The nanometer is a unit of length, formerly known as the millimicron, which is 10 to the -9th power of a meter (one billionth of a meter). Nanoscience and technology, sometimes referred to simply as nanotechnology, is the study of the properties and applications of materials with structural dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. In terms of specific substances, people tend to use fine as hair to describe slender things, but in fact, human hair is generally 20-50 microns in diameter, which is not fine. Individual bacteria can not be seen with the naked eye, measured with a microscope diameter of 5 microns, is not fine. To summarize, 1 nanometer is roughly equivalent to the diameter of 4 atoms. Nanotechnology includes the following four main aspects:
⒈ nanomaterials: when the material to the nanometer scale, about 1-100 nanometers in this range of space, the performance of the material will undergo a sudden change, the emergence of special properties. This is different from the original composition of atoms, molecules, but also different from the macroscopic material composition of the special properties of the material, that is, nanomaterials. If only the scale reaches nanometer, and there is no special properties of the material, also can not be called nanomaterials. In the past, people only pay attention to atoms, molecules or cosmic space, often ignoring this intermediate field, which actually exists in nature in large quantities, but only previously did not recognize the performance of this scale range. The first real recognition of its performance and cited the concept of nanometer is the Japanese scientists, they used the evaporation method in the 1970s to prepare ultramicro ions, and through the study of its performance found that: an electrically conductive, thermally conductive copper, silver conductor into the nanoscale, it will lose the original nature of the performance of the conductivity of electricity is not conductive, nor is it thermally conductive. Magnetic materials is also the case, such as cobalt iron alloy, make it about 20-30 nanometer size, the magnetic domains into a single domain, its magnetic properties than the original 1000 times higher. the mid-80's, people formally named this type of material as nanomaterials.
Peake nanodynamics, mainly micro-mechanical and micro-motor, or always called micro electro-mechanical systems, used in micro sensors and actuators with transmission machinery, fiber-optic communication systems, special electronic equipment, medical and diagnostic instruments, and so on. Used in a new process similar to the design and manufacture of integrated electrical appliances. Characterized by very small parts, the depth of etching often requires tens to hundreds of microns, while the width error is very small. This process can also be used to make three-phase motors for ultra-fast centrifuges or gyroscopes, for example. In research there is also the corresponding detection of microdeformations and microfriction at the quasi-atomic scale, etc. Although they are not yet really into the nanoscale, but there is a great potential scientific value and economic value.
3 nanobiology and nanopharmacology, such as in the mica surface with nano-particle degree of colloidal gold fixed dna particles, in the silica surface of the fork-finger electrode to do the test of interactions between biomolecules, phospholipids and fatty acids bilayer planar biofilm, the fine structure of the dna and so on. With nanotechnology, self-assembly methods can also be used to put parts or components inside cells to make up new materials. New drugs, even micron particles of fine powder, about half of the insoluble in water; but if the particles for the nanometer scale (i.e., ultra-micro particles), can be dissolved in water.
Sung nanoelectronics, including nanoelectronic devices based on quantum effects, optical/electrical properties of nanostructures, characterization of nanoelectronic materials, and atom manipulation and atom assembly. Current trends in electronics require devices and systems to be smaller, faster, and colder,Smaller means faster response time. Colder means that the power consumption of individual devices should be small. But smaller is not without limits. Nanotechnology is the final frontier for builders, and its impact will be enormous.
In April 1998, the President's Science and Technology Advisor, Dr. Neal Lane, commented that if someone were to ask me which area of science and engineering would have a breakthrough impact on the future, I would say that the launching of the program, called the Grand Challenges in Nanotechnology Institute, would fund interdisciplinary research and education teams, including centers and networks for long-term goals. Some of the potential breakthroughs that could be realized include:
Compressing the entire Library of Congress into a device the size of a sugar cube, which could be achieved by increasing storage capacity per surface by a factor of 1,000 to expand the storage capacity of large storage electronics to the level of a few terabytes. Manufacturing materials and products from a small-to-large approach, i.e., making them from an atom, from a molecule. This method will save raw materials and reduce pollution. Producing materials that are 10 times stronger than steel and a fraction of its weight to make a variety of lighter, more fuel-efficient vehicles for land, water and air transportation. Increase the speed and efficiency of computers millions of times over with tiny transistors and memory chips, making today's Pentium? processors already seem very slow. Use of gene and drug delivery nanoscale mri controls to detect cancer cells or locate human tissues and organs to remove the tiniest pollutants in water and air, resulting in a cleaner environment and drinkable water. Increase solar cell energy efficiency by two times.
