Purpose of the experiment
The LHC is definitely one of the most ambitious experiments in the history of human science.
Because the purpose of the experiment was to discover the laws that govern our world, to study the beginning of the universe, to explore the extra dimensions of space, and to find the fundamental unit of the microscopic world; the ambition of the experiment was evident in every one of these purposes.
The world's largest collider, the European Large Hadron Collider (LHC), located 100 meters deep beneath the Jura Mountains on the border between Switzerland and France, with a circumference of nearly 27 kilometers, first operated in 2008, and requires two nuclear power plants to provide electricity for its operation.
Principle of the experiment
In particle physics, hadrons (protons and neutrons) are already considered elementary particles (in fact, hadrons can also be divided into quarks, but quark confinement prevents quarks from existing on their own).
But scientists are not willing to use the Hadron Collider to accelerate two beams of protons to 99.9999999991% of the speed of light, and then collide with each other to generate other elementary particles, which include particles that have not yet been discovered by human beings, in order to explore the fundamental laws of physics.
Experimental Difficulty
So far, the LHC has cost more than $10 billion, and tens of thousands of scientists from more than 80 countries have worked on it.
The LHC is also very difficult to build, with a main structure of nearly 27 kilometers in circumference, buried 100 meters below ground, and accelerating magnetic field coils at -271.3 degrees Celsius (1.9 degrees Kelvin), and an internal vacuum ten times lower than that of the Moon.
The moment of the experimental impact, the resulting high temperature of 10 trillion degrees, can simulate the state of the universe shortly after the birth of the universe, the impact produces several terabytes of data streams per second, the data from each experiment, using a distributed supercomputer network, have to deal with months or even years of time.
Experimental Pitfalls
Before the LHC was operational in 2008, there was a public outcry around the world that the Large Hadron Collision (LHC) experiment might hit and create a miniature black hole, which would then engulf the Earth.
But this concern was quickly dispelled by scientists' explanations, because the LHC accelerates microscopic particles, whose mass is much smaller than the Planck mass (about 10^-5g), and objects smaller than the Planck mass do not form black holes, and even if they do form black holes, they will evaporate in an instant because of Hawking radiation.
Experimental results
So far, the LHC has discovered numerous elementary particles, including the famous God particle (the Higgs boson); it is very significant for particle physics, especially the Standard Model theory.
China's research
In 2014, the Institute of High Energy Physics in Beijing proposed to build the Circular Positron-Negative Electron Collider (CEPC), with a circumference of up to 100 kilometers, and collision energies at least seven times that of the European Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
This proposal caused widespread controversy in China at the time, with supporters arguing mainly from the construction of the collider, the promotion of China's scientific research; opponents argued that the current construction of the collider is not in line with the national situation, because according to the budget, the total cost of the CEPC amounted to tens of billions of dollars, or even more than 100 billion yuan.
Bidding for the construction of the CEPC has begun in 2016 at the Shenzhen-Shantou Special Cooperation Zone in the southern part of Guangdong province, and it is expected to be put into operation in 2028, so let's wait and see!
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
This was a clinical study conducted in Tuskegee, Alabama, from 1932 to 1972. In order to observe the transmission and pathogenesis of syphilis, 399 black male syphilitic patients were tricked into undergoing the experiment along with a control group of 201 black males who did not have syphilis, and the subjects were not given informed consent and were told that they could receive free medical care for having a blood disorder. No treatment was given to the syphilis patients, and the patients were tricked and given placebo treatments, even though penicillin has since become effective in treating syphilis. At the end of the study, only 74 subjects were still alive. Twenty-eight of them died of syphilis, 100 died of syphilis complications, 40 of the subjects' wives were infected with syphilis, and 19 children were born with congenital syphilis.
The Milgram Experiment
The experiment was devised by Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram in 1963 against the backdrop of the trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann, who emphasized that he was only " carrying out orders" during the commission of his crimes. The experiment itself was not crazy. The experiment itself wasn't crazy, but the conclusion was shocking: ordinary people obey power or authority, even when ordered to do things that go against their conscience.
Experimental design: volunteers were told to assist the teacher in assessing the students, and every time a student made a mistake during the assessment, the student was shocked by the helper (who was in fact the subject of the experiment), and the shock voltage was increased by 45V, and the voltage was increased by 15V for every click that the student made, and at the same time the student was clicked on and then sent out different degrees of pain (there was no actual clicking, but just playing the recorded sound), and the helper (who was in fact the subject of the experiment) was told that this was not the case. The facilitator (actually the subject) was told that this would facilitate learning. It turns out that, despite reluctance, a fairly high percentage of people will comply with the instructions, and 65% of the facilitators (who were actually the subjects) ended up shocking the students at 450V, with all of them exceeding 300V, which, if true, would have been fatal.
