1, good health publicity
To the people who are about to enter the plateau and live in the plateau, the medical staff has the responsibility to carry out plateau health education, explain the characteristics of the plateau environment and the human body's adaptive process, to relieve them of the plateau of anxiety; nervousness and fear, set up to overcome the plateau reaction, to overcome the plateau of the disease of the double heart. Medical personnel also need to teach the staff to enter the knowledge of self-protection, master the acute plateau disease of self determination method and learn the knowledge of primary care.
2, physical examination
Healthy organism has a strong adaptive ability to plateau, but those who suffer from certain diseases are prone to plateau disease, therefore, people entering the plateau should be the first to carry out a physical examination, the purpose is to clarify the degree of adaptation to the plateau area after they enter the early. Suffering from various types of organic heart disease, obvious hypertension, bronchodilatation, asthma, emphysema, severe tuberculosis, epilepsy, anemia, severe ulcer disease and liver, kidney, spleen, endocrine disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity (body mass index "30"), are not suitable for entry into the plateau of more than 3000 meters above sea level.
3, follow the ladder of adaptation
The purpose of the ladder of adaptation is to have enough time to gradually adapt to the plateau of low-oxygen environment, fully mobilize a series of physiological regulatory mechanisms in the body, in order to obtain a new unity with the external environment, thereby reducing the occurrence of plateau disease. Generally speaking;: in the process of entering the plateau, it is best to adapt to the altitude of 1500-2000 meters for about 2 weeks, and then to 3000 meters to adapt to the region for another week, such as the case of emergency, but also at least in the 2000 meters, 3000 meters to stay for 3 days each. Later on, you can slowly acclimatize from 4,000 to 5,000 meters, in this way, the acclimatization effect will be better. One thing to keep in mind: do not climb too fast, climb too high!
4, physical exercise
In order to improve the endurance to hypoxia, shorten the adaptation time, enhance the effect of adaptation, physical exercise is a positive and effective measures. There are two ways: one for general physical exercise, before entering the plateau for long-distance running, ball games, gymnastics, swimming and other sports; the other for a high degree of adaptation exercise, such as mountain climbing or heavy mountaineering. After the plateau should still adhere to exercise, but should pay attention to gradual and progressive, and gradually improve. The old and weak can carry out radio exercises, simple taijiquan and other activities.
5, strengthen the warmth of cold
The higher the altitude, the lower the temperature, the greater the temperature difference between day and night, the body's oxygen consumption increases, easy to induce plateau disease, and easy to frostbite. Therefore, people entering the plateau, should be cold and frost education, equipped with cold supplies, such as cotton clothes, leather hats, cotton shoes and gloves. When marching or traveling on the plateau, you should wash your feet, change your underwear, bake insoles, deal with foot sweat, grease your hands and feet, and reduce direct contact with metal and snow and ice. Pay attention to the rest activities during the march, such as rubbing hands and feet, stepping on the ground, avoid standing for a long time.
6, pay attention to diet and nutrition
Nutrition can affect the metabolism of substances and oxygen utilization. Sugar can improve the ability to withstand hypoxia, improve alveolar oxygen and blood oxygen content, so the first to the plateau should be taken to high sugar, low fat, moderate amount of protein nutritional principles, some people suggest that the ratio of the three by 4:0.8:1 for the deployment. Many vitamins are coenzymes of tissue respiration, such as vitamin B1, B2:, vitamin C is the biological oxidation of hydrogen transfer body, therefore, should supply sufficient vitamins. Fresh vegetables and fruits are rich in vitamins and should be supplied regularly.
Plateau air pressure is low, the boiling point of water is also low, the pressure cooker should be used to cook, so that employees eat hot rice, cooked rice. Attention to improve the main, side food species pattern, make good use of condiments, so that the dishes taste beautiful gas aroma, stimulate the appetite.
