Principles of emergency protection in the event of an earthquake When the earthquake is close to the shelter, after the earthquake quickly evacuated to a safe place is a better way to emergency protection.
The so-called nearby shelter, that is, according to the local conditions to make different responses to different situations. How do school personnel avoid earthquakes? In schools, what is most needed during an earthquake is the calmness and decisiveness of school leaders and teachers.
Areas with medium- and long-term earthquake forecasts should normally combine teaching activities to tell students about earthquakes and earthquake prevention and avoidance. Before the earthquake, we should arrange the routes and venues for students to transfer and evacuate; after the earthquake, we should calmly direct students to evacuate in an orderly manner.
In the more solid, safe houses, you can hide under the desk, next to the podium, the students in the teaching building can go to the room with small openings, pipeline support, never let the students run around or jump off the building. How can I avoid earthquakes when walking on the street? When an earthquake occurs, glass shards from high-rise buildings and broken pieces of concrete on the outside of the building, as well as advertisement signs, tinplate, neon light frames, etc., may fall and injure people. Therefore, when walking on the street, it is best to put a purse or a soft object next to you on your head, or use your hands to protect your head when there is no object, and be as ready as possible for self-defense, and to be calm, you should leave the utility poles and the walls quickly, and run to the open area to take shelter.
How can workshop workers avoid earthquakes? Workshop workers can hide in the car, machine tools and taller equipment, do not panic and run, special positions on the workers should first close the flammable and explosive, toxic gas valves, timely reduction of high temperature, high pressure pipeline temperatures and pressures, close the operation of the equipment. Most of the personnel can be evacuated from the work site, under the premise of safety protection, a small number of personnel to stay at the scene at any time to monitor the danger, and deal with possible accidents in a timely manner, to prevent secondary disasters from occurring.
How should a vehicle traveling during an earthquake respond to an emergency? (1) the driver should decelerate as soon as possible, gradually brake; (2) passengers (especially on the train) should be firmly grasped by the hands of the pull handle, columns or seats, and pay attention to prevent the luggage from falling off the shelves and injuries, face to face in the direction of the car, the arm should be leaning on the seat cushions in front of the seat to protect the face, the body tends to the channel, the two hands to protect their heads; back to the direction of the car, the back of the head, two hands should be protected, and raise the knees to protect the abdomen, tighten the Body, make a good defense posture. How do people in a building respond to an earthquake? Once the earthquake occurred, first of all, we must maintain a clear, calm mind, timely identification of vibration conditions, never jump in panic, this is extremely important.
Secondly, you can hide in the solid furniture, or the corner of the wall, can also be transferred to the more load-bearing walls, small openings in the kitchen, the toilet to avoid a moment. Because these places have a strong combination of force, especially the pipeline has been processed, has a better support, the seismic coefficient is larger.
In short, the earthquake can be based on the layout of the building and the indoor conditions, time and situation, looking for safe space and channel to avoid, reduce casualties. The first thing you need to do is to find a way to get out of the way and get out of the way. When you encounter an earthquake in a department store, stay calm.
As people are panicking, merchandise is falling, which may block the evacuation route. In this case, you should hide next to a large pillar or a large product (avoiding the display case) or towards an unobstructed aisle, then crouch down and wait for the earthquake to subside.
In the upstairs position, in principle, to the bottom of the transfer is good. But the stairs are often the weakest part of a building's resistance to earthquakes, so it's important to look at the right time to get out of harm's way.
Attendants should organize the masses to avoid the nearby, safe evacuation after the earthquake. Self-help after the earthquake Earthquake such as being buried under the rubble, surrounded by darkness, only a very small space, you must not panic, be calm, establish confidence in survival, believe that there will be people to save you, to do everything possible to protect themselves.
After the earthquake, there are often many aftershocks, the situation may continue to deteriorate, in order to avoid new injuries, to try to improve their own environment. At this point, if the emergency kit is at hand, it will help you get out of danger.
In this extremely unfavorable environment, first of all, to protect the respiratory flow, move away from the head, chest debris, smell gas, poisonous gas, wet clothes and other things to cover the mouth, nose; avoid the body above the collapse of the non-structural objects and other easy to cause the fall of the object; expand and stabilize the survival space, with bricks, sticks, etc. to support the wreckage in case of aftershocks, the environment to further deteriorate. Try to get out of danger.
If you can't find a way out of danger, try to save your strength, use stones to knock objects that can make noise, send out a call for help, don't cry, impatient and blind action, which will consume a lot of energy and strength, as far as possible to control their own emotions or close their eyes and rest, waiting for the rescue personnel to arrive. If you are injured, think about bandaging to avoid excessive bleeding.