This experiment proves that ordinary people - at the behest of an authority figure - can administer apparently lethal electric shocks to complete strangers. These disturbing findings both revealed the limits of human reason and behavior, and sparked an ethical controversy that now prevents deeper exploration of the field.
To find out whether people obey authority when they don't know they're the subject of an experiment, in 1966 there was the "Deadly Nurses" experiment: a doctor telephoned night nurses to administer twice the maximum dose of an unapproved medication (which had been switched in advance to sugar pills, unbeknownst to the nurses) to a patient. Frighteningly, 21 of the 22 nurses carried out the doctor's request. The nurses were already in the know about the overdose and were in violation of hospital rules: over the phone and with unapproved drugs. This study shows that an aura of authority can have a significant impact on a person's moral judgment.
Let me say one, it's a little scary.
It's a real-life version of Resident Evil!
One day in April 1979, something bizarre suddenly happened in the Soviet industrial town of Sverdlovsk.
Three patients with extremely similar symptoms were brought to a hospital: high fever, headache and chest tightness, and breathlessness.
Doctors initially thought it was pneumonia, but the symptoms progressed so quickly that in the early hours of the next morning, two of the three had died. The other had bloody mucus coming out of his mouth and nose, and soon also collapsed and died.
Soon the city's other hospitals were filled with such patients, all with high fevers, coughing constantly, and some even with horrible black blisters on their skin.
Could it be that a terrible, never-before-detected virus is spreading?
Dozens of people have died in just one day, and the hospital morgue is filled with corpses.
Soon, the trail leads to Sector 32 of the city, a ceramic factory, where many people are found in protective suits being sterilized.
The government soon puts out the word that it is a private slaughterhouse that slaughters contaminated pork and people get sick from eating it.
People simply didn't believe that pork could kill people.
Later, N years later, an investigation finally brought the truth to light.
It turned out that there was a secret military weapons factory here, and the weapons produced in it were the new biochemical weapons intercepted by the Soviets from the infamous 731st invasion of China: anthrax.
It turned out that the day before the incident, this anthrax weapons processing plant, in the production process, because of carelessness, a filter in the removal was not installed back, the factory started production. So, the anthrax powder with the wind, eventually brewed this tragedy.
According to the former deputy director of the biochemical department of the former Soviet Union, who absconded from the United States, the accident killed at least 105 people, and the exact number is unknown, and the official later wrote a book on the subject, which was called "Biochemical Crisis".
I wanted to make the enemy famous on the battlefield, but I did not expect to end up eating their own. The poor, sad, lamentable!
In the history of human science, there have been two famous "Philadelphia Experiment", the first Philadelphia Experiment that Franklin in 1752 in Philadelphia with a kite collection to verify the properties of lightning. And the second occurred in 1943 "Philadelphia Experiment" is even more thrilling, known as the most exaggerated, the most crazy experiments in human history, more than Franklin play kite that time to be much more famous, countless articles, movies, television programs have introduced and discussed it.
In October 1943, the U.S. National Navy conducted a very secret test of an artificial magnetic field in Philadelphia, the famous 'Philadelphia Experiment'. According to many reports, the experiment successfully sent a destroyer called the USS Eldridge and its crew into another dimension.
When the experiment took place, a huge magnetic field was formed around the ship, which was then enveloped in a layer of green light, and the ship and its crew quickly disappeared from view. And when the experiment was terminated, the ship was moved to the Norfolk docks, 479 kilometers away. In the aftermath, some of the crew involved in the experiment retained residual reactions to the experiment, constantly disappearing and reappearing. The main person in charge of the Philadelphia experiment committed suicide a few days after the experiment, leaving behind a suicide note stating that the experiment had something to do with relativity.
When the Philadelphia experiment took place, some witnesses said they saw the crew suffer from nausea and an inability to distinguish direction, and some of the crew suddenly disappeared, while others were embedded in the wall and fused with the ship's steel plate, and whether or not they are still alive remains to be seen.
According to some of the other scientists involved in the experiment, the magnetic cloud was strong enough to rearrange the structure of the molecules of matter and instantly transfer them to another dimension.
The Philadelphia experiment has been talked about for more than half a century, with countless versions filmed for movies and television, and supposedly proved Einstein's Unified Field Theory and demonstrated the possibility of electromagnetically bending space-time.