7, reasonable arrangement of labor
Physical labor, the body's consumption of oxygen with a large amount of energy consumption and a significant increase. Physical labor in the plateau, especially those who have not yet adapted, although the cardiopulmonary function compensation enhancement, but far from being able to meet the body's need for oxygen, easy to form a quot;oxygen debtquot; increase in hypoxia exacerbated, and promote plateau disease. So for the first time to the plateau people, no special circumstances, as far as possible not to arrange heavy physical labor. General labor should also be given appropriate rest time. Even people who have been adapted to the plateau should pay attention to the combination of work and rest. The general principle is that the intensity of labor from the light gradually heavy, labor time
8, with the drug prevention and treatment
The advantage of the drug prevention and treatment is simple to use, not limited to the time, suitable for emergencies and collective use. However, the current effect is not yet very satisfactory, there is no special drugs, its role is only to assist and promote the body's adaptation to the plateau. Commonly used drugs are drugs that regulate the excitation and inhibition of the central nervous system (such as bromine plus synthroid, amphetamine tablets, etc.), drugs that regulate the metabolism of substances (acidic drugs, acetazolamide), drugs that play a role in cellular respiration (cytochrome C, adenosine triphosphate, etc.), and drugs that increase the oxygen transport and utilization of oxygen (vitamins, adrenal cortical hormones, etc.).
Some Chinese and Tibetan medicines have a very good adaptive effect, is commonly known as "anti-hypoxia drugs", in fact, the drug itself can not fight against hypoxia, but by regulating and improving the human body's function and metabolism to improve physiological function to adapt to the plateau of low oxygen. In this regard, there are many medicines, such as ginseng, ginseng, astragalus, angelica, etc., blood circulation and blood stasis medicines such as danshen, etc., strong agents such as Cordyceps sinensis, Rhodiola rosea, etc., tranquilizers and sedatives such as 5 flavors, etc., commonly used in combination, but also can be used as a single formula, according to the dialectic and treatment, the effect is good.
9, sound rescue equipment
Plateau hospitals, health centers and first aid stations should be able to improve the treatment and rescue of plateau disease equipment, such as a variety of medicines, oxygen, phlegm inhaler. The most important is oxygen, including oxygen accessories (catheters, masks, etc.), these must be prepared sufficiently. The first aid kit for pulmonary edema and cerebral edema can be set up to be ready for use at any time.
Currently there are several kinds of pressurized oxygen medical equipment is very effective in improving hypoxia and preventing and controlling plateau disease.
(1) Hyperbaric oxygen chamber: by increasing the atmospheric pressure in the cabin and with the inhalation of high concentration of oxygen, can rapidly increase the blood oxygen content in the body, improve the hypoxia, treatment of highland pulmonary edema, highland cerebral edema and other heavy acute plateau disease, the effect is rapid and precise. It has many functions and a wide range of applications, 'not only for pressurization treatment, but also for surgery, radiotherapy, resuscitation, rehabilitation, health care and so on in this high oxygen environment. Many hospitals have small hyperbaric chambers. Qinghai Plateau Medical Research Institute has one of the largest, most functional and superior performance of high and low pressure oxygen chamber, which can treat 22 people at a time, and the environment is beautiful and safe, which will serve the road construction staff.
(2) pressurized bag: the shape of a sleeping bag, the patient into the bag, closed bag, through manual pressurization or electric automatic pressurization, so that the bag of local small environmental gas pressurization, thereby increasing the popularity of suction partial pressure of oxygen, a lightweight portable small high-pressure chamber, can be in the mountains on the spot treatment of the patient, or improve the condition of the transit before the fight for time. However, the quality must be guaranteed, the price is relatively expensive.
(3) oxygen-enriched room: through a set of special devices to make the air through the oxygen-enriched membrane into the room, so that the oxygen enrichment, the concentration increases, the usual oxygen accounted for 21% of the atmosphere. Such as raising 1% that becomes 22% of the atmosphere, that is, equal to a drop of 300 meters, then if at an altitude of 4500 meters, through the oxygen-rich increase to 25% of the oxygen, that is, equal to a drop to 3000 meters above sea level, there will be no significant hypoxia, if you sleep in the oxygen-rich room, it is the quality of sleep is good, energetic on the second day, therefore, from the long-term point of view of the railroad station construction, it is worth taking the technology.