Maintaining life. If buried under the rubble for a long time, the rescue workers have not arrived, or did not hear the call for help signal, we must think of ways to maintain their lives, water and food shock packages must save, try to find food and drinking water, if necessary, their own urine can also play a role in quenching thirst.
Mutual rescue after the earthquake After the earthquake, the outside world disaster relief teams can not immediately rushed to the scene of the disaster, in this case, in order to make more people buried in the rubble under the people, to get valuable life, the affected area people actively involved in mutual rescue, is to reduce casualties in the most timely and effective way, but also reflects the "save a person in distress", the noble virtues. The time to rescue timely, the greater the hope of being rescued.
According to relevant information, 20 minutes after the earthquake was rescued by the survival rate of more than 98%, one hour after the earthquake was rescued by the survival rate fell to 63%, 2 hours after the earthquake can not be rescued in the personnel, asphyxiation deaths accounted for 58% of the number of deaths. They are not in the earthquake due to the collapse of the building smashed to death, but the room interest death, if you can timely rescue, is completely can get life.
Hundreds of thousands of people were buried in the rubble of the Tangshan earthquake, and most of them regained their lives through self-help and mutual aid. Mutual rescue actions by the people in the affected areas have played an irreplaceable role in the entire earthquake relief efforts.
After the earthquake to save time to fast after the earthquake to save people, and strive to time to fast, accurate target, appropriate methods, mutual rescue team is growing principle. Specific practices are: first save the near, whether it is family, neighbors, or strangers, do not seek far away; first save easy to save people, so that the rapid growth of mutual rescue team; first save the young and strong and medical personnel, so that they can give full play to the role of disaster relief; first save "life", after saving "people".
A rural woman in the Tangshan earthquake saved every one of them.
2. How to call for help
When you need medical emergency services, you can dial 120 or 999 for medical emergencies.
Once you have dialed, you should tell us where the patient is, his or her age, gender and condition. If you don't know the exact address, give an approximate location, such as which street, which direction, which building, etc.
If you don't know the exact address, give an approximate location.
As far as possible, describe the patient's typical symptoms, e.g., chest pain, unconsciousness, vomiting of blood, vomiting without stopping, difficulty breathing. If possible, state when the patient became ill or was injured.
If the injury was accidental, describe the nature of the injury, such as electrocution, explosion, landslide, drowning, fire, poisoning, traffic accident, etc., and report the part of the body that the victim was injured in and the circumstances of the injury. As far as possible, explain your special needs, and find out the approximate time of arrival of the ambulance, and be prepared to receive it.
3. Primary school students emergency call for common sense
First, ankle sprain first aid
1, mild ankle sprain, should be the first cold compresses on the affected area, 24 hours after the change to hot compresses, bandages wrapped around the ankles, the foot cushion high, you can reduce the symptoms.
Second, electrocution first aid
① quickly cut off the power supply.
② can not find the gate, can be insulated to pick open the wire or cut the wire.
③ Immediately lift the electrocuted person to a ventilated place, unbuttoned, pants, if the breathing stops, must do mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration or send it to a nearby hospital first aid.
④ Saline or petroleum jelly gauze can be used to bandage the local burns.
Third, arterial bleeding first aid
① small arterial bleeding, the wound is not big, can be used to disinfected cotton on the wound, pressure bandage, generally can stop the stun
② bleeding more than the injured limb can be elevated, to slow down the speed of the flow of blood, to assist in stopping the stun
③ limb bleeding is serious, you can tourniquet tied to the upper end of the wound, should be padded with towels or Cloth piece, and then every half hour must be relaxed once, the total tying time *** not more than two hours, so as to avoid ischemic necrosis of the limb. After the initial treatment, should be immediately sent to the hospital for treatment.
Fourth, children's stroke first aid
1, found that the child stroke, should not panic, shaking the child, so as to aggravate the condition, do not irrigate the soup, in order to avoid inhalation of airways. You should open the window and undo the child's blouse to allow breathing. Put chopsticks wrapped in cloth between the child's upper and lower teeth to avoid biting the tongue. If the child has a high fever, put a towel dipped in cold water on the forehead. Record the time and symptoms in detail and send the child to the hospital immediately.
V. First aid for dog bites
After being bitten by a dog, the wound should be tightened with a cloth belt 5 cm above and below the wound, and suck out the dirty blood with a suction device, and then rinse the wound with soapy water. The dog that bites should be isolated, and once diagnosed as carrying the rabies virus, it should be put to death.
4. Primary school students emergency call for common sense
First, ankle sprain first aid 1, mild ankle sprain, should be the first cold compresses on the affected area, 24 hours after the change to hot compresses, bandages wrapped around the ankle, the foot cushion, you can reduce the symptoms.
Second, electrocution first aid method ① quickly cut off the power supply. ② can not find the gate, available insulated pick open the wire or cut the wire.