Everyone has answered well, so I'll tell you about a rather bizarre science experiment. It's about soul verification.
The legend of the soul has been debated only from ancient times to the present day, but not many people have done experiments to verify it, nor do they know how to verify it.
People first ask what is the soul? What is the difference between soul and consciousness?
These questions seem to be unanswerable by the living.
But there is a scientist who is crazy enough to use his own life to find out if there is a consciousness after death.
This man was the French chemist Lavoisier, known as the father of modern chemistry.
Lavoisier lived during the revolutionary period of great change in France. The French Revolution was extremely radical, beheading people at the drop of a hat, killing thousands a day at its peak.
Lavoisier was dragged to be beheaded because his political ideas were different from those of the ruling faction at the time.
Lavoisier thought, "I'm going to die anyway, so I might as well make a contribution to science with my life. He agreed with the executioner that after his head was cut off, he would see how many times he could blink his eyes and calculate the time interval between each time, which would at least prove how long consciousness can still exist after death.
On the day of the execution, a **** killed almost 30 people, and Lavoisier was the fourth. When he was after the head, his eyes blinked 11 times, each time by two seconds, or 22 seconds. This is the first proof that a man is still conscious after his head hits the ground.
But this experiment is controversial, there is no official record, just the circulation of onlookers at the time. But the credibility is still relatively high, according to the relevant records, when a number of onlookers passers-by said that there is indeed this matter.
Now scientists have found that after the human head hits the ground, its consciousness can stay for up to five minutes, because the blood in the skull and the oxygen can be consumed by the brain.
This experiment is not perfect proof that consciousness exists after death.
But there was an even crazier experiment that attempted to prove the existence of consciousness.
This is the Soul 21 Grams experiment.
In the early 1900s, an American physician, Dr. Duncan MacDougall, came up with a way to prove the soul.
He thought that if the soul exists, it should also have mass. If a dying person is put on a scale, any change in his weight after death will prove that his soul is out of the body, so that the weight of the soul can be calculated according to the difference in weight between the dead and the alive, thus indirectly proving the existence of the soul.
Without further ado, this doctor found six dying patients as samples and put the terminally ill patients on his own sensitively designed weighing bed.
But the experiment was so inaccurate that of the six people measured, only one had data that could be used; the other five were constantly moving upside down and convulsing as they died, making it impossible for the weighing bed to record weights before and after death.
Only one person's data was perfect, and that person was the first deceased, who was calm before death.
He watched for four hours and recorded the change in weight before and after the death as 28 grams, which, after removing the liquid volatilization, resulted in a final figure of 21 grams, which is where the 21 grams of the soul came from.
But the real rigor of this experiment is controversial. Scientists believe that in addition to liquid volatilization, the gas is also volatilized. There is also some release of energy, and none of these things can be quantified. It's strictly impossible to prove the weight of the soul.
But the claim that the soul is 21 grams spread, and many books now borrow unproven experimental data to make certain points.
Scientists now believe that 21 grams of the soul is pure nonsense. Experimental loopholes abound, whether the soul exists in the first place is a big question, the soul, even if it exists, whether it is a substance is still a big question.
Science and technology is a double-edged sword, science and technology can be used to develop productive forces and maintain world peace. But some miscreants, out of various evil purposes, will also maliciously use all kinds of science and technology, many crazy experiments, in the history of science, science and technology to go off the beaten track and even become evil experiments are not uncommon.
For example, human microbial research can be used to treat diseases and benefit mankind, but in the hands of crazy and evil people, it can be transformed into a serious threat to human life, especially once it is put into military applications.
For example, during World War II, Japan's infamous Unit 731 conducted a large number of germ warfare experiments. They used innocent Chinese civilians in their experiments to conduct live experiments and cultivate disease-causing bacteria. The germs were spread throughout the war zone, prompting the onset and prevalence of plague and causing large numbers of casualties among our people.
Japanese army in the Pacific war, also carried out a large number of biological warfare applications, cultivation of gonorrhea, syphilis and other viruses on the local civilian infection, so as to spread to the enemy army, used to kill and weaken the other side of the soldier's morale and combat effectiveness, such experiments is really disgraceful.
The U.S. "Minnesota Hunger Experiment", a person in a state of long-term hunger, in addition to losing weight, what will happen? If you want to lose weight, take a look at this.
In 1944, the European battlefield in World War II not only played very difficult, but also encountered a huge problem: lack of resources.