What is nanotechnology?
Nanoscience and technology is the study of the movement and change of atoms, molecules and other types of matter in the range of ten millionths of a meter (10-8) to billionths of a meter (10-9 m); at the same time, manipulation and processing of atoms and molecules in this range of scales is also known as nanotechnology.
Research in nanotechnology
Creating and preparing nanomaterials with excellent properties
Designing and preparing various nanodevices and devices
Detecting and analyzing the properties and phenomena in the nanoregion
What is nano?
Nano is a unit of measurement of size or dimension:
Kilometer (103 ) → meter → centimeter → millimeter → micron → nanometer (10-9)
Four times the size of an atom, one ten-thousandth of a hair
What are the problems that are studied in nanotechnology?
Biological science and technology, information science and technology, and nanotechnology are the mainstream of scientific and technological development within the next century. The understanding of genes in bioscience and technology has given rise to genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which can cure stubborn diseases and create organisms that don't exist in nature; information science and technology allows people to know the world's events while sitting at home, and the Internet has almost changed the way people live.
Nanoscience is the study of the movement and change of atoms, molecules and other types of matter in the range of ten millionths of a meter (10-8) to billionths of a meter (10-9 meters); at the same time, manipulation of atoms and molecules in this scale range and processing is also known as nanotechnology.
Reductionism: the motion of matter are reduced to the level of atoms and molecules. Atomic theory and quantum mechanics have had great success. Organic synthesis; molecular biology; genetically modified foods, cloned sheep; atomic spectroscopy and lasers; solid state electron theory and IC; geometric optics to fiber optic communications.
The great achievements of classical physics, chemistry, and mechanics in the macrocosm: computers and networks, spaceships, airplanes, automobiles, robots, and so on have changed the way people live
Science and technology have epistemic blind spots or cracks in the edifice of human knowledge. On one side of the crack is the microcosmic world dominated by atoms and molecules, and on the other bank is the macrocosmic world of human activities. There is not a direct and simple connection between the two worlds; there is a transition zone - the nanoworld.
Example: molecular synthesis ≤1.5nm, → living body
Microelectronics technology at 0.2μm,
Microsurgery can only connect large, small, microvascular
≤ PM10 and PM1.5 particles
In the 50s, Qian Lao "physical mechanics" is the One of the precursors to the attempt to connect the two worlds
The figure shows the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope being used to carry and manipulate
48 atoms on a copper surface, lining them up in a circular
shape. Certain electrons from the atoms on the circle
propagate outward, gradually decreasing in size while
interfering with electrons traveling in-phase
to form interference waves.
Dozens of atoms, molecules, or thousands of atoms, molecules, "combined" together, showing both different from the properties of individual atoms and molecules, as well as different from the properties of large objects. This "combination" is called "supramolecular" or "artificial molecules". "Supramolecular" properties, such as melting point, magnetism, capacitance, electrical conductivity, luminosity and dye, color and water solubility have significant changes. When the "supramolecule" continues to grow or aggregates in the usual way into large pieces of material, the peculiar properties will be lost again, like really some of the children who never grow up.
The understanding of new laws in systems consisting of a small number of electrons, atoms or molecules at the 10-nm scale and how to manipulate or combine and detect and apply them -- the main problems of nanoscience and technology.
New phenomena and laws within the transition zone between the microcosm and macrocosm of atoms and molecules
New principles and methods for detecting physical and chemical-biological information within the length of nanometers
New concepts and theories: strongly correlated, strong-fielded, fast-processing, particle-few quantum systems
Applications
New science or rehash of old theories?