③ Immediately lift the electrocuted person to a ventilated place, unbuttoned, pants, if breathing stops, must do mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration or send it to a nearby hospital first aid.
Third, arterial bleeding first aid ① small arterial bleeding, the wound is not big, available disinfected cotton on the wound, pressure bandage, generally can stop ② bleeding more than, can be elevated to the injured limb, slowing down the speed of the blood flow, to assist in stopping ③ limb bleeding is serious, can be tied to a tourniquet in the wound at the upper end of the tie should be padded with a towel or a piece of cloth, and then must be relaxed every half an hour 1 time, the total tying time *** shall not exceed two hours, so as to avoid ischemic necrosis of the limb. After the initial treatment, should be immediately sent to the hospital for treatment.
Fourth, children's stroke first aid 1, found that the child stroke, should not panic, shaking the child, so as to aggravate the condition, do not irrigate the soup, in order to avoid inhalation of the windpipe. The window should be opened, and the child's shirt should be unlocked to allow breathing.
Stick the chopsticks wrapped in cloth between the child's upper and lower teeth to avoid biting the tongue. In case of high fever, put a towel dipped in cold water on the forehead.
Record the time and symptoms of the stroke and send it to the hospital immediately. Fifth, the dog bite first aid After being bitten by a dog, should be 5 cm above and below the wound with a cloth belt tightening, sucking out the blood with a suction device, and then rinse the wound with soapy water.
The biting dog should be added isolation, once diagnosed as carrying rabies virus, should be immediately executed.
5. First aid knowledge
Life will inevitably encounter some accidents, the following are introduced when encountered heatstroke, shock, centipede bites, pet bites, bee stings accidental first aid knowledge.
First aid for heatstroke 1. Immediately move the patient to a ventilated, cool and dry place, such as a corridor or the shade of a tree. 2. 2, so that the patient lying on his back, unlock the collar, remove or loosen the jacket.
If the clothes are wet with sweat, replace them with dry clothes, and turn on the fan or air conditioner (direct wind should be avoided) to dissipate the heat as soon as possible. 3, with a wet towel cold compress head, armpits and groin, etc., if possible, with warm water to wipe the whole body, while the skin, muscle ***, accelerate blood circulation, promote heat dissipation.
4, conscious patients or after cooling awake patients can drink mung bean soup, salt water and other relief. 5, once a high fever, coma and convulsions and other symptoms, should let the patient side lying, head back, to maintain a clear airway, while immediately dialing the 120 telephone, help medical personnel to give emergency treatment.
Second, shock 1, shock patients should be resuscitated on the spot, keep the patient quiet. 2, *** Take the shock position that the head and legs are elevated about 30 ℃.
3, keep the airway open, clear the oropharynx foreign body, lift the jaw, tracheal intubation or tracheotomy if necessary. 4、Don't give any drink or food to the patient when transferring, if the patient's mouth and lips are dry, wet gauze can be used to moisten them; if the patient breathes with his mouth open, open the gauze to cover the mouth.
Third, centipede bites should be immediately washed with a weak alkaline solution [such as soapy water, light lime water, etc.] and cold compresses, or with the same amount of alum, alum research to strong tea or boiled wine to mix the wounds, can also be used in the fish, dandelion, mashed external compresses, there are systemic symptoms of the person should be quickly to the hospital for treatment. Fourth, the pet bite 1, by the pet scratch, bite, should immediately use a lot of soapy water, repeatedly wash the wound, minimize the invasion of viruses, so that after treatment, should immediately go to the hospital for treatment.
2, at the same time must be rabies vaccination. The mortality rate of rabies is extremely high, once the disease treatment is almost hopeless.
But the prevention can be very simple, there is a small baby at home, it is best not to raise dogs and cats. V. Bee stings 1, available weak alkaline solution such as 3% ammonia, soapy water, etc. external, in order to neutralize the acidic poisoning, can also be used safflower oil, anemone, floral water, etc. external application of local.
2, wasp stings can be neutralized with a weak acidic solution (such as vinegar), and the stinger can be removed by picking with a small needle or wiping with gauze. 3, the local symptoms are more serious, but also to fire cupping and local closure therapy, and give painkillers.
The person with severe systemic symptoms should go to the hospital as soon as possible. For swarm stings or wounds have signs of pus, it is appropriate to add antimicrobials.
Baidu Encyclopedia - First Aid Techniques Baidu Encyclopedia - First Aid.