To put it bluntly, no one had anything to eat. The U.S. was considering the question, even if the war was won, so many refugees were waiting for food, if we want to rescue them, how much food is enough?
It's a complicated question, and Dr. Ancel Keys initiated a study to find out how starvation affects people.
So he designed an experiment and recruited 36 male volunteers. These men were healthy, determined, and willing to dedicate themselves to the cause of science.
The experiment lasted for one year, with a three-month observation period, a six-month starvation experiment, and a three-month recovery period.
The experiment was arranged in the dormitory under the University of Minnesota gymnasium, everyone has their own small room, usually together entertainment, work, study.
The first phase of the three-month observation period, the experimental team gave the volunteers two meals a day each, a **** contains 3200 calories. The volunteers had to study and work normally every day, but also to ensure that they had 35 kilometers of walking exercise a week.
It should be said that the first stage is a very normal diet and life.
In the second phase, the starvation experiment officially began.
All the volunteers' diets were strictly limited to 1570 calories per day, mainly vegetables and bread, and rarely meat. At the same time, their lifestyle remained unchanged, and they continued to study and work every day, as well as walking no less than 35 kilometers a week.
So how have things changed over this time? Let's pick out some of the important ones.
In the first few days, the volunteers experienced a loss of energy and mental sluggishness. Also, they began to be unresponsive, less alert, and had difficulty concentrating.
As the experiment continued, the volunteers began to experience gastrointestinal discomfort, insomnia, dizziness, edema, hair loss, fear of cold, tinnitus, blurred vision, decreased body temperature, decreased bowel movements, and so on.
In the beginning, coffee and gum were provided in unlimited quantities. Hungry volunteers started drinking coffee and chewing gum so frantically that the experimenters had to limit the amount (one person chewed 400 sticks of gum a day).
Everyone started to get noticeably thinner and more and more skeleton-like.
On top of that, the volunteers' moods and personalities changed.
They began to become moody, depressed, and prone to outbursts of anger. Some of the anxious ones started chewing their nails and smoking excessively. The topics the volunteers talked about were no longer their favorites, whether it was politics and military or beautiful women. The only topic they had left was food.
Many began to study recipes, collect cutlery, and some could even stare at a photo of food for 2 hours.
Slowly, some people began to experience mental anomalies, and one volunteer was so desperate that he tried to mutilate himself to leave the experiment, and then he actually cut off three of his fingers.
Another volunteer began to dream of eating human flesh, and one day couldn't take it anymore, so he ran out and stole a large amount of ice cream. When the researchers confronted him, the man first cried out in pain and then violently threatened the researchers. He had to be sent to a psychiatric hospital, resumed his diet, and treated before he was cured.
The starvation experiment, which had lasted six months, finally came to an end, and the volunteers began to enter a period of recovery.
During this time, they would feel like they were still hungry no matter how much they ate, and overeat to the point where they would be sent to the hospital emergency room. It wasn't until eight months into the experiment that the volunteers were basically back to normal.
What this experiment brought to the professional researchers, we do not go deeper, just talk about weight loss.
Losing weight through dieting is very popular nowadays, and the news of "losing 20 pounds in a month" pops up from time to time. However, weight loss through starvation is not a good way to lose weight, people's physiology and psychology will be damaged, and the consequences of rapid weight loss is often a rapid rebound, not much sense.
Weight loss or rely on a long time to adhere to, fine water and long flow of exercise exercise plus a reasonable diet with, don't be in a hurry.
The photo may scare everyone, hurry to eat something to pressure the shock of it ......
1: ape experiments
In fact, the ape hybridization experiments, whether it really exists, this is not good to determine, because this thing is in 1927, Belarus, a newspaper was exposed.
2: The Guatemalan Syphilis Experiment
The Guatemalan Syphilis Experiment was a medical experiment conducted by the United States between 1946 and 1948, but there was one problem with the experiment, which was that the people involved were unaware of the experiment, and so these people were thoroughly guinea pigs, and then in the course of all the experiments, there were roughly 696 males and females who were inoculated with syphilis.
In fact, there were 696 men and women who were inoculated with syphilis during the entire experiment.
In addition, in fact, from 1932, the U.S. public **** department for some infected with syphilis free treatment, but in fact, the treatment is just a slogan, the real purpose is still experimental, but the paper does not know how to fire, this thing was eventually exposed, the U.S. kept secret for more than 40 years of syphilis experiments, but also shocked the whole world, and then the U.S. government in 2010, the official release of the The first time I've seen this, I've seen it, and I've seen it, and I've seen it, and I've seen it, and I've seen it.
