Spaulding classification of medical devices into which three categories

1. Highly hazardous items: items that enter the body's sterile tissues, organs, and vascular system, or have sterile body fluids flowing through them, or items that come into contact with broken skin or broken mucous membranes, and that have a very high risk of infection once contaminated by microorganisms, such as surgical instruments, puncture needles, laparoscopes, biopsy forceps, cardiac catheters, implants, and so on.

2. Moderately dangerous items: items that are in contact with intact mucous membranes and do not enter the sterile tissues, organs and blood stream of the human body, or contact broken skin or broken mucous membranes, such as gastrointestinal endoscopes, tracheoscopes, laryngoscopes, anal tables, oral tables, respiratory tubes, anesthesia tubes, tongue depressor plates, and anorectal pressure measurement catheters.

3, risky items: equipment in contact with intact skin and not in contact with mucous membranes, such as stethoscopes, sphygmomanometer cuffs, etc.: bed rails, bed surfaces, as well as headboards, bedding: walls, floors and so on.