6. In daily life and work in the emergency rescue common sense
1, the first step of rescue - call the emergency telephone
When the side of the emergence of a sudden patient, the implementation of the first step of rescue is to immediately call the emergency telephone 120. because it is a call for help, so the language must be concise, accurate. So the language must be concise and accurate. In the phone call, you should generally say the following:
(1) the patient's name, gender, age;
(2) the most critical condition, such as confusion, fainting, anterior cardiac pain, hemorrhage, respiratory distress, etc.; the time of the onset of the disease, the course of the disease, the use of medication, as well as the part of the past medical history that is related to the current onset of the disease;
(3) the patient's family or the scene of the disease, the detailed address and telephone number, as well as the patient's family, the patient's home, the patient's family, the patient's family and the patient's family. The detailed address and telephone number of the scene, as well as waiting for the exact location of the ambulance, preferably at a clearly visible signs;
(4) accidental disasters and accidents also need to explain the nature of the injury, the number of injuries and other circumstances.
2, the family first aid "eight rings"
A ring of panic: such as panic with the hands of the electrocuted pull, can only be even their own electrocution. At this time, you should first cut off the power supply, with wooden sticks and other insulators to make the patient out of the power supply and then rescue.
The second ring for small losses: encountered a critical patient, first look at the patient whether there is a heartbeat breathing, pupil and mental condition. If the heartbeat has stopped, you should immediately do mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and chest compressions, and can not rush to bandage to stop bleeding.
The third commandment is to move randomly: in case of accidents, it is best to save the place, do not move randomly, especially cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, acute myocardial infarction, bone fracture patients are more avoiding to move.
The fourth commandment is to seek far away: when the first aid, time is life, should be sent to the nearest hospital, especially when the patient's breathing and heartbeat is on the verge of stopping, it is more inappropriate to send far away from the big hospitals.
Fifth, the use of drugs: many families have medicines, but the use of drugs, limited knowledge, do not use indiscriminately. Such as acute abdominal pain, overdose of painkillers will cover up the condition, hindering the correct diagnosis.
Six quit indiscriminate drinks: many people mistakenly think that the patient drink some hot tea and hot water will relieve the condition, in fact, unnecessary. Burns patients should not drink boiled water, acute necrotizing pancreatitis should be banned from food and water, especially confused patients, can not be hard to pour drinks, it is easy to pour into the bronchial tube caused by choking, asphyxiation.
The seventh commandment is to lie down: not all patients should lie down, such as unconscious patients should be allowed to lie down, head to the side; cardiac asthma patients to take a seated position, legs down, slightly ambush in the back of the chair is better; acute abdominal pain, let it bend the knee to reduce pain; pleural effusion patients to take a semi-sitting position.
The eight commandments are handled randomly: usually pay attention to the study of some basic knowledge of rescue, emergency must not be taken for granted.
7. Common sense rescue
Accidents are unavoidable, but when encountering a sudden *** situation to learn to calm down, the following were introduced when encountered electrocution, drowning, snake bites, gas poisoning, burns accidental first aid common sense.
First, electrocution 1, to immediately disengage the electrocuted person from the power supply, with an insulated handle with a sharp tool to cut off the power cord, they can not touch the power supply, to avoid electrocuting themselves. 2, cut off the power supply, if the electrocuted person breathing and heartbeat have not stopped, this time the electrocuted person should be lying flat on the ground, quiet rest, do not let the electrocuted person to walk around, in order to reduce the burden on the heart, and should be closely observed breathing and heartbeat changes.
3, if the electrocuted person's heartbeat stops, breathing still exists, then the electrocuted person should do chest compressions. Second, first aid after drowning 1, immediately after the shore to clean up the patient's mouth and nose of sediment and water plants, tilt the head to lift the jaw or both hands to lift the jaw to open the airway, open the airway should be as soon as possible after artificial respiration and chest compression.
2, for those with cardiac arrest, immediately perform on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including opening the airway, clearing the mouth and nose of foreign objects such as sand, water plants, etc., and performing mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and chest compressions. Note that the heartbeat and respiration may stop again after recovery.
On-site rescue should be organized at the same time evacuation. Third, venomous snake bite 1, the principle of first aid is to prevent the spread of toxins and absorption as early as possible to reduce local damage.
Snake venom is absorbed in 3-5 minutes, so the sooner the first aid, the better. 2, tie the injured limb, in the bite limb proximal about 5-10 cm with a tourniquet or rubber band, etc. to tie, in order to prevent the venous blood and lymphatic fluid reflux, and then squeeze the hand around the wound or mouth suction [oral mucous membrane ulcers avoid sucking], the venom will be discharged out of the body.
3, rinse the wound, first wash the surrounding skin with soapy water and water, and then use saline, 0.1% potassium permanganate or clean water to rinse the wound repeatedly. Fourth, gas poisoning Immediately cut off the gas scourge, send the patient to the fresh air, keep the airway open, and bed, keep warm, correct the lack of oxygen, or send to the hospital to continue treatment.