3: Crazy Rocket Cars
In fact, we all know one thing, that is, people can not afford to accelerate and decelerate too quickly, so someone has thought about, in the end, how much acceleration can human be able to withstand it? This person is called John Stamp, John Stamp is a doctor, this doctor made a crazy rocket car, this rocket car speed, reached 1000 kilometers per hour.
The doctor sat in this rocket car, and then began a dramatic acceleration, then in a very short period of time, the speed of this car reached 1010 kilometers, the results of this doctor in the whole process, bear about 35 G acceleration, and finally the doctor not only fracture, concussion, and even the eye of the blood vessels are burst, but the doctor's experiment is worth it, he for the later people Provided valuable data ......
Boiling water for pneumonia
1846 Walter F. Jones of Petersburg, Virginia, afraid of black slaves of pneumonia will be infected to their families, anxious to find a cure for typhoid pneumonia treatment, although not very knowledgeable about medicine, but usually like to think, combined with some of the phenomena seen in everyday life - -All kinds of animal skin and meat after boiling water, always become white and clean, it is recognized that boiling water can drive away the body cold, kill bacteria. Out of the rigor of scientific attitude, not that can be used on a large scale in the black slaves, but the two selected to do the experiment, he poured boiling water on the backs of nude slaves suffering from typhoid pneumonia every four hours, the time minutes and seconds of error, he was very rigorous, serious treatment, and the final results of the experiment is: he was after the expression of the experimenter, as well as every pore of the observation of the subtle and firmly believe that the boiling water back scalded the treatment of pneumonia, but not yet perfect, but not yet perfect. The boiling water is an effective treatment for pneumonia, but it is not perfect and has its side effects, because it can kill people!
Reactions to inserting a needle into a person's brain
In 1874, Mary Rafferty, an Irish servant, came to Dr. Roberts Bartholow at the Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati to be treated for her cancer.Dr. Bartholow felt that this was a good opportunity to do some research, and cut open the patient's head, removed her skull and inserted a needle electrode into the exposed brain. inserted needle electrodes into the exposed brain matter. He described the experiment as follows:
When the needle entered the brain matter, she complained of severe neck pain. In order to get a more definite reaction, I increased the strength of the current ...... Her face showed great pain and she began to cry. Soon her left hand was outstretched, as if grasping some object before her; the arm was presently agitated by clonic spasms; her eyes were fixed and immovable, the pupils widely dilated; the lips were blue, and she swore under her breath; her respiration became hoarse; she lost consciousness, and her left side spasmed violently. The convulsions lasted five minutes, and the coma succeeded. She regained consciousness twenty minutes from the beginning of the attack, and complained of some weakness and vertigo.
-? Dr. Bartholow's research
The world's longest experiment - the Asphalt Drip Experiment - the crazy thing about this experiment is that it has been passed down from generation to generation of scientists, starting in 1927, and is now 91 years old.
The experiment began in 1927.
Parnell, a professor at the University of Queensland in Australia, devised the experiment in order to prove to his students that bitumen is not a solid but a liquid.
During Parnell's time at the helm of the experiment, the bitumen dropping device dropped a total of **** three drops of bitumen. But after his death, the device fell into oblivion. It was not until Mainstone came to the University of Queensland that he discovered the dusty device and decided to continue the "great" experiment.
In his second year, the fourth drop of asphalt fell successfully, but Mainstone missed it because he had just gotten married and was still on his honeymoon. And the next four and five drops were missed for various reasons.
After he missed the seventh drop of asphalt because he was drinking a cup of coffee, he installed a camera rig for the drop. Thinking the wave could be solid, Mainstone was quite relieved to be on a business trip to the UK when the eighth drop of asphalt was about to fall.
While in the UK, his colleagues told him the good news and the bad news .
The good news was that the asphalt had fallen and the camera had captured it, but the bad news was that the camera's storage device had broken down and the image had not been saved.
Back in Queensland, Mainstone learned the hard way, replacing several high-definition cameras and streaming the experiment live on the internet so that people around the world could **** the event.
But sadly, the ninth drop of bitumen fell in early 2014, and in August 2013, Mainstone died.
It is a small consolation that Mainstone had the privilege of watching the asphalt drip during his lifetime.
Trinity University from Dublin, Europe, captured the moment in July 2013 when the asphalt dripped. This is because Trinity University has been conducting similar experiments since 1944, and for the first time, the entire process of dripping was captured on film.