Historic new science and technology
Western Han bronze mirrors and black-lacquered drums
Huizhou ink
Lacquerware
Catalyst materials
Photoreceptors and color film
Tires containing kaolin particles
WHY? It's not clear
In the last decade, computers and materials design; Detection technologies STM, AFM, SNOM; IC and life sciences push; preparation technology development; theory development
High strength and toughness, self-repairing, smart, renewable → new generation of nanomaterials
Why is small size so important?
Surface effects
Small-size effects
Quantum-limited-domain effects
Research goals and possible applications
Materials and preparations: lighter, stronger, and designable; long-life and low-maintenance; materials with specific properties or materials not found in nature constructed on the nanoscale level with new principles and structures; biomaterials and bionanomaterials; Diagnosis and repair of damage at the nanoscale during material destruction;
Microelectronics and computer technology: chips with lines of 100 nm to be realized by 2010, and nanotechnology targeting: nanostructured microprocessors with a million-fold increase in efficiency; high-frequency network systems with a 10-fold increase in bandwidth; megabyte memories (a 1,000-fold increase); integrated nanosensor systems;
Medicine and Health
Rapid, efficient gene cluster sequencing and gene diagnostics and gene therapy technologies; new approaches to medication and drug 'missile' technologies; durable human-friendly artificial tissues and organs; sight-restoring and hearing-restoring devices; nanosensor systems for early diagnosis of disease
Space and Aerospace
Low-energy, irradiation-resistant, high-performance computers; micro-spacecraft nano-testing, control and electronic devices; nanostructured coating materials resistant to thermal barriers and abrasion
Environment and Energy
Development of green energy and environmental treatment technologies to reduce pollution and restore damaged environments;
Nanoporous materials with a pore size of 1 nm as a carrier for catalysts; MCM-41 ordered nano-pore materials (with pore sizes of 10-100 nm) used to remove dirt; nanoparticle-modified polymeric materials
Biotechnology and agriculture
Biologically active proteins, ribose, nucleic acids, etc. are prepared at the nanoscale according to predetermined sizes, symmetries and arrangements. Implantation of biomaterials in nanomaterials and devices produces integrated properties with biological and other functions. The biomimetic chemicals and biodegradable materials, genetic improvement and treatment of plants and animals, gene chips for determining DNA, etc.
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Related Questions All
Is there an expository essay on nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology Nano is a unit of length, originally called a millimicron, which is 10 to the -9th power of a meter (one billionth of a meter). Nanoscience and technology, sometimes referred to simply as nanotechnology, is the study of the properties and applications of materials with structural dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. In terms of specific substances, people tend to use fine as hair to describe slender things, but in fact, human hair is generally 20-50 microns in diameter, which is not fine. Individual bacteria can not be seen with the naked eye, measured with a microscope diameter of 5 microns, is not fine. To summarize, 1 nanometer is roughly equivalent to the diameter of 4 atoms. Nanotechnology includes the following four main aspects: ⒈ nanomaterials: when the material to the nanoscale, about 1-100 nanometers in this range of space, the performance of the material will undergo a sudden change, the emergence of special properties. This is different from the original composition of the atoms, molecules, but also different from the macroscopic material composition of the special properties of the material, that is, nanomaterials. If only the scale reaches nanometer, and there is no special properties of the material, also can not be called nanomaterials. In the past, people only pay attention to atoms, molecules or cosmic space, often ignoring this intermediate field, which actually exists in large quantities in the natural world, but only previously did not recognize the performance of this scale range. The first real recognition of its performance and cited the concept of nanometer is the Japanese scientists, they used the evaporation method in the 1970s to prepare ultramicro ions, and through the study of its performance found that: an electrically conductive, thermally conductive copper, silver conductor into the nanoscale, it will lose the original nature of the performance of the conductivity of electricity is not conductive, nor is it thermally conductive. Magnetic materials are also so, like iron cobalt alloy, make it about 20-30 nanometer size, the magnetic domain becomes single domain, its magnetic properties than the original 1000 times higher. the mid-80's, people formally named this kind of material as nanomaterials. Pie nanodynamics, mainly micromechanics and micromotors, or always called micro electro-mechanical systems, used in micro sensors and actuators with transmission machinery, fiber-optic communication systems, special electronic equipment, medical and diagnostic instruments, and so on. Used in a new process similar to the design and manufacture of integrated electrical appliances. Characterized by very small parts, the depth of etching often requires tens to hundreds of microns, while the width error is very small. This process can also be used to make three-phase motors for ultra-fast centrifuges or gyroscopes, for example. In research there is also the corresponding detection of microdeformations and microfriction at the quasi-atomic scale, etc. Although they are not yet really into the nanoscale, but there is a great potential scientific value and economic value. 