalities of many maritime nations in order to achieve the widest possible acceptance of the Code, was recommended by IMO to governments.
After being used by most maritime nations and revised by the relevant organizations, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code was reprinted in 1982, and IMO (Recommendation 51) recommended that governments use it as the basis for their own national regulations. So far, more than 50 countries have fully accepted the Code, some countries have partially accepted it and some countries are considering accepting it. China is a large maritime transportation country, the volume of dangerous goods transported by ships has increased significantly, in order to effectively prevent dangerous goods from causing casualties and damage to property, and to ensure the safety of transportation, in recent years, China has attached increasing importance to the management of the transportation of dangerous goods, and put it in an important position.
Back
11.2 Dangerous Goods Transportation Packaging and Packaging Marking
11.2.1 Role of Packaging
Packaging has two categories: commodity packaging and transportation packaging. For the transportation loading and unloading process, the main check of the transportation of goods packaging. Dangerous goods transportation packaging is to protect the quality of products from damage and quantity integrity, to prevent the occurrence of normal transportation in the process of combustion, explosion, corrosion, poisoning, radiation and other accidents is one of the important conditions, but also the basis for safe transportation. Dangerous goods transportation packaging is: ① can prevent the packaged dangerous goods due to contact with rain, snow, sunlight, humid air and impurities and make the product deterioration, or violent chemical reactions caused by accidents; ② can reduce the collision of goods in transit, vibration, friction and extrusion, so that the dangerous goods in the protection of the packaging to maintain a relatively stable state, thereby ensuring transport safety; ③ can prevent the goods from spilling, volatilization, as well as with the nature of the goods, and the need to protect the product quality and quantity integrity. Leakage, volatilization and direct contact with goods of opposite nature and accidents or contamination of transport equipment and other goods; ④ to facilitate the storage and transportation process of stacking, moving, storage, and improve the efficiency of transport and work efficiency.
11.2.2 General Requirements for Packaging
11.2.2.1 The material and type of packaging shall be compatible with the dangerous goods loaded
The material, type, specification and method of packaging shall be compatible with the nature and use of the dangerous goods loaded and shall be convenient for loading and unloading, transportation and storage.
11.2.2.2 Packaging should have a certain strength, with resistance to impact, vibration, extrusion and friction
Generally speaking, the nature of the dangerous goods is more dangerous, the occurrence of accidents caused by the greater harm, the strength of its packaging requirements are higher. In addition, the same kind of dangerous goods, the greater the weight of the unit package, the greater the danger, and thus the higher the requirements of packaging strength.
11.2.2.3 The sealing of the package should be compatible with the dangerous goods contained
For the packaging of dangerous goods, in general, the sealing should be tight, especially for volatile and corrosive gases, the sealing should be more tight. However, there are some dangerous goods, the seal is not required to seal, and also requires a vent.
11.2.2.4 There should be a certain cushioning between the inner and outer packages (shock absorbing, filling and absorbing materials)
The inner and outer packages of composite packages should be tightly fitted, and the outer packages should not have any protrusions that would bruise the contents. In order to prevent rupture, puncture or leakage of the inner packaging in normal transportation conditions, should be used to appropriate shock-absorbing cushioning material fixed in the outer packaging. Available shockproof, anti-friction cushioning materials, such as corrugated cardboard, Styrofoam, plastic bags, etc., but also absorbent materials, such as mineral soil, clay and so on.
11.2.2.5 The weight, specification and form of the package should be convenient for loading and unloading, transportation and storage
The maximum volume and the maximum net weight of each package are stipulated. According to China's "General Technical Conditions for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Packaging" GB 12463-90 regulations, the maximum volume of the package for 450 L, the maximum net weight of 400 kg. For the heavier packages should be equipped with easy to lift the handles or lifting the lifting clasp, in order to facilitate loading and unloading and handling. In addition, the external dimensions of the package should be matched with the volume and weight of the carrier, loading and unloading equipment to facilitate loading and unloading, accumulation, handling and storage.