3 nanobiology and nanopharmacology, such as in the mica surface with nanoparticle degree of colloidal gold fixed dna particles, in the silica surface of the fork-finger electrode to do the test of interactions between biomolecules, phospholipids and fatty acids bilayer planar biofilm, the fine structure of the dna and so on. With nanotechnology, self-assembly methods can also be used to put parts or components inside cells to make up new materials. New drugs, even micron-sized powders, are about half insoluble in water; however, if the particles are nanoscale (i.e., ultramicro particles), they can be dissolved in water. Singed nanoelectronics, including nanoelectronics based on quantum effects
16 Views15622019-11-08
What is nanotechnology
Nanotechnology, a brand-new technology for studying the laws and properties of motion within electrons, atoms, and molecules at scales ranging from 0.1 to 100 nanometers. Scientists in the process of studying the composition of matter, found in the nanometer scale isolated a few, dozens of countable atoms or molecules, significantly show many new characteristics, and the use of these characteristics of the manufacture of equipment with specific functions of the technology, known as nanotechnology. Nanoscience and technology is based on many modern advanced science and technology, it is the product of the combination of modern science (chaos physics, quantum mechanics, mesoscopic physics, molecular biology) and modern technology (computer technology, microelectronics and scanning tunneling microscope technology, nuclear analysis technology). Nanoscience and technology, in turn, will lead to a series of new science and technology, such as: nanophysics, nanobiology, nanochemistry, nanoelectronics, nanofabrication technology and nanometrics. Extended information The main difference between nanotechnology and microelectronics Nanotechnology studies the control of individual atoms and molecules to realize the specific function of the device, which works by using the volatility of the electrons; while microelectronics technology mainly realizes its function by controlling the group of electrons, which works by using the particle nature of the electrons. The purpose of people's research and development of nanotechnology is to realize the effective control of the whole microscopic world. Nanotechnology is a comprehensive discipline with strong intersectionality, and the research involves a wide range of modern science and technology.In 1993, the International Steering Committee for Nanotechnology divided nanotechnology into six subdisciplines, including nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, nanofabrication and nanometrology. Among them, nanophysics and nanochemistry are the theoretical basis of nanotechnology, while nanoelectronics is the most important content of nanotechnology. Baidu Encyclopedia-Nanotechnology
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Related information about nanotechnology
Information related to nanotechnology.
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Information about nanotechnology!
Nanomaterials is a general term for zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional materials with small size effects consisting of ultrafine particles with dimensions less than 100 nm (0.1-100 nm). Nano is the translation of the English namometer, is a unit of measurement in physics, 1 nanometer is one billionth of a meter; equivalent to the length of 45 atoms arranged. In layman's terms, it is equivalent to one ten-thousandth of the thickness of a hair. Like millimeters and micrometers, the nanometer is a concept of scale and has no physical connotation. When the material to the nanometer scale, about 1-100 nanometers in this range of space, the performance of the material will undergo a sudden change, the emergence of special properties. This kind of material with special properties different from the original composition of atoms and molecules, and also different from the macroscopic material composition, i.e., nanomaterials. If only the scale reaches nanometer, and there is no special properties of the material, also can not be called nanomaterials. In the past, people only pay attention to atoms, molecules or cosmic space, often ignoring this intermediate field, which actually exists in large quantities in the natural world, but only previously did not recognize the performance of this scale range. The first real recognition of its performance and cited the concept of nanometer is the Japanese scientists, they used the evaporation method in the 1970s to prepare ultramicro ions, and through the study of its performance found that: an electrically conductive, thermally conductive copper, silver conductor into the nanoscale, it will lose the original nature of the performance of the conductivity of electricity is not conductive, nor is it thermally conductive. The same is true for magnetic materials, such as iron and cobalt in harvest
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Give an example of the application of nanotechnology.