11.2.3 Types of packaging and marking
11.2.3.1 Types of packaging
Dangerous goods in addition to Class 1, Class 2, Class 6.2 and Class 7 of the packaging of dangerous goods, according to the degree of hazardousness of the goods loaded is divided into three categories: Class Ⅰ packaging: applicable to the packaging of highly hazardous cargoes; Class Ⅱ packaging: applicable to moderately hazardous goods packaging; Class Ⅲ packaging: applicable to highly hazardous goods packaging; Class Ⅲ packaging: applicable to moderately hazardous goods packaging; Class Ⅲ packaging: applicable to moderately hazardous goods packaging; Class Ⅲ packaging: applicable to highly dangerous goods packaging Class Ⅲ packaging: applicable to the packaging of low-dangerous goods. Various dangerous goods should belong to which packaging category, can be through the relevant information such as "International Dangerous Goods Regulations" and so on to consult or through the relevant professional consulting organizations.
11.2.3.2 Marking of packages
Packages passing the performance test shall be marked with a durable and clear marking at a conspicuous place as a proof. (1) The United Nations packaging symbol, can be capitalized English letters "UN" as the symbol. (2) A code indicating the type of packaging. (3) A code indicating the category and density.
11.2.3.3 Dangerous Goods Transportation Packaging Symbols
(1) Types and styles of symbols According to the hazardous characteristics and categories of commonly used hazardous chemicals, their symbols are set up as main symbols and secondary symbols. The main sign by the pattern of hazardous characteristics, text description, background color and dangerous goods category number of the four parts of the diamond-shaped sign, the sub-sign graphic does not have a dangerous goods category number. When a dangerous goods with two or more dangerous properties, need to use the main logo and secondary logo at the same time. China's dangerous goods packaging marking in the general use of Chinese characters. Considering the needs of foreign trade transportation, it can also be used in Chinese and foreign languages or foreign language form, and the foreign language is generally in English. Signs of the graphics *** 21 kinds, 19 names, their graphics were marked with the main characteristics of the 9 types of dangerous goods. (2) The size of the dangerous goods packaging sign The size of the sign is generally divided into four kinds, as shown in Table 11-3.
Table 11-3 Dangerous Goods Packaging Symbol Size
Size No. 1 2 3 4
Length 50 100 150 250
Width 50 100 150 250
(3) Dangerous Goods Packaging Symbol Material, Marking Methods All dangerous goods consigned to the transport sector, each package must be affixed with the "Dangerous Goods Regulations". Each package of dangerous goods consigned to the transportation department must be affixed with the corresponding dangerous goods packaging mark stipulated in the "Dangerous Goods Regulations". The material and labeling of the dangerous goods packaging mark should meet the requirements of transportation. According to the regulations of the International Maritime Organization, the marking of dangerous goods packaging should not fall off after three months of immersion in seawater, and the pattern and text should still be clear. Considering the actual situation, as a minimum standard, the marking of dangerous goods packaging should not fall off or fade during storage and transportation, and the pattern and text should be clear. The marking of the sign can be made by sticking, nailing and spraying. The sign should be marked by the production unit before the goods leave the factory, and if the packaging is changed after leaving the factory, the sign should be marked by the unit that changes the packaging. Dangerous goods packaging marking location: ① box packaging: located in the packaging end or side of the obvious place; ② bags, bundles of packaging: located in the packaging obvious place; ③ barrel packaging: located in the barrel or barrel cover; ④ containers, groups of goods: paste the four sides. Back
11.3 Stowage of dangerous goods in containers
11.3.1 General requirements for stowage of dangerous goods in containers
(1) Suitable goods Suitable goods refer to dangerous goods suitable for packing. Generally, it refers to the dangerous goods which are well packed and meet the transportation conditions. (2) Fitting requirements Fitting requirements means that compatible goods are allowed to be assembled in the same box. Dangerous goods should be assembled in accordance with the requirements of the assembly table (see Annex I). (3) Segregation requirements Segregation requirements mean that dangerous goods should be effectively segregated from goods that do not react with them (dangerous goods, general cargo) according to the requirements of the segregation table for dangerous goods (see Annex II). (4) Fixing requirement There are gaps between the goods in the box or between the goods and the wall of the box, which will cause the movement or collision of the goods during transportation and voyage, which will not only cause the damage of the goods in the box and the damage of the box, but will also cause a certain degree of danger. In order to avoid accidents, the dangerous goods in the box must be fixed.
11.3.2 dangerous goods in the box assembly
11.3.2.1 explosives assembly
(1) between the explosives assembly between the explosives, generally will be of a similar nature of the class is divided into the same assembly class, and according to the different assembly class put forward the corresponding isolation requirements, belonging to the same assembly group of explosives can be placed in the transportation, belonging to different groups of explosives, in principle, the principle of the transportation of explosives, the same group of explosives, belonging to different groups of explosives. explosives belonging to the same assembly group can be transported together, belonging to different assembly groups of explosives in principle can not be put together for transportation. (2) explosives and compressed gases and liquefied gases assembly This is the first category and the second category of assembly. Explosives explosion or combustion, very easy to cause the explosion of gas cylinders, it is generally not allowed with the second category of assembly. And, flammable gases and explosives should be "segregation 4" requirements for segregation, non-flammable gases and explosives should be "segregation 1" requirements for segregation (but can be the same cabin). (3) Explosives and Category 3, Category 4 of the assembly Explosives and Category 3, Category 4 can not be assembled, Category 3 and Category 1 should be isolated in accordance with the requirements of "segregation 4". (4) explosives and the fifth type of assembly category 6 in addition to a strong oxidizing, many also has the characteristics of flammable and explosive, so can not be assembled with the first category.
(5) explosives and the sixth category of the assembly of category 6 has a strong toxicity and infectious, once an accident, will make the damage expand, difficult to rescue, it can not be with the first category of the assembly. (6) explosives and the eighth category with a lot of corrosive products and explosives are prone to chemical reactions, many also has a flammable, so it can not be fitted with explosives.
11.3.2.2 Matching of Class 2
(1) Class 2 and Class 3, item 2.1 and Class 3 and Class 4 shall not be matched; item 2.2 and spontaneous combustion items can be stowed in the same compartment, but need to be segregated in accordance with "segregation 1". (2) Category 2 and Category 5 Items 2.1 and 5.1 shall not be fitted, and Category 2 and 5.2 shall not be fitted.
11.3.2.3 Fitting of category 3
Category 3 and category 4 shall not be fitted, and category 3 and category 5 shall be fitted according to the isolation table.
11.3.2.44.3 Fitting of item
Not to be fitted with acid corrosives.
11.3.2.5 Fitting of category 5
Items 5.1 and 5.2 shall not be fitted, and category 5 and category 8 shall not be fitted.
11.3.2.6 Fitting of Category 7
Not to be stowed in the same compartment as other categories except Category 6.
11.3.3 Accumulation and Securing of Dangerous Goods of All Classes in Containers
11.3.3.1 General Requirements
(1) Accumulation: Accumulation shall be in accordance with the requirements for fitting and segregation. (2) Fixing: the structure, devices, appliances and materials used for fixing objects shall meet the requirements for the transportation of dangerous goods, the method of fixing in the box shall be suitable and appropriate, and all kinds of dangerous goods shall be effectively fixed in the box.
11.3.3.2 In stowage, attention shall be paid to the following issues
(1) According to the dimensions of the container's length, width and height, the packing dimensions of the single piece of cargo shall be taken into consideration in order to determine the level and method of stowage. (2) different goods mixed in a box, according to the nature of the goods, volume, weight and strength of the packaging should be deployed to place the location of the goods, usually should be firmly packaged, heavy weight of the goods in the box on the lower level, the packaging is not firm, light weight of the goods in the box on the upper level. (3) The weight of the goods in the box should be evenly distributed to prevent a part of the box load is too large and make the bottom of the box bending or open, or tilt when lifting. (4) When stacking the goods in the box, the number of layers should be decided according to the strength of the unit piece of packaging. In order to prevent damage to the lower layer of goods, should be placed between the appropriate level of cushioning equipment. (5) in order to prevent the goods from colliding with each other, staining, wetting, depending on the circumstances of the goods between the partition or cover. If there is a gap in the box should be added to cushioning materials to prevent the goods from shaking, cushioning materials should be selected clean, dry materials. Back
11.4 dangerous goods container loading and unloading and storage
11.4.1 loading and unloading of dangerous goods containers before the preparatory work
1) Before loading the goods should be investigated before the characteristics of such dangerous goods, the accumulation of the location of the load and should take precautionary measures and the occurrence of danger after the treatment method. ② should be examined and signed by the cargo stowage map to the local statutory authorities for validation. ③ The place of operation should be selected in a well-ventilated location that is protected from sunlight, isolated from heat and fire sources, and has sufficient area and necessary equipment so that it can be effectively handled in case of accidents. Ensure the cabin is clean, dry and watertight. ④The strength and structure of the container used should be checked before loading to prevent the use of containers that do not meet the loading requirements. ⑤ The containers, packages and markings of dangerous goods should be checked to see if they are complete and whether they are consistent with the contents stated on the transportation documents. ⑥ At the loading and unloading site, prepare the corresponding fire-fighting equipment and make it in ready-to-use condition.
7 night operations should be prepared for adequate lighting equipment; loading and unloading of flammable and explosive dangerous goods must use explosion-proof or closed security lighting equipment, is strictly prohibited the use of other unsafe lamps. ⑧ loading explosives, oxidizing substances of dangerous goods, loading before the box to be carefully cleaned, should be adequately ventilated. There should be measures to prevent friction sparks, must be tested by the relevant departments before starting unloading operations.
11.4.2 Notes on loading and unloading of dangerous goods
1) loading and unloading operations, to hang to show the required lights or signs. ② loading and unloading of dangerous goods, there should be a person on duty, the operation should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the relevant rules. Operators should wear protective clothing, protective masks and rubber gloves. ③ loading supervisors should check the goods packaging and marking, broken, leakage, seepage of the packaging should be refused to load. ④ Load and unload the dangerous goods strictly according to the loading and unloading chart, no part of the dangerous goods is allowed to protrude out of the container, and the door of the container should be able to close up normally after loading. ⑤ Appropriate machines shall be used when loading and unloading dangerous goods. When loading and unloading flammable, explosive, highly toxic, corrosive and radioactive dangerous goods, the loading and unloading machines should be used at 25% lower than the rated load; it is forbidden to use the tools that are easy to produce sparks when loading and unloading flammable or explosive goods. (6) Some dangerous goods packed in paper bags, fiber boards and fiber drums will cause chemical reaction and spontaneous combustion, heat or toxic gases when they come into contact with water, so waterproof inspection should be strictly carried out. (7) loading and unloading of dangerous goods should take the correct method of operation, careful and prudent operation, smooth lifting and dropping of goods, gently take and put.
8 dangerous goods and other goods mixed load, should try to dangerous goods loaded in the box door near the dangerous goods are strictly prohibited dangerous goods and instruments mixed load of goods. ⑨ in loading and unloading explosives or potent flammable goods, shall not be able to produce sparks of overhaul work and copy shovel paint operations. When loading or unloading leaking dangerous goods, open fire is strictly prohibited on site, and the personnel concerned should stand in the upwind place. If the package is seriously damaged, necessary repairs and cleaning work should be carried out to avoid massive leakage of dangerous goods, but great attention must be paid to safety and appropriate measures should be taken according to the "Table of Emergency Measures" and the "Guidelines for Medical First Aid". The appropriate measures should be taken according to the "Emergency Measures Table" and "Medical First Aid Guidelines".
Knowledge Structure Chart
Exercise and Reflection Questions
11.1 What are the main types of dangerous goods? According to different hazardous characteristics, can be divided into which categories? 11.2 What are the roles of dangerous goods transportation packaging? 11.3 What are the general requirements for dangerous goods packaging? 11.4 What are the material requirements for dangerous goods packaging marking? 11.5 What are the general requirements for stowage of dangerous goods in containers? 11.6 What are the precautions for the packing of explosives and other dangerous goods? 11.7 All kinds of dangerous goods in the box accumulation should pay attention to what problems are there? 11.8 What are the preparatory work before loading and unloading dangerous goods containers?